نشریه پژوهش های علوم تاریخی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 34، تابستان 1402)

One of the most important challenges and debates raised in the works and documents of Iran's post-constitutional elites has been the discussion about American economic developments, especially in oil industry. After the initial discovery of oil in Iran during the period of Muzafar al-Din Shah Qajar, we witnessed the emergence of Political elites who gradually wanted to rely on the American model (as a third force) if progress in this field and  to use these methods and appriaches for the development of iran. This  present article is written with a historical approach and based on the interpretation of press texts and unpublished documents, tries to clarify how progressives and media groups managed to convince government officials to take advantage of in the oil industry as a model. Documents and debates  show that Iranians,  following the constitutional revolution the writtings of  the modernists became aware of the prosperity and flourishing of American oil industry and its impact of  the country's economy, thes awarness, in turn caused the scientific and political elites to  realise more  than ever  the ignorance of Iranians in the field  of oil industry and the chaotic situation of  management their underground resources.  In thid way, while adopting  comparative approaches about achievements of America and Iran  began criticized and writing critical texts to influence the Iranian polititians and statemen.  the statemen of iran were affected by the atmosphere of modernist writings and sought to  obtain information and understand the importance of this issue, so  that with the help of their diplomats in America, they took practical steps to emulate and bring  Americans achievements to Iran.

The last years of Urartu's rule due to the unrest in the middle of the 7th century BC. Despite the existence of many works and deposits from that period, it has some ambiguities and in some cases it has caused disagreements between researchers in this field. Cimmerians due to lack of resources or other social problems, in the late 8th and early 7th century BC. From the Caucasus and the north of the Black Sea to the south, followed by the Scythians, who ruled the Caucasus, entered the Anatolian plateau. Culturally and linguistically, they are the same race as Iranians. The arrival of these tribes changed the balance of power in the seventh century BC. broke up and finally in this century the collapse of great governments such as Urartu and Assyria and the emergence of the Medes as a new power in Western Asia occurred. Due to the existence of writing and access to the Urartu and Assyrian inscriptions, we have valuable information until the middle of this century, but this information in the Urartu area from 640 BC. is interrupted, the only contemporary source is the Assyrian inscriptions, which were also written for a short time, around 612 BC. It disappears. The Babylonian government is the only government that owns script, language, and inscriptions close to that era, so part of the information of the period that is in the dark is illuminated by the Babylonian inscriptions. In this research, by examining the sources of this period using the historical, analytical and descriptive method, the final years of Urartu were carefully examined and by stating the documents and signs in the texts, this hypothesis has been proposed that it seems that ethnic groups The Medes ended the rule of Urartu as well as Assyria.

Sasanid Empire fell in 651 AD, with the invasion of the Arabs, however, the literary and archaeological evidence left by them shows that their jurisprudential-legal heritage remained in Iranshahr for centuries.  Preserving the continuity of the generation and wealth in Zoroastrian religion is of great importance, and the continuity of the era could be maintained through a male child. Without a son, a person could solve this deficiency through some means: an adopted son, or surrogate marriages were arranged in that man's name. The children from these marriages also belong to the deceased. Stūrīh was one of the types of surrogate marriage and was organized to provide a successor and an heir. Stūrīh has two aspects, financial and religious, and the woman's motivation for taking up Stūrīh was mostly its financial aspect. This research aims to study the issue of Stūrīh based on the 11th and 28th post-Sasanian documents of Tabaristān and show women's financial matters in Stūrīh. Thus, these documents introduce us the process of accepting financial issues in the periods after the fall of the Sasanids in areas still influenced by the legal culture of the Sasanid period. The method of the research is  descriptive-analytical, based on a case study of Tabarestān, post-Sasanian documents and library study. Studies in these documents show that jurisprudential laws in Zoroastrian society benefited a certain coherence and order. Zoroastrian society had not severed its connection with the past, and the same laws remained in force and were implemented in the post-Sasanian society.

One of the main teachings of Sufism is disregard for the world and the material sphere. This doctrine did not cause Sufis to give up their careers and financial resources because the basis of spiritual progress depends on meeting livelihood needs. In the centuries before Constitutional Revolution, the vocations were mainly traditional. However, these ways of providing financial resources were not solely dependent on jobs. Rulers and Fotowat associations provided financial resources for Sufis. With the beginning of Constitution and promotion of the foundations of modernism, the trend of professions and jobs changed to a great extent towards new occupations. Except for these two categories (traditional and modern), a separate account can be considered for political careers, and depending on the attitude and vision of government and the opponents of Sufism, it can be considered as one of the factors influencing this type of employment. The purpose of this research is to explain how Sufism's career process is related to the change of political and social conditions in Iran from Constitutional Revolution onward. It is assumed that the course of changes in careers of Sufis is based on the policy of tolerance and open-mindedness in the worldview of Sufism in an effort to maintain spiritual power, in which, while maintaining the traditional jobs of previous centuries such as agriculture, etc., new occupations (administrative, cultural- scientific and political) have been welcomed. This issue has influenced the thinking and intellectual foundations as well as social life of Sufis and has become aligned with other classes and social groups along with socialization process of Sufi sects. This research will investigate this hypothesis using documents, sources and historical data of the contemporary period with a descriptive-analytical method.

The competition between the Mujtahids and the Akhbaris to get closer to the political power and the relationship with Qajar Shah is a chapter in the history of the Shiite clergy in the first half of the 13thcentury. The most famous Akhbari scholar in the first 30 years of the 13th century waz Mirza MuhammadAkhbari who had a hard fight with Mujtahids and also got in touch with Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. One of the main reports about Fath Ali Shah's relationship with Mirza Mohammad Akhbari, which in many sources, is at the center of Mirza Mohammad's life narrative, is the story of his role in the murder of Pavel Dmitriyevich Tsitsianov (17054-1806) (commander of the Russian army in the Iran-Russia wars) or its prediction through occult sciences, spell or prayer. The main question of this article is the validity of the narration of Mirza Mohammad's role in the murder of Tsitsianov by examining the history of the narration of this report, identifying inconsistent and alternative narrations, and evaluating some details of the narration with other historical data. Investigating the story of Tsitsianov's murder is important from several points of view. First, this incident is at the center of most of the narratives about the relationship between the Shah and Mirza Mohammad Akhbari; Second This incident has found an important place in the representation of Mirza's personality and the Shah's relationship with Shiite scholars in historical sources and contemporary research, but it has not been carefully examined from a historical point of view. The findings of this research show that some of the important sources of history and biography of Mirza Mohammad Akhbari have not quoted this report or have given data inconsistent with all or part of the popular narrative. evidences also show that the Shah's good relationship with Mirza Muhammad is not only related to the Mirza's power in occult sciences, but Shah knew Mirza Muhammad as one of the reliable Shiite scholars and used him to criticize the opinions of the mujtahids

Despite the importance of studying and reviewing historical documents, especially the documents of the Qajar dynasty, no written scientific research has been done in this regard, and despite the differences in the basis of issuance, the documents are cataloged or introduced under different names, and their original names are not known in the Diwani literature, so The author tries to provide a better understanding of these documents, their form, content and function by investigating in this field. This research seeks to answer the question that what kind of documents of the Qajar period can be considered as Sultanate? And what documents are called command, command literacy, envelope command, and envelope command and handwriting literacy, and what is their form, structure, and content and why were they issued? The results of the research in this study show that in historical periods, the written orders of the sultans were referred to as "sultaniyat" and the written order of Mosheh to the signs of the Qajar kings were referred to as "orders". The literacy of Farman is also the second and third copy of Farman. An order that is sealed with the king's small seal and does not have signs, it is called an enveloped order and signature. The research method in this research is descriptive_ analytical and using library and documentary sources, and the data is extracted from command, command literacy, envelope command, command envelope literacy, handwriting and first-hand sources.