نشریه بهداری رزمی دفاع مقدس و مقاومت
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Justice in its ancient meaning is the equivalent of giving everything to someone who deserves it, and in the more modern sense, justice is based on equal recognition of members of society in certain rights, and this view is more compatible with social justice. The main concern of health systems is to ensure the health of society, but this is not only achieved through the control of pathogens, diagnosis and treatment. Rather, social, economic, and environmental factors such as education, economic status, insurance, living conditions, etc play a major role in people's health, and addressing health determinants is a step towards achieving justice. In other words, individuals in society, regardless of gender, race, beliefs, social and economic status, do not have a structural difference in health and its determinants and enjoy the care needed at the right time and place.

This study was conducted with the approach of “qualitative content analysis” and “elite opinion”.

The basis of justice is the realization of social justice and justice in health is a subset of social justice. In the field of health justice, "social factors of health" and "social determinants of health" have the greatest role. Poverty and health inequalities are the most important causes of death and disability in society. The correlation between justice and social health, as well as the social determinants of health, has been proven, and responsibilities have been defined for governments in this area.

For achieving justice in health; the political commitment of the officials, the national determination and will, using all the capacities of the country, recognizing the creating conditions, trying to reduce health inequalities, improving the components of social capital, improving the indicators related to the social determinant of health, reducing social disorders and harms is needed.

Sanitary disposal of solid waste (trash) and liquid (sewage) is difficult and costly under normal conditions and it is obvious that in special conditions of war zones, sanitary disposal of waste and sewage is much more difficult. Sanitary disposal of waste under any circumstances is necessary and unavoidable to prevent the spread of infection as well as preventing the creation of a source for the growth and development of insects and rodents. During the imposed war, when the conditions for the presence of a large population of warriors on the battlefields were provided and their lives were determined in desert and combat conditions, the creation of waste, including ordinary waste and sewage, was inevitable and the need to control waste and dispose of it hygienically was vital. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue in terms of health criteria and standards, as well as the basic principles of disease control and prevention, especially in special conditions on the battlefield, the present study examines the measures taken and explains the experiences gained in this important matter.

In order to conduct this research, in addition to a literature review and searching scientific databases inside and outside the country, oral interviews were conducted with the staff and health officials of the holy defense era.

Of the four known and common methods for sanitary disposal of waste, regardless of the type of waste, the method of the sanitary landfill has been used as the only method applicable in critical war conditions during the holy defense.

The measures used in the eight-year period of the Holy Defense, including health training and sanitary disposal of solid and liquid wastes in various lines of the battlefield, have played an important role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. In addition, the widespread use of chemical weapons by the enemy had left contaminated waste that was first experienced during the imposed war, and from this point of view provided valuable experience for all relevant organizations and future health professionals in the country.

Trauma registry is one of the measures that are necessary to prevent and reduce trauma and its related casualties.

This is a descriptive-analytical study with a comprehensive search of academic scientific databases for related keywords (trauma, registry, war, civilian).

Establishing a trauma registries has played an effective and undeniable role in reducing trauma as well as its related causalities. The basic principles of the registry are similar for civilian and military trauma, but in military section, due to changes in military strategies, as well as the type of ammunition and weapons used in military conflicts, it is necessary to make some changes in recording the information of injured people. Numerous applications and reasons for using trauma registers have been mentioned, such as 1- Improving the quality of medical services for the injured 2- Evaluating medical interventions 3- Trauma prevention 4- Improving pre-hospital care, 5- Improving post-discharge care 6- Assisting health managers in resource allocation.

For the efficiency and success of the trauma registry, it is very important to pay attention to several issues that without considering them, despite spending a lot of time, budget and human source, we will not achieve the desired result, as we have seen in Iran in the last two decades. These principles are 1- Definition and precise determination of its launch objectives, 2- Appropriate design and specification of the type of information necessary to collect according to the defined objectives, 3- Attention and use of quality control unit to ensure the accuracy of quantity and quality of data 4- Observance of ethical principles such as confidentiality and privacy of individuals.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran, which began and came to fruition with the collective uprising of our dear people against oppression and dependence, had opponents and enemies from the very beginning who did not accept our independence and dignity for a moment, and by forming a united front with round-the-clock effort intend to collapse the regime as well as trying to return the country to the humiliating past. In this regard, the imposition of a large-scale military war and terrorist operations in the country has been one of the ways to defeat our people. However, thanks to God, the efforts of the people and the measures of the two wise leaders of the Islamic revolution, this trend has been declining; but it still more or less continues with new methods. The need to familiarize the people and the health staff of the country with the pattern of explosive and terrorist trauma injuries and how to reduce its effects on the injured is an important and vital issue.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third deadliest disease in the world and is spreading in developed countries. In 2011, the number of patients with COPD in the United States was estimated at 15 million, this population is expected to be increasing. COPD is usually associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and emphysema in lung cells that this rising is also due to impaired mitochondrial division and fusion, impaired mitophagia, loss of balance between oxidant / antioxidant enzymes, proteolytic / antiproteolytic, and epigenetic changes that ultimately leads to premature aging of lung cells. The balance between oxidant / antioxidant enzymes is one of the factors that control the release of ROS, increasing the expression of TGF-β disturbs this balance. One of the causes of COPD is cigarette smoke, which leads to cellular aging by disrupting the mitophage process. One of the epigenetic factors of this disease are the toxicity of histones in these people, which leads to mitochondrial toxicity. The common point of all these pathways is mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are dynamic organelle with fusion and intracellular division. Mitochondrial division is associated with apoptosis and mitophagy (selective destruction of damaged mitochondria), while mitochondrial fusion has the opposite role. It seems that research on mitochondrial organelles can increase our knowledge about COPD and can help identify the cellular and molecular pathways of the disease.

Following the start of the war imposed by Iraq against Iran, the country, especially the provinces and border cities that were directly involved in the war, faced many medical problems. Although in cities such as Abadan and in Taleghani Hospital, physicians and nurses worked around the clock, but in general, hospital units in Khuzestan province faced a shortage of medical staff. But in a short period of time, Combat Medicine Center was established and activated in the military forces, which was responsible for establishing emergency and relief posts in the operational areas. Volunteer Basijis, nurses, medical technicians, and medical staff in cities were organized in the same center. The medical services in Combat Medicine Centers were multi-ward, first the health centers behind the defense lines, which were the city hospitals. There were field hospitals on the front line, followed by central emergencies and there were relief posts closest to the line. This article gives a brief overview of the responsibilities and activities of combat medicine centers during the holy defense

In Islamic values, security has a significant impact on the natural and social environment. Environmental security threats are the unintended results of social and economic activities and are a slower process compared to military threats. The time horizons needed for political planning to deal with it are vast. The aim of the current study is to explain the status of environmental security with a national security approach, and its relationship with health.

It is a library study done by reviewing scientific documents using study keywords.

At the level of international relations, geopolitics is a method of studying foreign policy to understand, explain and predict international political behavior through geographical variables. These include area studies, climate, topography, demography, natural resources, and applied science of the region being evaluated. From a geopolitical point of view, power relations and biosphere structures are highly intertwined. Environmental security has been affected by the consequences of climate change in the last two decades. One of the consequences of climate change on human health and safety is the emergence and spread of infectious diseases, if not prevented, will spread globally in the near future. Protecting people who are forced to flee their lands and seek environmental asylum has been the subject of several international instruments, all based on fundamental human rights. Risks to human health security that are affected by climate change include vulnerability to deadly infectious diseases; unhealthy food; malnutrition; lack of access to primary health care.

Environmental security is an integral part of national security. Attention to national security issues in the field of the environment should be health-oriented, forward-looking, value-oriented, based on sound scientific studies, and comprehensive and strategic planning.

In Islamic culture, self-sacrifice and martyrdom are two the level of human perfection. Sacrifice is loss or something you give up, usually for the sake of a better cause or the offering of the life of a human being to a deity. Sacrifice is on a par with other religious duties through which man can reach the highest human level and be praised by God. Martyrdom is "consciously and selectively sacrificing one's life for the sake of a holy and pure ideal" for the sake of God in the words of the Qur'an ", which includes the pleasure of God", and one who attains such a position is a "martyr".

The study method is descriptive, field, survey and applied. This part of the study has been done with a focused group discussion with elites and experts, as well as search in the library and reliable internal sources.

In this section, the concepts of "Islamic value", "human value", "purpose and purposefulness", "martyr and martyrdom", "self-sacrifice and sacrifice", "freedom and liberty"; at the level of lexical semantics, and "the status of intuition and divine presence"; and "the good life (hayat tayyiba)"; "sacrifice and martyrdom in the Holy Quran and Islamic traditions"; and "dimensions of sacrifice"; at the level of analytical semantics is presented. All of these general concepts are also relevant in the fields of health.  

"Martyrdom" is the peak of the pyramid of human values. In the divine worldview, death and martyrdom for the sake of God are better than all the world and its accumulations.

War as a traumatic event can lead to the psychological trauma of veterans' spouses. The aim of this study is to identify the pattern of mental health-related to Iranian culture for the war veterans’ spouses by content analysis.
In the process of conducting this research, qualitative method and content analysis and network of themes have been used. The statistical population includes theories and schools and a number of experts and professors in the field of mental health who were selected using purposive sampling. The sample size of the study and in terms of theoretical saturation, interviews with 30 people were considered. The research tool is a semi-structured interview, the validity of which was approved through internal validity based on the selection of appropriate samples and the reliability of the tool, through the precise guidance of the interview flow to gather the required data.
According to the results, 90 basic themes, 23 organizing themes, and finally 3 comprehensive themes of personality balance, trying to meet needs and creating a positive environment were identified and extracted.
The developed model contains indicators of physical, mental, social, and spiritual health that the implementation of prevention and treatment programs for veterans' spouses, can provide balance in personality, efforts to meet needs, and create a positive environment.