مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 92 (دی 1402)

One of the well-founded romances of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is the story of Zal and Rudabeh. A work that has beautifully mixed epic and love and narrated it in the language of poetry. Similar to this story in European folk literature, there is a story called Rapunzel, which has significant similarities with the story of Zal and Rudabeh. The purpose of this research is to compare the two stories and examine whether the story of Rapunzel is adapted from the story of Zal and Rudabeh or not.

Based on the theory of narratology, this research compares the story of Rapunzel and the story of Zal and Rudabeh. After the paleontology of the stories, it was found that the story of Rapunzel was printed in Italy a century before the introduction and arrival of the Shahnameh to Europe and existed in the folk literature of the people of the Danube coast; Therefore, the hypothesis that Rapunzel is adapted from the Shahnameh is rejected.

In the discourse analysis of these stories, common elements and symbols were found such as the originality of love, tower and height, mountain, hair and hair, and child, which points to the archetypes and common cultural views of the origins of both stories.

In both stories, love is introduced as the path to excellence and is a process that opens its way to union and finally, victory is with love. On the other hand, wisdom and love are introduced as the wings of flying and excellence, that wisdom without love and love without wisdom have no meaning. "Highness" which appears in the image of the tower in both stories, indicates the inner desire of man to move forward and what can provide the ground for this exaltation is the hair of Faroheshta Yar, and finally, having children refers to the continuation of romantic nature and immortality, which in The story of Zal and Simorgh leads to the birth of Rastam, and the story of Rapunzel leads to the birth of twins. In general, although these stories do not have the same narrative process, in terms of discourse and the message of the work, many common aspects can be counted in them, which shows that this similarity is not accidental.

Women have had a prominent place in the works of writers during different periods of fiction literature, and before the entry of female writers into this type of literature, women's issues and emotions with a male point of view appeared in stories; But from the 1940s onwards, women found the courage to address women's issues by entering the field of fiction writing, and introducing women's social position became one of the main concepts of women's fiction. Shehrnoush Parsipour, Moniro Ravanipour, Ghazaleh Alizadeh, and Goli Taraghi are among the writers of women's fiction literature, each of whom has addressed women and their social position in society from a specific perspective. In the works of the mentioned authors, women accept various roles in the society. Sometimes he takes a passive state and bows down to the determinism of problems, and sometimes he overcomes the obstacles and problems of society in order to achieve excellence and perfection.

The method of collecting information for this article is library study and the use of scanning tools, and the method of writing and dealing with descriptive-analytical information. The statistical community includes the novel "Ahl Gharq" by Moniro Ravanipour, the novel "Touba and the meaning of the night", "Women Without Men" written by Shahrnoush Parsipour, "Khane Idrisiha" written by Ghazaleh Alizadeh, and the novels "Happening" and "The Last Day" written by Goli Taraghi.

One of the important themes related to the woman and her social role in the stories are issues such as patriarchy, daily life, love and female feelings, and trying to find identity. Each of these issues is a source of water and factors in the formation and flow of women's lives.

The point of view of contemporary women writers regarding the role and position of women in society shows that despite the obvious differences, there are major commonalities in their attitude towards this issue. In addition to their gender, this originates from factors such as environmental and geographical conditions, the level of knowledge, traditions and beliefs, and the ruling system of the society, and has had a significant impact on the creation of female characters by writers.

The purpose of writing educational works is to educate and teach moral issues and points to improve the morals of the audience, I am a researcher related to educational literature and political thought in Iran, focusing on the Islamic period, it directly refers the researcher to a collection of works that They have been written under the title of policy in different periods of history. Writing political letters in this era is the result of the accumulation of a cultural intellectual duality, which on the one hand is a reflection of the political thought in ancient Iran and on the other hand is mixed with traces of Islamic political thought. The Siastname, Qaboosnameh, Nasihat al-Moluk and Dastur al-Moluk, all of which were written in the fifth century of Hijri, are guidelines containing practical instructions for the guidance and guidance of courtiers in political affairs from the highest level, i.e. the king, to the lowest level, i.e. officials and agents. In this research, the linguistic similarities between Dastar al-Moluk, Siasatnameh, Qaboosnameh, and Nasihat al-Moluk of Ghazali are discussed.

This article, using a descriptive and analytical method, tries to examine the linguistic similarities of these four texts in the two fields of teachings related to politics and statecraft and individual ethics, and to answer the question whether there is a difference between these teachings. Is there a difference in the four mentioned texts?

The findings indicate that the texts of the four mentioned works, in terms of the central narrative, adverbs, marked forms, division and explanation, emphatic forms, repetition, synonyms, contrast/paradox, simile of numbers and non-use of Balance and Saj’ have many similarities.

The results show that features such as simplicity and fluency, reference to verses and hadiths, central story, repetition and synonymy, contradictory constructions, comparison, use of superlative adjectives, use of special present tenses and literary arrays such as Allegory, division and explanation after ambiguity in them as common linguistic features have become generalizable features in these conventions.

Comparing the opinions and thoughts of Rumi with the opinions and thoughts of the orators and thinkers of the following centuries, with any language and from any society, has always been a common and popular task that has been done by researchers in the field of comparative literature. In the meantime, the comparison of the thoughts of Anne Marie Schimmel - the German Orientalist and Maulana scholar - was neglected, especially in the discussion of "unity of existence", which the authors of this essay decided to discuss the mentioned topic by comparing the system of Schimmel's "Naghme Ney" with the poetry and prose works of Molavi.

Since the current research is based on a theoretical study, the search method is phishing from library sources and other reliable scientific sources, and the research method is descriptive-analytical.

Anne-Marie Schimel, apart from being very influenced by the philosophical-mystical culture of Iranian thinkers and poets, especially Rumi, in the composition of "Naghme Ney", which is a collection of her various lyrical poems, discusses mystical and intuitive topics in her Orientalist research. is also depicted. This effectiveness is to the extent that Shimel employed many symbols and signs of Rumi's works in this direction in his literary images and embellished the speech with them.

The Naghme Ney, like a transparent mirror, reveals the taste and knowledge topics of Iranian mystics - especially Rumi. The center of Schimel's attention in this book is the issue of the unity of existence and the implications of this discussion, namely "unity in plurality" and "plurality in unity". Even in the poetic explanations of Rumilan, Shimel has made use of his various symbols and similes in his "Masnavi", "Ghazaliat Shams" and "Fih Mafih" in his poetic explanations.

Literary discourses are a clear document of the realities that can be analyzed to present a picture of individual and social crises in material and spiritual life. Story writing in the 20th decade of Hijri, with its new orientations, was formed as an ideological and reformist movement to demand social justice and, as a result, achieve human dignity. The problem of the present research is Chubak's view of the suffering of loneliness and rejection and its emotional and social consequences, which hinders the path of perfection.

This article is a theoretical research using a descriptive-analytical method, the information of which is collected in a library manner. The scope and statistical population of the study is all Chubak short and long stories.

Being freed from society, family and interpersonal relationships endangers the human position in achieving self-respect, equality before the law and fair distribution of wealth. Although in the findings of psychology, suffering has been introduced as one of the indicators of the meaning of life and human perfection, but the research data shows that in Chubak's stories, people lose their health and mental illness due to the suffering of rejection and loneliness. They are given and they are left behind.

By expressing himself naked, Chubak shows that not all people are able to turn life's sufferings into opportunities for self-improvement, on this basis, he wants to warn the people of society and social institutions to help them.

language is one of the most important elements of epics and a container for expressing content, thought and imagination; Therefore, to analyze the style of epic texts, we must examine the language of these works. Bahmannameh is one of the important Pahlavi poems in Persian language, which was written in the late 5th or early 6th century by Iranshan ibn Abi al-Khair in the style of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. This book deals with the story of Bahman, the King of Kiani, his adventures and conflicts with the Rostam family. This research aims to investigate the features of the epic language of Bahmannameh and its compatibility with the standard epic language.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. According to the patterns of poetry language criticism and stylistic criteria, with the criterion of placing all or part of the verses of this system as a sample volume and its statistical evaluation, the authors criticize the various indicators and layers of the epic language in Bahmannameh.

The epic language in Bahmannameh is powerful in phonetic, rhetorical, lexical, syntactic and content aspects; In most of the verses, the resonance of explosive and obstructive phonemes can be heard. Most stanzas, rhymes and lines end with a long syllable. Discounting words has a high frequency. All these things have added to the tone and epic resonance of this book. The use of exaggeration, simile, description and other literary arrays is very artistic and shows the high power of the poet in image creation. Sometimes there are innovations in the pictures of this book. From the content point of view, the poet has been able to express the greatness and elevation of epic themes in his speech by establishing a link between words and meaning.

The epic language in Bahmannameh is completely compatible with the characteristics of standard epic language (Shahnameh of Ferdowsi). In general, Bahmannameh is a successful example of epic poems after Ferdowsi's Shahnameh.

Psychological defense mechanisms are one of the psychological strategies of humans to reduce the anxiety that affects the human psyche and puts it on the verge of collapse. This mechanism is the result of the studies of Freud and his colleagues, especially his daughter Anna Freud. According to Freud, many human reactions originate from the actions that the human psyche shows when faced with adverse circumstances. From this point of view, this article tries to analyze the behavior of Simin Daneshvar's characters.

The collection of information is by library method and the research method is qualitative studies and content analysis. The statistical community includes all the books of Sovashon (1992), Sarban Sargardan (2001) and Jazire Sargardani (2002) from Kharazmi Publication.

The fictional characters of these novels sometimes show reactions that are the product of their psychological defense mechanism. In some cases, these mechanisms are developed, which cause acceptable behaviors in the society, and sometimes they fall under the category of undeveloped behaviors, which cause a person's incompatibility with the people around him.

By examining the behavior and actions of fictional characters in Simin Daneshvar's three novels from the point of view of psychological defense mechanisms, the results show that most of the actions and actions of fictional characters and in general characterization in these works are based on psychological motives; In the same way that some people's political activities are also rooted in their psychological problems.

Nell Noddings an American philosopher of education, considers the human being to be the center of moral education and believes that a person who feels compassionate, will be in state of discomfort and anxiety. This state awakens him/her to go beyond self. It is due to this awakening that the person considers the needs of others as his/her own needs and tries to satisfy them in sofar as he/she considers himself as responsible for others’ needs. The poets of lyric poems presented their wise words in the form of teaching children, which were often short but with high moral concepts, in the text of romantic poems. The main reason and motivation for writing educational children's letters in the romantic system is to draw conclusions from stories, awakening and lessons. Both from Nell Noddings' point of view and in the children's letters, emphasis is placed on human relationships, because morals are made in relation to others and gain meaning.

The present study is descriptive-analytical, using data collection and library documents through note-taking and evaluating the notes.

The findings show that some verses of the letters to children in the lyrical poems are consistent with examples and theoretical bases and concepts of the ethics of care and compassion and educational theories from the point of view of Noddings' theory of care ethics. Letters to children are private letters in the heart of the text of lyrical poems, which have independent meanings while being connected to the text. These letters do not have a specific place in the text of the lyric poem; sometimes they appear in the beginning and sometimes at the end of the poem.

Emotional preoccupation with others and compassion for the general public have a wide expression in letters to children. Paying attention to human values is one of the most important approaches of poets in communication ethics.

The current study aims at investigating the extent of the reflection of basic anxiety according to Karen Horney's theory of psychological criticism in children's and adolescent stories to discuss the pathology of the content of comic stories. According to Karen Horney, most of the aggressive, defensive and affection-seeking behaviors and isolation are rooted in childhood anxiety caused by family and society. The authors of the present study analyze the two collections of juvenile humor stories, “I am not Baba’s servant” by Ahmad Akbarpour and “Cream Love” by Shahram Shafie based on Karen Horney’s psychology and the theory of basic anxiety to identify which aforementioned story has caused anxiety and mental tension in children and adolescent readers.

This study, which has been conducted based on descriptive-analytical method and desk research.

There is a considerable extent of humiliation, fear, anxiety and isolation in the protagonist of the “I am not Baba’s servant” story, as far as David’s anxious and disjointed personality suffers from nightmare because of his father dictatorship and turns to reclusiveness as a defense mechanism of Karen Horneys’s theory. In contrast, the story of “Cream love” narrates the sense of solidarity and love between the members of family in a humorous language and in terms of anxiety mechanism, less feeling of humiliation and distress was observed.

This study, which has been conducted based on descriptive-analytical method and desk research, shows that Shafie has been more successful than Akbarpour in delineating the characters who have more mental health in comparison with the characters of the story of “I am not Baba’s servant”.

Formalism is one of the schools of literary criticism that pays attention to the form of the literary work and played a major role in the creation of the theory of structuralism. The best field for formalist theories and structuralism is folk, folkloric and indigenous stories. According to the formalist point of view, all of these stories, while having variable characters, have specific and specific functions and actions. Weiss and Ramin's poem is also a romantic genre with variable characters and specific actions. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the motifs of Weiss and Ramin's story, based on Vladimir Propp's structural model, in order to understand the similarity of the actions of the characters of romantic stories in different forms of the story.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and gathering information through studying, scanning and sampling library documents and databases.

Weiss and Ramin's system has ten suspensions, three climaxes and seventeen functions. The characters are divided into main and secondary categories, where Weiss and Ramin are among the main characters and Mobed, Shiro, Daye, Viro, Zard and Gol are among the secondary characters. From the perspective of prop division, there are seven roles in this system, which are divided into two groups of active and passive characters. Weiss and Ramin are among active actors, and Mobed and Gol are among passive, victim and productive actors.

Based on Vladimir Propp's model of structuralism, it can be concluded that in lyrical stories, even with the existence of different forms and multiplicity of characters, self-work, function and actions are limited and specific.

As one of the poetic techniques and literary types, simile means simulating the content and form of a literary work with a predetermined text. In exemplification, imitation is done against the text of the model; Therefore, no text is independent from other texts, and in this way, every work of art is influenced by other works and becomes perfect. The lack of a specific way and method for allegory in the law of allegory has caused the creativity of allegory poets to be neglected. In various researches, the extra-textual and intra-textual relationship of similes with each other and on the other hand with the model text has been ignored. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to examine the intra-textual and extra-textual connections of the Makhzan al-asrar of Nezami and its exemplars, and to analyze and explain the level of innovation and creativity of the exemplars.

This research was conducted with a comparative-descriptive and analytical method.

The relationship between the Makhzan al-asrar of Nezami and its examples has a mimetic nature; So that the later work is a reconstruction and re-creation of the previously mentioned meaning in the form and texture of an imitation of the poem of the Repository of Secrets, and this imitation does not contain any of the individual characteristics of the imitator that makes him different from the original work. This relationship includes the fields of imitation, association, integration and dependence.

There is a direct or indirect relationship between exemplification texts, and exemplification writing faces an obvious network of intratextual and extratextual relationships, which are used to prove the poet's ability.

Sohrab Sepehri is one of the poets whose poetry has been studied with a method that formalists refer to as the dominant element. The dominant element leads the poem to be reduced to a specific thought and other aspects of the poet's poetic behavior are not seen. In this research, that part of Sohrab Sepehri's poetry is discussed, which the authors refer to as the horizon view, and it has been neglected in the analysis of Sohrab Sepehri's poetry.

This research is based on library studies and using descriptive-analytical method.

Sepehri's attention to the society and his voice of protest is different from other poets and has been manifested in two ways. Mixing, association, etc., expresses and describes the suffocating atmosphere of his time, which is referred to as the rhetoric of protest, another is that Sohrab, by taking advantage of social sadness and extending his loneliness and despair to the phenomena of nature, it reflects a part of the hypertext in the society as an effective factor in this sadness and loneliness.

One of the common images in Sohrab Sepehri's poetry is symbol, in this regard, the image of the night is one of the most frequent poetic images that Sepehri used to describe the suffocation and darkness of his society. On the other hand, the poet's frequent description of loneliness, isolation and sadness can be examined in relation to the hypertext, in other words, the suffocation in the society is expressed in the form of loneliness, isolation and sadness in Sepehri's poetry.

Goldman, a famous French critic, is one of the sociologists who deals with the mutual influence of literary form and content. Relying on the topics of his developmental structuralism such as totality, worldview, current consciousness, possible consciousness, problematic character and objectification, he has deciphered the created society in literary works and emphasizes that the literary work is a more beautiful society than the society of the real world. by creating changes within it, to convey his reform positions and views to the readers and in fact to his real society and to promote collective consciousness. In this research, the novel Tabriz Meh-alod is analyzed from the perspective of developmental structuralism based on Lucien Goldman's theories. This essay has tried to analyze the social and political structures governing the author's and society's mental space.

The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and the sandbox method, in which the samples studied in a targeted manner are from the novel Tabriz Meh-alod, by Urdubadi.

The novel Tabriz Meh-alod is about the type of social life of contemporary people and the dominance of foreigners over the country and the contrast between tradition and modernism, economic and cultural poverty, oppression and discrimination between men and women, which of course is not devoid of describing emotions, fantasy and romantic moments.

Based on the theory of "Lucien Goldman's developmental constructivism", the concepts and topics related to social phenomena and the impact of political, social and economic events and situations of the society, as well as the position of women and her role in the revolutionary society have been expressed in this literary work.

Psychological criticism is one of the new fields in the field of contemporary literary criticism. One of the most influential theories in this field is Alfred Adler's theory of psychology in order to accurately understand a person's personality, thoughts and worldview. Alfred Adler is a prominent Austrian psychologist who, unlike his teacher Freud, sees the root of human behavior not in congenital physiological problems, but as a result of environmental and social factors. Adler emphasized the effective role of society and the surrounding environment on human behavior by putting forward the individualistic theory. The purpose of the present research is to analyze the poems of Simin Behbahani, a prominent contemporary poet, based on Alfred Adler's theory of social psychology.

The study method in the present research is descriptive-analytical, based on library studies and the method of document analysis. The statistical community in this article is Simin Behbahani's collection of poems. Analytical samples, evidences and examples have been selected in a selective and systematic way, and in order to achieve the goals of the article and obtain the required information, we have presented the poems that match the content of the research in terms of theme, as far as possible in this essay.

Simin Behbahani's poems have a large amount of social components and propositions for reading psychoanalytic criticism from the perspective of Alfred Adler. Simin is a poet whose desired perfection is to achieve a world where his fellow men, especially the women of the society, are in safety and peace.

Based on the theory of social interest in Adler's individualistic psychology, attention to social interest in Simin Behbahani's poems about his own kind, especially women, is very prominent. Participating in social affairs, paying attention to altruism, empathy and sympathy with the women of the society in Simin's poems makes it possible to consider him as a positive personality type. In general, it can be said that the social interest in Simin's poetry is summed up in trying to create better conditions for his fellow men, especially women.

Writing the Shahnameh during the Ilkhanian period was one of the ways that the Ilkhanian used to legitimize their government by communicating between the Ilkhanian and mythological kings, and they supported Shahnameh writers and poets as a way to gain legitimacy and accept the Iranian identity for themselves. created The content of historical-epic poems of this period mainly included the history of Iran after Islam. Ahmad Tabrizi worked on the order of his historical epic during the Mongol conquest and in the court of Ilkhanian. Tabrizi wrote the poem Shahshahnameh in imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The stylistic analysis of this work can clarify new dimensions of the literary history of this period. The present article examines the three linguistic, literary and intellectual levels of half of this system (eight thousand verses).

Considering its theoretical nature, the current research is based on library studies and in a descriptive-analytical style, and the community under study is Shahshahnameh, by Mahshid Gohari Kakhki and Javad Rashki Aliabadi, published by Dr. Mahmoud Afshar Endowment Foundation.

The poet has largely avoided using foreign words and the number of Arabic, Turkish and Mongolian words is very few and insignificant. In the original word, industries have more puns and repetitions. Similes and metaphors also have a high frequency among expressive industries. Praise and war are also dominant themes in the Shahshahnameh.

Using linguistic and rhetorical tools, Ahmad Tabrizi has described the battles and bravery of Changiz Khan and his successors, and has cleverly and secretly expressed their bloodsheds and tyranny, and has praised Iranian warriors and mythological kings at every opportunity. Among them, Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah, who considered him to be rich and cultured and painted a painful picture of his death.