مجله جستار های زبانی
سال چهاردهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 78، بهمن و اسفند 1402)

This study aims to examine the effects of employing a mere Task-Based Approach (TB) and a Translation-Assisted Task-Based Approach (TATB) in promoting EFL learners’ news story writing skill. The subjects who participated in this study were 82 Iranian BA sophomores majoring in translation at Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch. To this aim, the participants were homogeneously assigned to two groups, i.e. control group (TB) and the experimental group (TATB). Both groups passed through the different phases of Willis’ TBL framework and the translation task was given only to the experimental or the TATB group. In other words, both groups were exposed to a 6-week TB intervention with only the experimental group benefiting from the translation practice at the end of the third phase. To obtain the related data, the researchers administered an evaluation exam on news-story writing at the pre- and post-task evaluation phases, itself prepared by the researchers and put to the test of expert judgment. The results showed that TATB group outperformed the mere TB group which indicates that applying translation-assisted task-based approach in teaching news story writing could significantly improve both the experimental group’s overall performance on news-story writing and some of its different aspects such as the use of Wh/H data, word choice, context, consistency, structure, and simple language.

Conceptual blending is a creative application to explain concepts that go beyond simply combining structures and raw data. The present article tries to examine its effectiveness in news headlines of newspapers in different genres by referring to the theory of conceptual blending. For this purpose, 1000 news headlines from the Donyaye Eghtesad newspaper in the economic genre, 1000 news headlines from the Ebtekar newspaper in the political genre, as well as 1000 headlines from the Hadaf Varzeshi newspaper have been examined. The headlines with conceptual blending were identified in them and also their type and number were explained and drawn by drawing a grid. Out of 1000 news headlines examined in each genre, 240 in the economic genre, 160 in the political headline and 80 in the sports headline are in line with the theory of blending. According to the results, it seems that due to the intertwining of people's daily lives with the economy, the use of blending in the economic genre is more than the other two genres, and among the blending types, the single-scope type has a higher frequency than the other types in all three genres. Double-scope type blending has been observed due to its more complex structure than the lower frequency single-scope blending. It was also found that simple type blending has very low frequencies in all three genres. In the study of news headlines, due to the association-orientation mechanism of the type of mirrors, there are very few of them in each genre.

The advent of meaning follows cognitive functions in active discourses of exteroception, enteroception, and Physical sense and perception in discourse. Accordingly, intellectual and perceptual-cognitive dimensions, which lead to the advent of meaning by cognitive functions, emotion and perception, have a significant role in creating and continuing meaning. These functions are considered effective to understand and perceive the meaning of signs and continuation of discourse. The current study aims to explain the techniques of meaning continuation and the interaction of sings and meaning in the novel to the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf.  Applying a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study is going to figure out the techniques of meaning continuation in the aforesaid novel according to functions of cognitive, sensory-perceptual, emotional, and aesthetic discourse. The findings reveal that the techniques like the angle of view in cognitive dimension, sensory-visual in emotion demission and external perception, object-perception in emotional dimension, and the relationship between time and aesthetic discourse have created some signs whose interaction gets meanings continued through the discourses of to the lighthouse.

This study tries to analyze the Persian translations of banking texts in documentary credit section of international banking by selecting five translated books and having a linguistic view. As semantics is one of the main principles studied in linguistics and on the other hand, transfer of the meaning is one of the main issues in translation studies, therefore, some equivalents in these texts were analyzed by a mixed linguistic and translation view with descriptive-analytic method based on library resources. Findings show that applying three approaches of structural semantics in linguistics including units of the same field, componential analysis and sense (conceptual) relations, by specifying conceptual relationships as well as subtle componential differences among different units of the same field, lead to the appropriate and accurate equivalent selection (making)s related to different types of documentary credits different insurance documents different charges different sendings ), different drawings and shipments as well as different receivings . In conclusion, these three approaches of structural semantics, by helping the realization of meanings, lead to the accurate and correct selection (making) of equivalents and in some cases prevent the Persian language from the influence(s) of other languages in translations of these texts.

Compound verbs are among the important linguistic categories in different languages which have been the subject of many studies from different aspects of syntactic, semantic, and cognitive researches. A compound verb can be said that is a verb formed from two (or even more) parts: a verb, and mostly a noun, or an adverb or a preposition. A compound verb functions as a single verb. It has two components one of which is a light verb , which carries inflections, and it contributes to some extent to the whole meaning. The other part is typically a noun which bears the most of the semantics of a compound. In this paper, the semantic features of idiomatic compound verbs of the spoken Farsi will be described and analyzed to reach out the possible explanation behind the semantic reading of those compound verbs in Farsi. From spoken Farsi in Tehran, 181 idiomatic compound verbs were selected based on our intuition and observations. This non-compositionality results in opacity, and it is not easy for Farsi learners to guess the meanings. A new non-compositional hypothesis will be proposed in this paper which explains the process of interpretation and reading of an idiomatic compound verb is essentially based on the non-verbal element of the compound and the figurative and idiomatic meaning is activated based on a marked collocation with a verb with which the non-verbal part has no semantic compositionality. This hypothesis is called Three-layered reading of idiomatic compounds.

The crucial role of education in instilling cultural and identity components cannot be overstated. As a result, textbooks are critical in fostering an awareness of individuals and elites. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the level of sapioemotionality prevalent among junior high school students and the frequency with which elites were addressed in their Persian Language textbooks. Sapioemotionality is concerned with the degree to which emotions are elicited when witnessing or hearing about elites, and it has positive and negative convergence and divergence qualities at both the individual and social levels. Using the sapioemotionality Questionnaire, the author investigated the sapioemotionality of 917 junior high school (tenth, eleventh, and twelve grades) students (mean 16.51 years) in the fields of literature and humanities, experimental sciences, mathematics, and physics. On both an individual and social level, the t-test demonstrated that girls had greater sapioemotionality than boys. According to a one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test comparing educational levels, tenth-grade students had higher sapioemotionality than the other two levels, while math and physics students had lower sapioemotionality than the other two disciplines (literature, humanities, and experimental sciences). A qualitative analysis of Persian Language textbooks revealed that the level of attention paid to elites was restricted to presenting a brief work by a famous poet, which falls short of students' sapioemotionality demands, and 76% of students believed that no attention was paid to elites in Persian textbooks, stressing the importance of revising textbooks based on students' sapioemotionality and cultural emolings.

The linguistic phenomenon of differential object marking (DOM) has long been recognized as a basis for typological categorization of world languages in terms of how the direct object is case-marked. Yet, DOM in Farsi constitutes a source of contention among linguists. Some of them maintain that DOM actually exists in Farsi where they assert some types of the direct object are case-marked with “rā,” but, on the contrary, others give counterexamples for each instance to prove that is not the case. That is why some Iranian linguists have entirely abandoned the idea of DOM in Farsi and assigned “rā” a new functional role other than an object case-marker. By elucidating the theoretical bases of DOM in general, the present analytical review aims to apply a new approach to how “rā” is used in Farsi sentences with transitive verbs. The approach not only proposes explanations for the aforesaid counterexamples, but also attempts to restore “rā” to its grammatical role as a case-marker by introducing a new viewpoint on DOM in Farsi.Thus, by establishing a grammatical role to “rā” as a marker of some kinds of direct objects, the present paper has attempted to redefine DOM in Persian. It is hoped that future corpus-based studies about the relative frequencies of “rā” occurrences in Persian sentences will lend evidential support to this theoretical approach.

The preparation and compilation of a comprehensive educational curriculum is closely related to the writing of the textbooks. The periodization of Persian literary history, in accordance with educational goals, can provide a theoretical framework for Persian language training program to non-natives. In this paper, we argue for a particular approach to this periodization. The periodization is based on the reverse historical order, literary genre, literary form and literary figures. These criteria are moving in reverse historical arrangements from the contemporary period to the past and narrates the variety of literary forms and genres around prominent poets and writers of each period. For evaluating the function and the validity of this approach, the produced content (the book: The Living Tree) were taught to two groups of non-native students of Persian language (intermediate and upper-intermediate levels) and the results of a survey on their learning are analyzed. The analysis showed that both levels are satisfied with the resulting educational contents.

The word "clitic" refers to the dependent unit, that depends phonologically on another word or phrase, which is the interface between bound and free morphemes, exists in all languages ​​of the world, and can be divided into types of proclitic, enclitic and endoclitic. In this article, the types of clitic in Persian and Russian languages ​​have been studied and compared with each other, and the similarities and differences between them have been expressed based on the analytical-descriptive method. According to the findings of Iranian linguists, nine enclitics and one proclitic are recognizable in Persian and there is no endoclitic in this language, but in addition to the existence of several endoclitics in Russian, the number of enclitics and proclitics in this language is more than their number in Persian. Many prepositions in Russian are proclitics, but none of the Persian prepositions are proclitics. The reason for this is the different types of stress in these two languages, because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress, but many prepositions, especially monosyllabic prepositions, in Russian do not have stress or their stress depend on the nearby word and are considered a proclitic.

In the holy Quran, several words have been used for the meaning of perception and knowledge; the verb "šaʕara" as one of them in Persian translations more often is equated with words ‘know’ and ‘understand’; but its more detailed components is the issue of this essay that is devoted to two sections of etymological and contextual study. Etymology based on the methods of historical linguistics and sources of Semitic languages, a comprehensive contextual study of all applications alongside each other, content analysis of verses and use of the anthropological achievements in discourse analysis of Quranic verses are the methods used in this article. Etymological evidences suggest that this word dates back to the ancient Semitic language and is made up of the hypothetical root of the "šʕr" (to divide, break open) in the same language and this root is also derived from the Afro-Asian root (ĉaʕ), meaning "cut" but in the Pre-Islamic Arabic discourse it is influenced by the word šiʕr (poetry) by semantic contamination. Negative application, no application in descriptive phrases, devotion to the perception of hidden affairs are the functional features of the term šaʕara that make the definition of the Qur'anic meaning of šaʕara as a " no-process perception" justifiable. No-process perception entails an increase in the role of imagination and reducing the role of time-consuming rational processes.

•This paper aims to investigate the interpretive pattern of mystical symbols which is referred to hereafter as "evolutionary-based model" relying on Peirce's semiotic principles, as well as Robert neville's  discussions in interpretation-meaning-reference model of  religious symbols elaborated in "The Truth of Broken Symbols". To this end, in the first section, wedefine the position of metaphor in peirean classification of signs.Then, we discuss the relationship between two different process of meaning in metaphor: transcendental & non-transcendental. Finally, we explain the mechanism of metaphor interpretation based on the process of "unlimited semiosis".

Aspect is one of the most important structural and semantic features of the verbs. The ‘durative phrase’ and its effect on the aspectual interpretation of different verbs is amongst important issues in surveying lexical aspect too. In order to determine the effect of durative phrase on the aspectual interpretation of sentences which include achievement and accomplishment, the present research aims to analyze aspectual interpretation of telic predicates (achievement and accomplishment) in the presence of the durative phrase in Persian. The results of the analysis based on MacDonald’s (2008) approach and within the Minimalist Program framework showed that appending durative phrase to reversible achievements and cyclic achievements leads to end-time interpretation while its presence in overthrowing irreversible achievement leads to atelic single event interpretation. The analyzing of accomplishment predicates showed that, like achievement predicates, the effect of the presence of durative phrase not only depends on the quantitative and non-quantitative feature of the object but also it depends on the nature in terms of reversibility or irreversibility.