نشریه تحقیقات ترویج و توسعه روستایی
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Quality of life is used to evaluate the condition of individuals or communities. The rural guiding plan is to improve the quality of rural life and organize the rustic space. Evaluating rural guiding plan effects is an important issue that can provide the necessary information for better project management. The present research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of the implementation of the rural guiding plan on improving the quality of life of the villagers of Raazan village of Khoramabad county. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done in the field with a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is all heads of households in Razan villages, numbering 515 people. The selection of samples was done by a simple random method. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed by reviewing the previous manuscripts, the validity of which was confirmed based on the opinion of a group of experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha (α = 94%-83%). SPSS 21 software was used in this research. The research results show that implementing this plan has not had a positive effect on the physical-environmental, social, and economic aspects of life.

The present study is an applied research that seeks to identify and validate the conflict consequences over rangeland exploitation in West Azerbaijan province. The implementation process of the current research was based on a mixed approach that was carried out in two qualitative and quantitative stages. The sampling method in the qualitative and quantitative part of the research was the purposive snowball sampling and stratified random sampling methods, respectively. The statistical population of the research qualitative part is 17 experts/proficients and the quantitative part is made up of 363 local exploiters. Related data in both stages were analyzed using different methods, i.e. Thematic Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Thematic analysis classified the identified conflict consequences into four Normative-Value", "Environmental", "Economic" and "Managerial" factors. Then, second-order confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the identified conflict consequences. The analyzes proved that the validity, reliability, and, fit indices of the factor structure model were appropriate. The results obtained based on the participants' opinions in this research can provide a correct insight into long-term policies to resolve the conflict over rangeland exploitation and management. In general, this study suggests that rangeland management strategies should be adopted based on the conditions and capacities of the local people.

Since livestock farmers have a prominent role in raising the efficiency and effectiveness of livestock farming activities and the quantity and quality of products of this sub-sector, therefore, it is important to know the educational needs. The main purpose of this study was to assess the training needs of livestock farmers in the villages of Khorram Abad using the Borich needs assessment model. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of methodology, and survey field in terms of the method of data collection. The statistical population included all livestock farmers of Khorramabad township (N=12014). The sample size was determined using Krejcie & Morgan, 372 people. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the formation of a specialized group of experts in the field of agricultural extension and education at Tarbiat Modares University and the staff of the General Veterinary Department of Khorramabad Township. A pilot test and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient were used to measure reliability, and SPSS26 software was used for data analysis. Based on the results obtained in this research, 32 required qualifications and abilities were prioritized based on the priority score obtained from the Borich model. The results indicate that the highest and most training needs of livestock farmers included how to inject drugs into livestock, livestock insurance, artificial insemination, and personal and health care that require high training.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of social media and networks on the psychological empowerment of rural women in Salmas town. The research method was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population consisted of rural women in Salmas township located at West Azarbaijan. The statistical population of this study was 31996 rural women. The sample size calculated 382 via Krejcie and Morgan table. A multistage cluster sampling method was used to select the samples. The research instrument was a questionnaire which its face and content validity were confirmed a by panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed via calculating the Cronbach's alpha (between 0.71-0.82). The research findings showed that there was significant difference between impact, meaningful and competence feeling of rural women in terms of access to the computer at home. Also, there was significant difference between impact feeling in terms of access to the internet at home. Findings of correlation analysis showed that there was negative and significant correlation between use of telegram, instagram, television by rural women and their meaningful feeling.

Change in lifestyle and rural employment vulnerability has caused a lot of attention to handicrafts due to the ease of their development. Handicrafts with special features such as: relying on local production factors, indigenous knowledge, being capital-accumulators, being labor-oriented, involving women in production, diversifying household income sources, reducing income risk, having deep and stable roots in the rich culture of the country, improving the welfare of rural households without destroying natural resources, has a pivotal role in employment and helping the sustainable livelihood of rural communities. In this regard, identifying and investigating the psychological characteristics of industrialists in order to develop and produce more, newer and higher-quality goods is very important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the role of psychological factors affecting the development of handicrafts in rural areas. The statistical population of this research was 19,435 people who are the beneficiaries of the agricultural sector of Zanjan Township, among them, handicrafts producers were selected as the target population, and using a stratified proportional sampling method, the target sample was selected from the village level of Zanjan Township. The sample size was determined to be 200 people based on Cochran's formula. The questionnaire was used its face and content validity was examined by the opinion of subject matter specialists and the composite reliability was evaluated and approved in the range of .82 up to .92. The findings showed that psychological factors including risk-taking, self-confidence, foresight, and motivation have a positive and significant effect on the development of handicrafts.

The cooperative sector is one of the most important economic sectors in Iran. The goal of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting performance satisfaction from livestock ‎cooperatives (Case Study: Khomeini Shahr County). Necessary data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population was 2,000 dairy farmers in Khomeini Shahr County. Using the Cochran formula 104 members were selected. For determine the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by using the results of the pilot test and calculating the Cranach Alpha coefficient of 87%. The Results of the research showed that the attitude of members about the cooperative satisfaction was an average level. Cooperative members’ satisfaction from the receiving of concentrates and other inputs was at a very low level. The results of factor analysis showed that the factors influencing cooperative member satisfaction could be classified into 5 factors such as economic, services-support, institutional, social, and communication, these factors explained 75.2% of the total variance of the dependent variable (cooperative performance)

One of the most important issues related to the agricultural sector is the lake of farmer’s capital which has always been one of the factors limiting the growth of this sector. The proper management of credits can play an important role in the growth of the agricultural sector and contribute to national development. This study has been conducted to investigate the role of facilities and credits of Bank Keshavarzi (agriculture bank) on agronomy development in Kangavar Township. The study population consisted of all villagers that used facilities and credits of Bank Keshavarzi (in years 2011-2017; N=1000) which by using multi-stage sampling 213 of them were selected. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire had been confirmed by a panel of experts and key informants before the pre-test stage. The reliability of the instrument was assessed by conducting a pilot study among 30 samples out of the original sample. The reliability of instrument for the all sections based on Cronbach's alpha coefficients value (0.65- 0.87) shows an acceptable level of internal consistency. The SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between annual income and annual agricultural income with agronomy sector development and there was a positive and significant correlation between facilities and credits of |Bank Keshavarzi with agronomy sector development. However, the results of the correlation analysis showed that there wasn’t a significant correlation between facilities and credits of Bank  Keshavarzi with livestock and horticulture development.

After several decades of implementation of programs and strategies related to tourism, these strategies and programs have had different effects on the sustainability of rural settlements. In this regard, in this research, the effects of second-home tourism on the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of the studied villages were investigated. The present study in terms of the purpose is one of the applied researches and in terms of the method of collecting information; it was carried out by the library and field method (questionnaire). In order to analyze the data SPSS software and structural equation modeling techniques were used.The statistical population of the current research is Tirchai village of Mianeh city. The findings and results of a sample t-test show that according to the desirability of the test item (3), the value of the t-statistic of all three dimensions is evaluated as favorable and meaningful, and the economic dimension with a t-statistic of 3.620 has the highest t-statistic value. In the continuation of the research, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the difference in the effects of tourism of second homes on the stability of the studied villages. Based on this, the results show that there is a significant difference in all three dimensions of the study in relation to the effects of tourism of second homes on the stability of the studied villages. Not visible. Also, the findings related to structural equations show that second homes have had positive effects in the economic and social dimensions of tourism, but these effects are not significant in the physical-environmental dimension.

Due to the adverse effects of conventional agriculture on human health and the environment, there has been a lot of emphasis at the global and national level to move towards sustainable agriculture. Knowing the attitudinal and behavioral status of farmers, as agents of this policy, is very important. In this descriptive-correlational research, the attitudes and behavior of farmers regarding sustainable agriculture were studied with an emphasis on plant conservation. Using multi-stage random sampling method and Cochran's formula, 300 farmers of Arak city were selected and studied. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by using the opinions of experts, and its reliability was also obtained by conducting a preliminary study and calculating Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.86 for composite indicators. The results showed that 86% of farmers had a neutral attitude and only 14% had a favorable attitude regarding sustainable agriculture. The correlation coefficient showed that farmers' behavior has a positive and significant relationship with the variables of attitude towards sustainability, level of education, area of rainfed agricultural land, area of integrated agricultural land, level of interest in integration, contact with agricultural experts, contact with agricultural machinery sales centers, visit to Extension farms, use of radio, neighboring farmers in the village and a negative and significant relationship with farmers' monthly income. Regression analysis also showed that Six variables including attitude, agricultural land area, monthly income, education level, receiving information from input sellers and interest in integrating farms explain 33.9% of the variance of farmers' behavior regarding sustainability.

Pastures as one of the most important areas of natural resources in our country, play an essential role in achieving sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic poverty and pastures degradation in rural areas of Ilam County. This research, in terms of purpose, was applied and a descriptive-correlation research method was used. The statistical population of this study included all rural households in Ilam County (N=6014) Based on the Cochran formula, 200 of them were selected by using a proportionate stratified random sampling method and studied by a questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and reliability was confirmed through a pilot- test and the Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated for each section of the questionnaire (α=0.855). Data analysis was performed by using the SPSS20 software. The survey of the status of poverty components showed that 63 percent of rural people were considered economically and 42 percent socially poor. The results of regression analysis showed that variables of housing status, income status, nutritional status and, psychological and mental conditions have explained 56% of the changes in pasture degradation in rural areas of  Ilam County. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities provide the necessary conditions to improve the living conditions of the villagers in terms of economic and social aspects, to prevent the destruction of pastures in rural areas.

One of the development policies tailored to the conditions of rural areas is sustainable agricultural tourism. Most countries of the world have considered this type of tourism as a new strategy for the development of rural areas, but the sustainability of agricultural tourism in Iran, especially in Mazandaran province, is doubtful. This descriptive-correlation study was conducted to explain the sustainability of agricultural tourism in the west of Mazandaran province and the variables affecting it. The statistical population of the study was 72 farmers with agricultural tourism sites in the west of Mazandaran province who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was based on theoretical foundations and three Delphi stages through interviews with 21 experts in the field of agricultural tourism in various organizations that were purposefully selected, 86 indicators in the terms of social, economic, cultural and environmental dimensions were identified. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cranach's alpha. The Prescott-Allen five classes were used to evaluate the degree of stability. The results showed that the situation of agricultural tourism in western Mazandaran is unstable. This sustainability in social, cultural and environmental dimensions is almost unstable and economically moderate. Tonekabon city had better stability in three dimensions of social, cultural and environmental than Ramsar and Chalous cities, but this difference was not significant according to ANOVA test. The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that the three variables of farm size, history of activity in the field of agricultural tourism and income had the greatest impact on farmer's views regarding the sustainability of agricultural tourism. In order to develop agricultural tourism, it is necessary to pay attention to the principles of sustainability and its various dimensions in order to avoid harm in the direction of sustainable development while enjoying its benefits

In the last few decades, the migration and departure of young people from the village, especially young people who have been educated in the field of agriculture, has taken an upward trend. This can cause an unsettled situation in terms of the average age of farmers, a decrease in the dynamic population in the villages, a decrease in the production of agricultural products, and a weakening of the rural economy in the villages. The purpose of this study was to identify and categorize strategies to increase the willingness of rural youth to live and work in the village after university graduation. The population of this study consisted of rural students studying in the fields of Agriculture at the University of Zanjan (N=210). The sample size was determined using the Krejces & Morgan table (n=135) and stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and its validity was confirmed by the opinion of relevant faculty members and its reliability was confirmed by using the pre-test and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Based on the results of the factor analysis, the most important ways to increase the willingness of rural youth to live and work in the village after university graduation were summarized in the two factors including; facilitating the sale of products and employment in the village and the development of public and private investment in the village and agriculture, which are these two factors in total explained 70.22% of the variance of the ways to increase the willingness of rural youth to live and work in the village after completing university education. Based on the results, it is recommended to create small-scale transformation and complementary industries in the village by the public and private sectors, along with the direct and indirect purchase of surplus products of the villagers.