مجله روانشناسی ورزش
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

The purpose of this study was to survey and compare physical competencies (self-report and objective) and nutritional attitudes among active and inactive women. A sample of 100 adult women from Tabriz was selected for this study. They were divided into two homogeneous groups: an active group (n=50) and an inactive group (n=50). Cluster sampling was used to select the participants. The variables of this study were measured using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26), the short form of the physical self-descriptive questionnaire developed by Marsh et al. (PSDQ-S), three physical readiness tests, and body mass index. Independent t-tests were used to compare eating attitudes and physical self-perception between the two groups. MANOVA was used to compare the subscales of these variables. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the Z scores of objective and subjective physical-motor fitness. The results showed that the active group had significantly lower rates of eating disorders (P=0.0001), higher mean scores of physical self-perception (P=0.001), higher levels of physical readiness (P=0.0001), and a stronger correlation between objective and subjective physical-motor fitness. Based on the significant differences found in the results, it can be concluded that physical activity can be effective in reducing eating disorders and promoting positive and realistic physical self-perception in adult women.

The emergence of anxiety during competitions highlights the need for coping skills to maintain athletes' health and ensure sporting success. This study aimed to investigate the effect of music and massage course on the competitive anxiety of elite rowing athletes.

The statistical population consisted of rowers in Tehran province with at least three years of experience in national competitions. Sixty rowers were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group. They completed the Competitive State Anxiety-2 Inventory in the pre-test phase. Participants then engaged in 18 sessions of a 30-minute music program, a 30-minute massage program, or a combination of both, one hour after exercise. At the end of the course, all groups completed the State-Competitive Anxiety-2 Inventory again.

The results showed that music and massage, as well as their combination, had a significant effect in reducing competitive-state anxiety. There was no significant difference between the massage and music groups in terms of state-competitive anxiety scores. However, there was a significant difference between the combination group and both the music and massage groups in terms of state-competitive anxiety scores.

Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that elite athletes utilize a combination of music and massage to alleviate anxiety in stressful situations.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of positive motivational-deductive feedback under stereotyped and non-stereotyped conditions on the motivation to participate in physical activity and self-efficacy of beginner girls.

The study included 36 participants (mean age 14.2±3.33) who were randomly divided into three groups of 12. Each group practiced futsal skills based on their specific circumstances. In the stereotyped condition, participants were initially told that men are better than them, but in the next step, they were informed that their performance was actually better than men. They were encouraged by the feedback that they were better than men.

The analysis of covariance for both variables revealed a significant difference between the three groups in terms of promoting motivation and self-efficacy (p < 0.05). Specifically, the stereotyped group showed greater improvement compared to the non-stereotyped group, and the non-stereotyped group showed greater improvement compared to the control group.

Overall, our findings indicate that stereotyped conditions, when accompanied by positive analytical motivational feedback, can positively impact women's motivation and self-efficacy. Coaches can utilize these techniques in training and sports environments to enhance motivation and self-efficacy among athletes and promote their active lifestyles.

With the development of sports psychology, the discussion on the impact of psychological skills on sports performance has become increasingly important. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between mindfulness and social physique anxiety in women, with a focus on the mediating role of sports participation motivation.

The statistical population of this study included all female customers of bodybuilding and aerobics clubs in Sabzevar. Among them, 130 individuals were selected using the available sampling method. Data were collected using questionnaires on Sports Mindfulness, Social Physique Anxiety, and Motivations for Women's Participation in Sports. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis.

The results showed a significant relationship between mindfulness and social physique anxiety (T=2.21), as well as sports participation motivation in women (T=10.29). Mindfulness was found to reduce social physique anxiety and increase sports participation motivation in women. However, sports participation motivation in women, as a mediating variable, did not show a significant relationship with social physique anxiety (T=1.42) and was not confirmed in the research model.

In conclusion, the use of mindfulness techniques as a supportive or preventive factor is highly effective in preventing negative body shape evaluation (social physique anxiety) and reducing sports participation motivation in women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the harms of organizational anti-citizenship behaviors on sports teams based on the bad apple syndrome.

The statistical population of the study included all members of the sports boards in Lorestan province. Using Cochran's formula, a sample of 384 people was selected through random sampling. The research instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire. The formal validity and content of the study were confirmed by surveying professors and experts (11 people), who carefully examined the literature. Additionally, other internal consistency indicators such as Composite reliability (CR), Average variance extracted (AVE), Maximum shared variance (MSV), and Average shared variance (ASV) were reviewed and confirmed. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, and second-order confirmatory factor analysis) were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the most important injuries caused by organizational anti-citizenship behaviors on sports boards included non-conventional conflict (0.90), distress (0.86), non-normative commitment (0.84), institutional isomorphism (0.80), lack of motivation (0.76), and damage to organizational communication (-0.06).

Overall, it can be concluded that most sports boards do not have a clear and effective strategy for managing the bad apple syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of perceived motivational climate in predicting the goal orientation of elite and non-elite taekwondo players.

This study was descriptive-correlational, and its statistical population was all elite and non-elite taekwondo players in Isfahan city. Based on the population size, 300 samples with a mean age of 25.1 were selected using the Morgan table. Questionnaires on demographic information, goal orientation in sport, and perceived motivational climate in sport were distributed among 150 elite taekwondo players and the same number among non-elite taekwondo players in selected clubs. The completed questionnaires were collected for analysis. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression.

The results showed that in elite taekwondo players, goal orientation had a significant relationship with task orientation (r=0.692, p=0.001), perceived motivational climate (r=0.420, p=0.001), and predicted 47.5% and 2.7% of their goal orientation, respectively. In non-elite taekwondo players, goal orientation had a significant relationship with ego orientation (r=0.522, p=0.001) and predicted 26.8% of goal orientation sequentially.

Overall, the results showed that perceived motivational climate had a more effective role in predicting the goal orientation of elite taekwondo players compared to non-elite taekwondo players.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of competitive and non-competitive exercise environments on the acquisition and retention of basketball free throws (BFT) in female adolescents with high and low trait anxiety.

In this quasi-experimental study, 47 adolescent girls were divided into two groups based on their trait anxiety scores: high and low. They were then placed into two training groups, one in a competitive environment and the other in a non-competitive environment, based on their pre-test scores. Participants in the experimental groups underwent BFT training for 8 sessions. Pre-test, acquisition, and retention tests were administered before the intervention, during the exercise sessions, and after the last acquisition session, respectively. Data analysis involved the use of one-way ANOVA and repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results indicated that there was no significant difference in BFT performance between the groups during the acquisition and immediate retention phases. However, a significant difference was found between the groups in the delayed retention test. Specifically, training in a competitive environment led to better performance in participants with both high and low trait anxiety. The competitive environment had a stronger positive effect on participants with low trait anxiety, followed by those with high trait anxiety.

The training environment, rather than the level of trait anxiety, significantly influenced participants' performance in BFT. Both individuals with high and low trait anxiety performed better in a competitive training environment.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire.

To achieve this goal, 270 athletes (both men and women) with varying skill levels (novice, sub-elite, and elite) in 11 different individual and team sports were randomly selected. They completed the Persian version of the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire. The translation-back translation method, face validity, and translation accuracy were used to confirm the questionnaire's validity. Constructive validity of the questionnaire was determined through confirmatory factor analysis based on a structural equation model. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and temporal reliability of the items was examined using the intra-class correlation coefficient under the test-retest method.

The results indicated that the Persian version of the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire demonstrated favorable fit indexes. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good fit indexes (X2/DF=1.41, CFI=0.971, TLI=0.945, RMSEA=0.039), and the questionnaire exhibited satisfactory internal consistency (0.85) and temporal reliability (0.70) among young athletes.

The Persian version of the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for studying and evaluating the processes of change in psychological skills training among Iranian athletes at different skill levels (novice, subelite, and elite).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of combined exercises on the motivational and impulsive self-talk of female taekwondo practitioners. It is well-known that an athlete's performance is influenced not only by their physical strength and athletic skills, but also by their mental strength.
This study utilized a quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest measurements. The statistical population consisted of female taekwondo practitioners in Mashhad, and a total of 40 individuals were randomly assigned to two groups. The Theodorakis and Papaiano (2008) Automated Self-Speaking Questionnaire and the Barat et al. (2004) Impulsivity Questionnaire were used to collect data. The combined training group participated in 12 sessions of 90 minutes each, which included both physical and psychological exercises. The control group, on the other hand, only engaged in physical training. Data analysis was conducted using the Levene's test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and one-way analysis of covariance, with a significance level set at less than 0.05.
The results showed that combined exercises had a significant effect on the self-talk and impulsivity of taekwondo practitioners (p = 0.001). Comparing the average scores of the two groups in the post-test stage, it can be concluded that combined physical and psychological exercises increased self-talk and decreased impulsivity among taekwondo practitioners.
These findings suggest that taekwondo technical staff can incorporate combination exercises into their training sessions, considering the individual differences of the athletes. By doing so, they can address both the physical and psychological aspects of training.
Keywords: Physical and Psychological Exercises, Motivational Self-Talk, Impulsivity, Taekwondo Practitioners

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of play at home, as proposed by UNICEF, and metacognitive strategies on the health of children aged 5 to 8 years during the Corona pandemic.
This study utilized a quasi-experimental intervention design, with a pretest and posttest control group. The participants were 84 children living in Qom, who were randomly divided into 6 groups. There were two age groups, each consisting of three groups: UNICEF, UNICEF Plus, and a control group. The intervention involved 18 sessions of UNICEF-proposed quadruple games. The UNICEF Plus group also engaged in a semi-structured interview to stimulate metacognition.
The results of the Mixed ANOVA and ANCOVA tests indicated that most of the training groups showed a significant improvement in health test results from pretest to posttest. However, the ANCOVA test did not reveal any significant difference between the UNICEF and UNICEF Plus groups in the two age groups; despite the UNICEF Plus group scoring better than the UNICEF group in both age groups.
Overall, it can be concluded that the exercises recommended by UNICEF were effective in promoting children's health. Although the combination of these exercises with metacognitive strategies did not meet expectations, there was a slight improvement in children's health favoring the combined exercises.

This study was conducted to present a model of the factors causing organizational anomie in the General Departments of Sports and Youth of Iran, with emphasis on psychological variables. The research utilized a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The participants in the qualitative section were experts and university professors, selected through purposive sampling, totaling 15 individuals. In the quantitative part, the statistical population consisted of all managers and employees of the Department of Sports and Youth of Iran, approximately 2200 people, with a sample size of 328 individuals selected using the available sampling method. Qualitative data analysis was performed using content analysis and coding process. The qualitative analysis identified 33 main codes and six central codes for content factors, 28 main codes and eight central codes for causal institutional factors, 50 main codes and eight central codes for causal managerial factors, 40 main codes and eight central codes for contextual factors, 13 main codes and five central codes for psychological factors, and 23 main codes and eight central codes for organizational anomie factors. The impact of psychological factors on organizational anomie was found to be significant.  However, the pattern fit indices (χ2/df = 12.45, GFI = 0.59, CFI = 0.59, IFI = 0.60, NFI = 0.57, and RMSEA = 0.18) were not acceptable and did not support the final research model. Psychological factors were found to be the most important factors influencing organizational anomie in the Department of Sports and Youth. These variables need to be examined and adjusted. It is suggested that by modifying psychological variables, a significant portion of organizational anomie can be controlled.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of external and internal attention on the shooting skills of novice and elite shooters among the staff of Malek Ashtar Educational Center in Arak.

The research was quasi-experimental with an applied purpose. The statistical population of the study included all soldiers at the Malek Ashtar Educational Center. The statistical sample consisted of 30 individuals selected through convenience sampling. Participants were divided into two groups: 15 skilled shooters and 15 novice shooters. The tools used in the present study were a shooting simulator and a scorecard. To test the hypothesis, mixed-design ANOVA was administered using SPSS 26 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the main effects of the experimental groups and the attention conditions were significant. However, the interaction between the group and attention conditions was not significant. The shooting accuracy of novice and elite shooters in the external attention condition was significantly better than in the internal attention condition (P<0.001).

It appears that the staff of Malek Ashtar Educational Center would likely benefit more from providing instructions and guidance focused on elements outside the body and its movements while performing shooting skills.