نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Taking care of a mentally retarded child can be stressful. In particular, mothers of children with intellectual disabilities experience poorer physical health, social relationships, and mental well-being compared to parents of typically developing children. This research aims to examine the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the psychological well-being and mental health of mothers with mentally disabled children.

The research was applied with a specific purpose and executed experimentally, using both an experimental group and a control group, as well as pre-test and post-test measures. The statistical population included all mothers with mentally disabled children who were attending exceptional schools and rehabilitation institutions in Qom. Among them, 26 individuals who met the entry criteria were randomly selected as the research sample and divided into two groups, each consisting of 13 people. The experimental group received eight 60-minute sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy. During this period, the control group was placed on the waiting list and did not receive any intervention. To collect data, the Revised Inventory of Psychological Symptoms (SCL90-R) by Derogatis et al. (1984) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) by Luthans et al. (2007) were used. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing a multivariate analysis of the covariance test.

The study revealed a significant difference between the average pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the areas of psychological capital and mental health variables (p<0.0001). This indicates that cognitive-behavioral therapy resulted in improved mental health and enhanced psychological capital in the experimental group.

Based on this, cognitive-behavioral therapy can be considered a suitable, reliable, and effective model for preventing psychological problems and enhancing the psychological well-being of mothers with mentally challenged children.

Given the significant impact of the early developmental period on the formation of EGO strength, this study aimed to investigate the predictive role of attachment styles in relation to EGO strength and its subscales, including hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom.

This research employs a descriptive correlation methodology. The participants included 250 students from Tehran University and Shahed University who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The Collins and Reid Attachment Style Questionnaires and Markstrom's Ego Strength Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.

The correlation results indicate a significant relationship between attachment styles and EGO strength. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis reveals that this model can predict 33.3% of the variance in EGO strength. The prediction results for the subscales and percentage of change variance are as follows: Hope: 7.30, Will: 9.23, Purpose 31, Competence: 3.25, Fidelity: 9.13, Love: 3, Care: 9, Wisdom: 5.26.

The results indicate that the secure attachment style positively predicts EGO strength and its subscales, while the avoidant and anxious attachment styles negatively predict EGO strength and its subscales. These findings demonstrate the significance of secure attachment in predicting ego strength.

Based on a series of previous studies, narcissistic personality disorder has been found to have comorbidity with obsessive-compulsive disorder and Internet addiction. However, other research has produced conflicting results, indicating the need for further investigation to resolve this ambiguity. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and internet addiction in individuals exhibiting symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder and those without such symptoms.

The sample for this study comprised 66 students, with 32 exhibiting symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder and 34 without such symptoms. who participated in the research by completing the Narcissistic Personality Disorder Questionnaire, the Vancouver Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Questionnaire, and the Internet Addiction Questionnaire. The research design was of the comparative causal type, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to test the hypotheses.

The findings indicated a significant difference between the two groups (F=24.96, P<0.001). Individuals exhibiting symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder showed a higher average in the components of obsessive-compulsive disorder, such as contamination fears, checking behaviors, obsessive thoughts, hoarding, perfectionism, precision, doubt, and internet addiction, compared to those without symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder.

The findings indicated a significant difference between the two groups (F=24.96, P<0.001). Individuals exhibiting symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder showed a higher average in the components of obsessive-compulsive disorder, such as contamination fears, checking behaviors, obsessive thoughts, hoarding, perfectionism, precision, doubt, and internet addiction, compared to those without symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder.

Extramarital relationships cause irreparable damage to the shared life and interpersonal relationships of couples. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Boen's systemic counseling in addressing bullying and behavioral issues within families affected by extramarital relationships.

The present study used a quasi-experimental approach and a pre-test-post-test design with a control group to gather data. The study's statistical population comprised all couples who sought services at the Counseling and Psychology Center Exir of Tehran during the second half of 2022. Among them, 32 people (16 couples) were selected using the available sampling method and then randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (8 couples in each group). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of Bowen's systemic counseling, while the control group remained on the waiting list. The study utilized the four-horse rider questionnaire (2012) and the Olweus bullying questionnaire (1996) as instruments. These were administered in two stages: pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 26, with two sections for descriptive and inferential (covariance) analysis.

Bowen's systemic counseling reduced bullying and improved behavioral opportunities in affected families dealing with extramarital affairs.

Based on the results of this study, Bowen systemic counseling is an effective intervention for reducing bullying and creating behavioral opportunities in couples affected by extramarital relationships.

Child sexual abuse is a significant public health issue and a major threat to the mental well-being of children. A child who experiences sexual abuse is at a greater risk of facing other negative childhood experiences. Understanding the risk factors and effects of sexual abuse is crucial for accurately assessing and preventing this issue.

The present study aimed to investigate the lived experience of girls who have experienced childhood sexual abuse. In this study, 8 girls who had experienced childhood sexual abuse were selected using purposive sampling and were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. It should be noted that sampling continued until data saturation was achieved. The data were initially recorded, coded, and then analyzed using the Colaizzi method in order to conduct the analysis.

The analysis of girls' experiences of sexual abuse yielded four themes: lack of betrayal, self-blame, stigmatization, and psychological trauma.

This study emphasizes the importance of preventive measures and increasing the attention of families and social institutions in supporting children and preventing sexual abuse in girls.

The emotional and behavioral effects of disclosing infidelity on each of the couples involved are extremely destructive. This often leads to acute stress disorder, which is the primary and most significant response to such a situation. In this context, schemas, acting as a framework for information processing, can be effective in managing acute stress by bringing about profound changes in attitudes towards oneself, others, and the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of maladaptive schemas on acute stress disorder resulting from spousal infidelity.

The research method used was descriptive-correlational. The study's statistical population comprised couples engaged in marital infidelity who sought assistance from courts and family counseling centers in Tehran and Saveh cities between 2020 and 2021. A sample of 172 individuals was selected using the purposeful sampling method. Data collection tools included the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (Cardena et al., 2000) and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (1998). The data were analyzed using SPSS24 software, which employed descriptive indicators such as frequency, frequency percentage, mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. Statistical tests including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were also conducted.

The study findings revealed a significant positive relationship (p<0.01) between acute stress reactions to a spouse's infidelity and early maladaptive schemas, including disconnection and rejection (r=0.40), impaired autonomy and performance (r=0.34), other-directedness (r=0.29), overvigilance and inhibition (r=0.44), and impaired limits (r=0.25). Various types of acute stress reactions, including dissociative symptoms, re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and functional disorder, were found to have a significant positive relationship with early maladaptive schemas and their domains (p<0.05). The domains of early maladaptive schemas accounted for 33% of the total variance in acute stress disorder (p<0.01).

The research results indicate that maladaptive schemas formed as a result of spousal infidelity serve as the foundation for the development of acute stress disorder following the revelation of the infidelity.

The significance of psychological and personality factors in predicting and treating irritable bowel syndrome has garnered special attention from researchers and therapists in recent years. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of personality traits on predicting irritable bowel syndrome, with anxiety sensitivity as a mediating factor. 

The current study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all final-year high school students in Osku city. A sample of 292 students was selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method, and they were administered irritable bowel syndrome questionnaires (EISSS) and the NEO Personality Inventory. The participants completed the NEO-FFI and the revised Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory (ASI-R). Amos version 21 software was used for data analysis.

The results indicate that the personality traits of neuroticism, openness to experience, and conscientiousness are positively and significantly associated with irritable bowel syndrome, both directly and through the mediation of anxiety sensitivity. Conversely, the personality traits of agreeableness and extroversion are negatively and significantly related to irritable bowel syndrome, both directly and through the mediation of anxiety sensitivity. Overall, the results indicate that personality traits, mediated by anxiety sensitivity, have a significant impact on irritable bowel syndrome. The squared index of estimation error (RMSEA = 0.05) and the goodness of fit (GFI = 0.91) were calculated.

According to the evidence obtained on the role of psychological factors in the formation, initiation, aggravation, or mitigation of symptoms, it appears that no treatment strategy for IBS patients can succeed without considering the influence of psychological factors

The quality of sleep is a crucial aspect of clinical health, and poor sleep quality is becoming more prevalent among individuals, particularly students. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between cognitive flexibility and self-compassion with sleep quality among students, taking into account the mediating role of emotion regulation.

This research is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population for this study included all students at Guilan University. For this purpose, a sample of 384 people was selected using a non-random sampling method. In order to collect data, a researcher-made demographic questionnaire was used along with Pittsburgh Boyce et al.'s sleep quality questionnaire (1989), Neff's self-compassion questionnaire (2003), Dennis and Vander Wall's cognitive flexibility questionnaire (2010), and Gross and John's emotion regulation questionnaire (2003). Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation method and path analysis with SPSS-27 and Amos-24 software. 

The analysis revealed a significant relationship among the three variables of cognitive flexibility, self-compassion, and emotion regulation, particularly with the sleep quality re-evaluation subscale (p<0.05). Additionally, a significant relationship exists between the two independent variables of cognitive flexibility and self-compassion with reappraisal. Furthermore, the relationship between cognitive flexibility and suppression was found to be significant (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between sleep quality and repression, and no significant relationship was found between self-compassion and repression (p>0.05). The variables of cognitive flexibility, self-compassion, and reappraisal could account for 14 percent of the variance in sleep quality.

The research results indicate that emotion regulation, particularly the reappraisal subscale, mediates the connection between cognitive flexibility and self-compassion with sleep quality. Therefore, leveraging emotion regulation abilities, especially the reappraisal subscale, can be an effective therapeutic approach to enhance the sleep quality of students.

People experiencing anxiety due to the coronavirus may resort to rumination as an ineffective coping strategy for dealing with their emotional experiences. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of paradox therapy in reducing anger rumination in individuals with anxiety related to the coronavirus disease.

The research method used in the present study was semi-experimental, employing a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up stage. The study focused on individuals experiencing anxiety related to COVID-19 in Jahrom in 2021. Thirty participants were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The research utilized the Corona Anxiety Scale (Alipour et al) and Sakudolsky's, Gulab, and Cromwell's. Paradox Therapy was conducted over 8 sessions, with each session lasting 90 minutes, and the experimental group met once a week. To analyze the data, we used a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The results of pairwise comparisons of the mean differences in anger rumination and its components indicate that, in the experimental group, the mean scores in the post-test stage for all variables, except the retaliatory thoughts component, have significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared to the pre-test. This reduction continued until the follow-up stage (p = 0.001).

Based on the results, the paradox of therapy can be utilized as an effective intervention method for reducing anger rumination caused by anxiety related to the coronavirus disease.

This study aimed to examine the structural relationships between independent self-construal, interdependent self-construal, personal distress, and empathy.

The methodology was essential for achieving its purpose. It involved descriptive and correlational data collection, utilizing structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of male and female undergraduate students from the faculties of psychology and social sciences at Tehran University during the 2021-2022 academic year. The sample consisted of 282 students from the faculties mentioned, who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The research participants completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Empathy Quotient, Self-construal Scale, and cognitive tasks including the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and the Test of Reading Faces. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was conducted using AMOS version 24 and SPSS version 24 software.

The study findings indicated that independent self-construal positively and significantly influences empathy (p < .001, β = 0.349), while personal distress negatively and significantly affects empathy (p < .001, β = -0.430). Additionally, interdependent self-construal was found to have no significant effect on empathy. The structural model fit well with the collected data.

The results indicate the significance of the independent self-construal variable and personal distress variable in the realm of empathy. Their roles can be further explored in the context of enhancing empathy.

Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors are prevalent issues among adolescents globally. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury and suicide behaviors among adolescents.

This research was fundamental and descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all adolescents in Mashhad city in 2022. The research sample comprised 551 adolescents who completed the research instruments online. They completed the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI), Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and Cyberbullying Victimization Scale (CVS). Research data were analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel software, as well as the structural equation modeling method.

The study findings indicated a significant correlation between being a victim of cyberbullying and the regulation of emotions with non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors (p < 0.05). The model examining the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury and suicide behaviors among adolescents demonstrates a good fit (CFI= 0.96, NFI= 0.97, IFI= 0.97, GFI= 0.93, RMSEA= 0.077). The indirect impact of cyberbullying victimization on suicide behaviors, mediated by the suppression emotion regulation strategy, is significant (p < 0.05).

The results indicate that emotion regulation indirectly amplifies the impact of cyberbullying victimization on suicidal behaviors. Paying attention to these structures in the field of psychopathology and formulating prevention and intervention programs for them can be beneficial.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry about various aspects of life or activities. The impact of anxious parents, particularly those with generalized anxiety disorder, can have devastating effects on their children. In this study, we examined the life experiences of children with parents who have generalized anxiety disorder.

This research employed qualitative and phenomenological approaches. Participants in this study were 15 children of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder who were purposefully selected using the snowball method from counseling centers in Tehran. The information gathered from the interviews was analyzed using the Colaizzi seven-step method.

Four main themes were extracted from the interviews, including living conditions, the effects of parental anxiety on the individual's life, lack of assertiveness skills, and psychological effects on the individual. The living conditions encompassed four sub-themes: difficult life, stress, feelings of anger towards parents, and fatigue. The impact of parental anxiety on an individual's life can lead to a desire to migrate (as a means of escape), a constant need to be available for reassurance, a tendency to report to the parent, and a longing for love. Lack of assertiveness skills with three sub-themes included inability to say no, accepting overly tolerant responsibilities, and prioritizing the needs of others over one's own. The psychological effects of parental anxiety on individuals include five sub-themes: perfectionism, functional anxiety/social anxiety, driving phobia and other specific phobias, and low self-esteem.

Parental anxiety disorders can have a significant impact on children. It is crucial to study them.

In childhood, mood is one of the important factors underlying behavioral and emotional problems. The aim of the present study was to validate and standardize the Emotional Reactivity Index for assessing irritability by a therapist in Mashhad.

The research employed a survey methodology. The research's statistical population comprised 300 parents and male students aged 8 to 15 in Mashhad who were diagnosed with disruptive mood disorder and sought treatment at psychological and counseling clinics specializing in children and adolescents in the area. The participants were diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder based on the clinical interview and the semi-structured diagnostic interview K-SADS-PL (2016) conducted by a clinical psychologist selected through convenience sampling. They also completed the clinical emotional reactivity questionnaire (irritability assessment).

In order to assess reliability using SPSS software, the internal consistency method was employed through Cronbach's alpha. To evaluate construct validity using Lisrel software, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Convergent validity was assessed using the convergent validity index (AVE) method. The Cronbach's alpha values for the entire clinical assessment of emotional reactivity were 0.77, and for the subscales of mood outburst, irritable mood, and vulnerability, the values were 0.85, 0.63, and 0.72, respectively. The retest results yielded a value of 0.73. Came. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis also indicated that the 3-factor structure of the clinical evaluation scale for mood and irritability has a good fit. (NFI=0.92, NNFI=0.90, CFI=0.91, IFI=0.93, GFI=0.96, AGFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.059, df=127, X2=362.08, X2/df=2.85).

The research findings indicate that the Emotional Reactivity Clinical Evaluation Questionnaire is a suitable and valid tool for assessing disruptive mood disorder in children in Iran.

Understanding the concept of well-being from the perspective of the elderly and identifying its important factors can play a significant role in increasing the quality and satisfaction of the elderly. The purpose of the current research was "to design and validate a model for promoting the well-being of the elderly based on lived experiences and to examine its effectiveness on the psychological well-being of the elderly". 

In this study, the descriptive phenomenology method was used to collect data and the Claysey method was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part. The number of participants was based on theoretical saturation of twenty elderly men and women living in Tehran province. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed to explain the well-being factors in old age. The program obtained from the qualitative phase to improve the well-being of the elderly was taught to six elderly volunteers based on the AB single-case plan, and the results were evaluated through the RIF well-being questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis was done during the methods of stable change index, visual analysis and clinical significance using the recovery percentage formula and non-overlapping methods to determine the effectiveness of the program.

Five themes were extracted from the findings in the qualitative section, which include vitality, health and dynamism, Personal growth and enrichment, interpersonal relationships, and strength. Data analysis showed that the welfare program obtained for four volunteers of this program is effective. It should be noted that in single-subject designs, when the researcher can talk about the possibility of a functional relationship between the dependent variable and the intervention, this relationship is repeated for at least three participants.

The results of this research can be used by many psychologists, counselors and experts in the field of geriatrics in the field of how to advise and educate the elderly in order to increase the well-being of the elderly. In addition, the officials and trustees of the elderly can expand the welfare in the elderly society by implementing the elderly welfare program, which will reduce the adverse effects of aging among them and make them more cheerful and energetic.

Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH) is the intentional destruction of healthy body tissue without the intent to commit suicide. Given the rapidly increasing prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents, it is essential to conduct a systematic analysis of the risk and protective factors associated with these behaviors using tools that demonstrate validity and reliability. Therefore, the current study was conducted to analyze the psychometric properties of the abbreviated version of the Self-Harm Screening Inventory for adolescents.

In this survey study, 300 gifted adolescents were selected using the convenience sampling method. They completed the short version of the Self-Harm Screening Inventory for Adolescents (Kim et al., 2022), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985).

A confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized one-factor structure. The one-factor model had a good fit. The SHSI also demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). Additionally, the Subjective Happiness Scale Inventory (SHSI) was positively correlated with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and negatively correlated with the Satisfaction with Life Scale. These correlations support the criterion validity of the abbreviated version of the Self-Harm Screening Inventory for adolescents.

The findings suggest that the SHSI is a reliable and valid tool for screening self-harm behaviors among adolescents.

Meta-analysis and meta-synthesis are sophisticated statistical techniques that combine and analyze data from multiple independent studies to obtain a more comprehensive and reliable estimate of the relationship or effect size between variables. Systematic reviews provide a method for thoroughly reviewing and synthesizing findings from individual quantitative and qualitative studies to derive more reliable conclusions and comprehensive results. By integrating and analyzing a wide range of information, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis help in identifying consistent patterns. Achieving a comprehensive and adequate understanding in qualitative research is a significant goal, as it allows for the discovery of new research insights through conceptual exploration. Combining the quantitative results is also a worthy goal in finding scientific insights. Meta-analysis provides an overall effect size based on individual quantitative research studies. This phenomenon represents a research gap for a psychological sciences researcher or other researchers. This paper aims to explain the practical application of meta-synthesis and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was illustrated with a numerical example using R 4.3.1.