نشریه علوم و فنون مرزی
پیاپی 46 (پاییز 1402)

Development issues in border areas, especially in maritime borders, have a very complex and nested nature, which is impossible to analyze and find their roots with traditional methods. The purpose of this article is to identify the future development issues of border islands in southern Iran.

In this article, using the causal layer analysis method, it has been tried to analyze and explain the most important issues of the underdevelopment of the southern islands of the country.

Based on the environmental survey method, the development issues of the islands in the south of the country were identified. Based on this, 20 key issues among all issues were refined and categorized. Based on this classification, the highest number of problems appeared at the system level (7 problems) and the levels of worldview and myth each covered five causes. At the litany level, three major problems emerged, including the low level of development and the lack of effective role of the border islands in the development of the country, each of which contains much smaller problems.

The findings indicate that the issues of the underdevelopment of the islands in the south of the country are rooted in the causes of the lower levels of metaphors and myths, among which the historical confrontation between Arabs and non-Ajams, as well as the neighboring Shia and Sunnis in this geographical area, have led to a security view of the islands, and for this reason many cooperation capacities with the Persian Gulf countries have been neglected or abandoned in general. In addition to these reasons, the key assumption of considering America as an eternal enemy has also led to the intensification of security approaches and the loss of some opportunities. Therefore, in providing a solution for the development of the islands, in addition to technical and operational solutions, there is a revision in the attitude towards Iran's southern neighbors and the current form of the relationship between Iran and the United States. As long as there is no serious reform in this view, even with large development investments, the huge development capacity of the islands will not reach its ultimate limit.

Commanders and managers are responsible for maintaining and promoting the martial arts of the staff in the units, and the skills in the operational shooting of the staff are among the most important factors influencing the combat capability. Therefore, the present study was aimed at examining the impact of managerial factors on enhancing the operational shooting skills of border guards (the study of West Azerbaijan).

In terms of its objectives, the present study is of an applied and descriptive-analytical method and a survey study. The statistical population of the study included commanders, deputies and administrators, coaches and experts of the West Azerbaijan Border Command Shooting field (95 individuals); using the Chrisi-Morgan Table, 76 individuals were selected as a statistical population by random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used with five dimensions, validity of which was confirmed by 14 experts using face and content validity; and reliability was calculated using the Cronbach Alpha test and its value for this questionnaire was 0.83.

The findings showed that all management factors in this study were effective in enhancing the shooting skills of West Azerbaijan border guards (Sig. 0.05). While the "training and training equipment" has the most impact.

By focusing on the management dimensions of this study, it can enhance the ability of employees to shooting skills in real missions and reduce the damage and failure of the border units in operational missions.

Environmental conditions are known to be one of the most important influencing factors in the field of border Units  operational readiness. This research was done with the aim of representing the commanders' living experience of the role of environmental conditions in the operational readiness of Atrak border regiment units.

In terms of its objectives, the current study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature, it is a qualitative study of the phenomenological type. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. The research data is obtained from 31 semi-structured interviews with commanders who have service experience in the geographical area of Atrak Border Regiment. The participants were selected by purposive sampling.

The findings show the positive and negative roles of environmental conditions in the operational readiness of employees in Atrak Border Regiment. In short, in terms of the natural environment, the geomorphological characteristics of the region are suitable platforms for positive role-playing, and the climate characteristics and environmental limitations have a limiting and negative role. Also, in terms of the human environment, the low level of border tensions, the increase of technological and legal capacities, and the convergence of the population have a positive and facilitating role. And institutional and managerial inefficiencies, problems and limitations of organizational resources, and vulnerability from the surrounding environment have a negative role.

The results of the research reveal the necessity of paying attention to the environmental conditions in the preparation of the protection areas of the border units. So that the fair distribution of resources, facilities, and opportunities is provided fairly and in this way the ability to overcome environmental limitations is increased, and on the other hand it is possible to make maximum use of environmental capacities in the mission of border units.

Iran's water borders in Khuzestan have always been one of the tensest and disputed areas with the Iraqi government. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze the cancellation of Arvand Roud border agreement by Iran in 1348/1969.

Analytical historical research method and Library research method were employed to conduct the present study. In a step-by-step process, an attempt was made to collect information after checking keywords, collecting sources, especially archival documents, taking notes and analyzing data.

In 1914, when Iraq was considered a part of the Ottoman Empire, the unjust border demarcation agreement was imposed on the weak Qajar government with an emphasis on Arvand Rud River. With the emergence of the first Pahlavi government, a new border agreement was concluded with the Iraqi government on 13 July 1937. However, the 1316 contract could not satisfy Iran's legal demand based on the Thalweg line. From the 1930s/1950s, the border disputes between the two countries increased, which reached their peak in the 1940s/1960s and led to the cancellation of the 1316 agreement by Iran in 1969.

It is concluded that a series of interconnected and complementary political, economic, military, legal factors, diplomatic links and international developments in the Middle East region caused the formation of the crisis, the continuation of tensions between Tehran and Baghdad, and ultimately the cancellation of this contract.

Along with the facilitation and development of communication and interaction between countries, border crimes have also been expanded. Human trafficking is one of the most important crimes that takes place in border areas. The purpose of this article is to analyze the international responsibility of countries in dealing with border crimes with an emphasis on human trafficking.

Given that this article seeks to describe and analyze the international responsibility of countries in dealing with border crimes, in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type, and in terms of the method of collection and the nature of the data, it is a library and qualitative study. The current research seeks to answer the following question: what are the international responsibilities of countries in dealing with human trafficking crimes at international borders?

The findings indicate that victim protection, prevention, criminalization and determination of punishments such as confiscation of property and extradition of criminals are among the most important international obligations of governments in this field. Some of the governments' obligations are related to actions such as criminalizing human trafficking in the domestic arena, and some of them imply the governments' obligations in the international arena, which is about guaranteeing the implementation of legal gaps in this field.

The obtained results show that the commitments of governments in the international arena require two important components. First of all, the realization of governments' obligations in dealing with border crimes and human trafficking requires regional and international cooperation, without which, it is not possible to deal with this type of crime. Second, the necessary efforts should be made to include human trafficking in the context of an organized and widespread crime in the statute of the International Criminal Court, and this kind of guarantee of the necessary implementation of the governments' obligations in this regard should be provided.

 Border security means protecting the border lines against possible attacks and preventing any illegal acts along the border and border areas of a country and legalizing the movement of people and the transportation of goods through authorized border gates. Establishing security at the border and border areas is one of the main concerns of countries, especially in today's world full of threats, and governments consider different approaches, policies, actions, and methods to achieve this goal. The purpose of writing this article is to theoretically explain the paradigm of sustainable security in the border and border regions.

 This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and citing reliable sources, seeks to investigate and explain the requirements and considerations that are involved in the establishment of security at the border and border areas within the framework of the "sustainable security" paradigm.

 The concept of "sustainable security" is one of the new security paradigms and approaches that are discussed in various fields, including border security and border areas. In fact, "sustainable security" is an approach that is proposed in modern security studies as an alternative to the control paradigm and is based on the assumption that in order to establish security, instead of dealing with crime and criminals, it is necessary to deal with crime-prone contexts.

 The results of the research indicate that the establishment of sustainable security at the border and border areas requires preventive, positive, comprehensive, community-oriented, participation-oriented, comfortable and meaningful approaches, and based on this paradigm, border security is achieved with the priority of ensuring the security of border residents.

due to the unique situation of Sistan due to the border line and the Milk transportation road, the low number of entrepreneurs in the region, the unfavorable employment situation, the deprivation of suitable facilities and infrastructure and the lack of significant action in the field of starting entrepreneurial activities, awareness of the challenges of rural entrepreneurship in the regions A border village is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the challenges facing entrepreneurship in the border villages of Sistan..

 The current research is a descriptive-analytical survey in terms of its practical purpose and based on the nature and method of data collection. The method of data collection to answer the research questions was library and questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by university professors with a formal and content approach, and the reliability of the research measurement tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient with a value of 0.87. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical tests and structural equations.

 Based on the results of structural equations, it was determined that the greatest role and influence in this field was related to economic indicators, based on the results, the factor loading or standardized regression weight on the economic index was equal to 0.56 at a significance level of 0.000. ..

 The results of the research showed that the high profit of bank facilities for starting a business, the lack of government support, the limitation of the demand market, and such things, are undeniable and have a tremendous impact on the lack of entrepreneurship development in the border villages of Sistan. After the economic dimensions, we can mention the social barriers that have many effects on the lack of entrepreneurship development in the studied sample.