نشریه جستارهای سیاسی معاصر
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 48، تابستان 1402)

The main characteristic of Islamic government is the rule of divine law over people. The rulers are bound by the set of conditions in the implementation and administration of the government that are defined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). One of the subjects of the Islamic government is the way of dealing with non-Muslims in interactions within the government, which is undoubtedly the best model in this field is the interaction model of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the innocents (PBUH). In this article, an attempt has been made to explain the principles and foundations of Shia jurisprudence (which are the distinguishing conditions of the Islamic government and other governments in interaction with non-Muslims); Therefore, this research first focuses on the explanation and investigation of the Quranic principles and validity of interaction with non-Muslims, and then deals with the approach of dealing with non-Muslims from the perspective of intellectuals. Finally, it will deal with two theories and approaches of dealing with non-Muslims in Shia jurisprudence, one based on the theory of interaction and the other based on the theory of non-interaction with documentation. The author of this research has tried to prove by using the descriptive-analytical method that the approach of the Islamic government's evolutionary confrontation with non-Muslims is derived from the Holy Qur'an and the Seerah of the Innocents (pbuh) and is based on important jurisprudential and principled rules, not just a tactical point of view and Temporary and intermittent.

Through the analysis of the events of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the study aims to reveal a new perspective on populism. Based on the theory of "Ernesto Laclau", our problem is to understand the nexus between populist mobilization and the necessity of reconstructing the "new people". According to my understanding, the identity of "the Mostazafan" in the Islamic revolution represents the new people. The main question is how did the demands of underprivileged groups integrate into the populist mobilization? In this article, the "thick description" method is used for data analysis. The findings of the research show that in the light of the political discourse of Shiism and the leadership of Imam Khomeini, The "Mostazafan" became a homogenizing name for the unification of all demands and an equivalential chain was formed. In the following, by critically examining Asef Bayat's outstanding book, the authors reach the understanding that if the identity of Mostazafan had not arisen from an empty signifier, then the urban poor would have continued "quiet encroach" regardless of revolutionary motives. The dynamics of the Islamic Revolution of Iran should not be analyzed in the context of fixed and predetermined content, but in the light of "discursive articulation" according to the conclusion of this article.

In this research, we will face two concepts; The ruling class (here as the state) and the social base (as the enslaved and ruled class) "Mosca" consider society to consist of two ruling and sub-ruling groups. The ruling class also consists of two groups. The upper echelons are the ruling elite, which is small in number, and the second group, which includes a larger number of people, has the potential to lead. The political stability of a society depends on the level of morality, intelligence and activity of potential elites. According to Mosca, change in the ruling elite occurs when new sources of well-being, a practical interest in the growth of new knowledge and ideas develop, or an old religion collapses or a new one emerges.

In 1987, after some disagreements arose among some senior officials of the Islamic Republic over the problems in governance and the extent of an Islamic system jurisdiction in solving those problems, the theory of Absolute Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, as a theory with long precedence in Shiite political jurisprudence, was raised by Imam Khomeini. Later in 1989, the theory was reflected in articles 57 and 110 while revising the constitution. Contrary to the views of expert political analysts, studies have shown that the Absolute Guardianship Theory and the state mandate (by the Jurist) are not specific to the Islamic Republic as religious system but also other non-theocratic and secular political systems have alternatives akin to this theory under such titles as “head of state commands”, “Veto”, and “Special Authorities”, by which the other head of states may step further than their constitutional powers. In other words, the three models of Presidential, Parliamentary, and Semi-presidential systems, give more inclusive authorities and powers to a head of state, in most cases if not all, than to the leader of Iran. In this paper, we manage to legally clarify the Absolute Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist Theory and the significance of state mandates (by the Jurist) in constitutional law, and finally draw a comparison between duties and powers of Iran’s leader with other heads of states in common models of Presidential, Semi-presidential and Parliamentary systems.

This article seeks to examine some of the works of Mohamed Abed al-Jaberi, a contemporary Moroccan thinker, on his methodology in formulating a system of theory called the development of the Arab intellect.The belief that the method is changeable and does not involve the presupposition of specific and rigid content; It is shown as the core of Abed Al-Jabri's methodology.Structuralism is Jaberi's most important theoretical approach in the field of method, which dominates throughout his work.At this stage, the text with cultural, political, economic and social contexts, historical margins, time of its creation, production environment, environmental culture, factors affecting its production, interpretations, influences, possibilities that it has taken or created and characters around it The issues are being reconsidered.Algebraic uses of Western schools such as generalization, application of psychoanalytic approach, hermeneutic aspect of historical interpretations and localization of concepts are considered.In methodology, Jabri makes a new and unique practical claim by separating the ideological elements of Islamic heritage from the epistemological elements. Thus, bias prevention solutions are another area of study in this article.The application of structuralism, while expanding the possibilities of historical research, has also caused stagnation and even the imposition of abstract and unrealistic structures on the historical text.The separation of Ibn Rushd's Maghribi philosophy from Ibn Sina's Eastern philosophy is his most important theoretical background in his critique of Islamic civilization. Which also shows the most important ideological aspect of algebraic research.Keywords: Mohammad Abed al-Jaberi, Methodology, Structuralism, Historical Analysis, Arabic Reason

For many years, the western and northwestern regions of the country, for various reasons, including political, social, and economic conditions, and with the intervention and support of western countries as well as neighbors such as the Kurdistan region of Iraq, have become a place for the efforts and activities of various groups and factions with a tendency There have been various threats that have endangered the security of the Kurdish areas of Iran, one of which is the Pajak terrorist group. This research, in a descriptive-analytical way based on the library method and using a phishing tool in order to collect data, aims to provide a logical answer to the question that government inadequacies and strategic challenges What effect has the government had on the activities of terrorist groups, especially Pejak, regarding the Kurdish identity? The review of the background of the research shows that no complete and comprehensive research has been done in this field so far, and the present research, since it is precisely focused on the effects of the government's policies on the activities of a terrorist group in the western and northwestern regions of the country. It is new and innovative. The findings of the research show that the weakness in the implementation of some citizenship rights policies, the lack of a comprehensive view, the cultural and economic deprivation of parts of the country, sometimes lead to the emergence of crisis and people joining inappropriate groups as a way out of these limitations. , leads to This issue also provides a wide range of advertising for groups such as Pejak in order to gain support from the general public