نشریه پژوهش های رهبری آموزشی
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1402)

The purpose of this research is to compare the organizational structure of Iranian and non-Iranian universities, the number of administrative employees, the number of faculties and defined groups. The steps of the research included data collection by document study and qualitative data analysis by qualitative content analysis and mapping accumulation through document mining and statistical analysis of quantitative data in the quantitative section. The number of majors and departments, management positions and administrative staff and faculty members of 23 faculties from 3 selected non-Iranian universities and 95 Iranian faculties were investigated. Based on the results of the research, the number of managerial positions in Iranian universities is more and the number of administrative employees is less compared to non-Iranian universities. Ferdowsi has the best situation both in the number of administrative employees and in the number of management positions compared to other Iranian universities. University of Tehran has the lowest number of administrative employees and the most managerial positions and has a hierarchical and evaluation organizational structure compared to other studied universities. In the organizational structure of Mazandaran University, after Tehran University, the largest numbers of management positions are defined. The number of faculty members in departments and faculties in non-Iranian universities is also much higher than in Iranian universities. The number of courses in all non-Iranian universities is less than in Iranian universities. Oxford ranks highest among prestigious universities in terms of the number of administrative staff and the number of management positions.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the lived experiences of educational leaders, one of the characteristics of successful managers of multi-grade schools. The current research is applied in the basin and its method is based on the phenomenon of multi-grade schools and the need to deeply understand it from the perspective of people who have had direct experience; It was selected based on qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method, and 15 principals of multi-grade schools in Torghabeh-Shandiz city were interviewed as a targeted research sample. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the data and thematic analysis was used to analyze the research data. In order to validate the results, it was given to three experts in educational sciences and approval was obtained based on expert judgment. In relation to the first question of the research, with the aim of analyzing the challenges and consequences of multi-level schools, fourteen general themes were placed in four central dimensions including organizational challenges, educational challenges, and cultural challenges. In relation to the second question of the research, with the aim of explaining the characteristics of efficient multi-level managers, ten general themes were calculated in the form of four central dimensions, the focus of local community interactions, educational facilitator, moral values and productive and constructive attitude. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that facing the challenges and consequences of multi-level schools requires the change of capable and efficient managers, which will lead to a new orientation towards multi-level schools and reduce the reductionist view of these schools. If the existing procedure regarding multi-grade schools continues and its management process is neglected; It will cause a gap in the teaching and learning process and students drop-out.

The purpose of present study was investigating psychometric properties of the Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire. The statistical population of this study included all staff of Universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science at four levels of international, national, regional and local levels of performance across the country. The research data were collected from 430 staff members who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method using Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire. The results of the validation of the method showed that the internal consistency and stability reliability of the Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire by using Cronbach's alpha was 0/93 and by test-retest method was 0/95. Evaluate the content validity, discriminant, and construct of Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire confirms the validity of the questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses as the main form revealed three correlated but separable dimensions that were "emotional cynicism","cognitive cynicism", and "behavioural cynicism". The results of this study showed that the Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire (OCQ) is a reliable and valid tool for measuring and screening the Organizational Cynicism of academic staff.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the values affecting teacher empowerment in Iranian education. The above goal by two sub-goals, identifying the obstacles that exist in the path of teacher empowerment and providing the necessary policy guidelines in order to improve teacher empowerment programs was guided. For this purpose, research data were collected by applying a combined approach in two steps of comparative study and critical analysis. In the first part, data related to teacher training in Finland, Singapore, Japan, Austria, France and Iran were provided in specific areas. In the second part, a semi- structured interview was conducted with (14) education specialists, administrators and faculty members of Farhangian University. The results showed that teacher empowerment faces many obstacles from both macro and micro dimensions. The weak economic, social and cultural status of teachers from a macro perspective and the weaknesses of in-service training, in- service, support for continuous professional development and the lack of appropriate inclusive policies from a micro perspective have hindered the empowerment of teachers. Therefore, it is recommended to change the attitude of the officials towards education and this profession in different dimensions and in a practical way in order to promote the society and move in the direction of sustainable development, In order to attract talented and interested people, inclusive recruitment policies should be reformed and appropriate in-service and in- service training and skills programs should be developed and necessary support should be provided for teacher professional development.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the components of improving the work quality of managers and employees of Kabul University and using the qualitative research method with thematic analysis approach and using reliable scientific sources and databases in order to improve the work quality of employees in the organization. While examining the viewpoints and valid ideas regarding the examination of the components of improving the work quality of managers and employees of Kabul University in general, in the second step, while collecting data with the tool of the interview method and by identifying and categorizing categories and themes, from the collected information that includes the component and the general category in the form of Paradigm model including: 1- Individual factors: administrative capabilities and skills and working relationships (training programs on creating skills and capabilities for working relationships of managers and employees) 2- Administrative factors: examining specific methods to improve the work quality of managers and employees (improving work quality and Culture of cooperation, methods of financial and spiritual encouragement, participation of managers and employees in decision-making of the department) 3- Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the functions and improving the functions of managers and employees (strengths of the department, weaknesses of the department, improving the work performance of managers and employees) 4 - Creating work motivation among managers and employees from the leadership of the university (work motivation and encouraging officials, methods of creating motivation, the relationship between motivation and performance), how and the comprehensive process of human resource management in order to improve the work quality of managers and employees and the relationships between different dimensions and components They reflect it.

The present research was conducted with the aim of providing practical solutions to facilitate the activities of teachers in student research institutes of Semnan province. This study was conducted using a mixed exploratory method, and its statistical population was the research teachers of Semnan province in the academic year of 1400-1401. In this way, the size of the statistical sample was determined in the qualitative part by the network method of 35 people and in the quantitative part by the stratified random method of 181 people, and to collect the data, a semi-structured interview and a closed-answer questionnaire were used. The analysis of the data from the interview was done using Strauss and Corbin's open, central and selective coding method. In the first stage, 619 open codes were agreed upon. In the second step, 63 identified codes were clustered in the form of 7 core codes. In the final stage, the selected code "Methods to Facilitate Teachers' Participation in Student Research Institutes" included 3 components: "Participatory Actions of Education and Education", "Participatory Actions of Research Institutes" and "Participatory Actions of Schools" with 22 statistical indicators. The analysis of the questionnaire data also shows the degree of importance of each of the facilitating solutions in these axes.

Taking the fundemnentals of ontology, epistemology and methodology into consideration, EA like other academic fields is widely influenced by the overall evolution of scientific paradigms.The first studies of EA were formed by "positivism school" in the early 20th century and since then interpretative, critical and post modern paradigms ensued. any studies have been done by EA researchers using these paradigms. The current article aims at applying and promoting the concepts derived from critical paradigm in the field of EA consisting two parts. The first part describes background and evolution of the theoritical approach involved in EA, followed by an indication of critical paradigm in the field of EA.The second part is devoted to presenting and summarizing one of the most authentic books in the field of critical paradigm in EA titled "Paradigms and Promises: New Approaches to Educational Administration" written by William Foster in 1986 and translated into Farsi by Dr Ali Alagheband in 2021. The article concludes by presenting some further applications of critical paradigm in the field of EA.