نشریه پاسخ
پیاپی 31 (پاییز 1402)

One of the doubts raised raised concerning the life of Imam Sajjad (as) and his interactions with Yazid involves “Imam Sajjad’s alleged allegiance with Yazid and its censorship by Shiite scholars.” Drawing from an authenticated hadith documented by Kulaynī in al-Kāfī, wherein Imam Sajjad ostensibly acknowledges himself as a servant of Yazid, a suspicion has emerged suggesting a potential reconciliation with the oppressive ruler of his era. Amidst these discussions, Shiite scholars face accusations of deliberately suppressing this narration. This research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology and drawing on hadith sources and scholarly works related to Imam Sajjad (as), demonstrates that while the aforementioned narration maintains a sound chain of transmission, it is significantly flawed in terms of its content. Moreover, the assertion of its concealment by Shiite scholars is deemed untenable, given the widespread transmission of this narration by numerous Shiite scholars and writers.

Undoubtedly, the comprehension of any text, book, or written work necessitates specific scholarly prerequisites, encompassing proficiency in the language, familiarity with the cultural milieu, and an awareness of the historical context surrounding the text's inception and production. Disregarding these contextual conditions renders the comprehension of the text unattainable. This principle is equally applicable to the understanding of sacred texts and divine books, including the Holy Quran. This article endeavors to scrutinize a skepticism regarding Imam Khomeini's stance on Quranic interpretation, asserting a departure from the perspectives of the original and early Shiites. The skeptic posits that contemporary Shiites, particularly religious authorities and the founder of the Islamic Republic, have introduced innovations in Shiite beliefs and doctrines. Furthermore, the skeptic contends that present-day Shiite ideology is a construct stemming from their ideological inclinations and political maneuvers. In this article, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, an investigation is conducted into the assertions found in Imam Khomeini’s writings to counter the skepticism raised by the critic. The research aims to demonstrate that the foundational tenets of early Shiite beliefs align with contemporary Shiism, considering the general approach of Shiites in interpreting the Quran through the Quran and the principles put forward by the Prophet (pbuh) and Ahl al-Bayt (as) in Quranic interpretation. The study underscores that the essential principles governing the interpretation of the Quran, as well as the qualifications of those eligible for interpretation, have remained unchangeable among Shiite scholars throughout history.

One of the primary Sunni arguments affirming the legitimacy of the first caliph’s leadership is anchored in his assumption of the prayer leadership during the illness of the Messenger of God (pbuh). This argument holds significant prominence within the Sunni community and is cited as one of the initial narrative arguments. This article employs an analyticaldescriptive methodology to scientifically scrutinize the narrative surrounding the first caliph’s prayer. Drawing upon Sunni sources encompassing hadith, theology, and history, the research provides internal and external criticisms of this event. External criticisms, arising from the absence of explicit textual support for Abu Bakr’s caliphate and the lack of indication of representation in the congregational prayer as a representation for caliphate, underscore the incongruity of this event with the Sunni perspective. The internal critique of this event involves posing inquiries such as: Why did ‘Ā’isha deviate from the Prophet’s directive and exhibit procrastination in its execution? Additionally, what compelled the Prophet (pbuh) to partake in the congregational prayer despite evident weakness and physical incapacity? Further analysis is dedicated to the implications of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prayer performance and the absence of his intent for the congregational prayer to symbolize leadership representation for the community. This line of questioning challenges the Sunni perspective. The acknowledgment of this event suggests Abu Bakr’s divergence from the command of the Messenger of God (pbuh), thereby asserting the incompetence of both him and the second caliph in the governance of the community. This conclusion compels the adherents to the aforementioned event to concede to the subsequent implication.􀀁

In the contemporary context, humanity necessitates a comprehensive framework of principles, directives, and regulations tailored to meet its evolving requirements for attaining happiness, development, and advancement in every era and time. In the absence of those rules and laws, humanity remains deprived of attaining perfection and excellence. This article, articulated through an analytical and descriptive approach, investigates the comprehensiveness of the Quran and its foundational significance in perpetuating human happiness. This academic paper delineates three perspectives on the universality of the Quran. The first viewpoint posits that the universality of the Quran encompasses all fields of knowledge, spanning from the first inhabitant of the earth to the last, across various sciences. The second perspective regards the Quran as a guidance manual, emphasizing general principles that steer humanity toward perpetual happiness. The third perspective, a moderated synthesis of the former two, proposes that not all human sciences are explicitly addressed in the Quran; its primary objective is guiding humanity toward God. Simultaneously, the Quran, by advocating knowledge and critical thinking, designates the extraction of specific issues to experts. This research delves into the examination of these perspectives and endeavors to substantiate the universality of the Quran, particularly grounded in the third viewpoint.

A pitfall in dissecting historical narratives lies in the superficial interpretation of events, a consequence of a failure to grasp the intricacies underlying the occurrence of actions. Humanity, functioning as an architect of history, engages in a tapestry of interactions propelled by discernible motives. Unveiling these underlying reasons allows for a meticulous and profound exploration, enabling an elucidation of historical accounts. An accurate comprehension of the documented opposition among certain companions during the Prophet's lifetime (pbuh) unveils the underlying reasons and contributing factors that precipitated these instances of dissent. In a general overview, the factors contributing to the opposition of certain companions to the Messenger of God (pbuh) can be succinctly outlined as follows: material attachment, hypocrisy, envy, doctrinal deviations, entrenched pre-Islamic customs, and a frail faith. Each of these elements serves as an autonomous rationale for dissent against the directives of the Messenger of God (pbuh). These underlying causes, ingrained within the human spirit and psyche, act as impediments to embracing the truth, propelling individuals to oppose all values in pursuit of their desires. Employing a descriptiveanalytical methodology, this research elucidates the origins of companions’ opposition, serving as a reflective guide for the future Islamic community to fortify itself against resistance to the divinely appointed vicegerent (walī) of God.

The rise of secular ideologies and the prevalence of systems influenced by them, coupled with the apparent allure of material progress on the one hand, and the exhibition of certain shortcomings in the Islamic Republic system, despite being a unique embodiment of Shiite Islamic political thought in the contemporary period, on the other hand have given rise to uncertainties and skepticism regarding the efficacy of Islamic political ideology. This article, using analytical and descriptive methods, evaluates the effectiveness of Islamic political thought and addresses some doubts in this regard. It demonstrates that Islamic thought, with its logical strength and solidity of foundations, possesses appropriate effectiveness. It not only adapts to changes and diverse requirements but also has the capacity to respond to the needs of humanity and systematize accordingly with the demands and conditions of various times and places. The crises and challenges inherent in ideological and secular frameworks, juxtaposed with the relative accomplishments of the Islamic Republic system, notwithstanding adversities, impediments, and vulnerabilities, establish an opportune foundation for delineating a commendable model of human existence grounded in the profound Islamic thought.