نشریه اصول بهداشت روانی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 6 (پیاپی 117، آذر و دی 1402)

Communication in romantic relationships can be defined as the verbal or nonverbal communication of the partners' feelings and thoughts to each other. One factor affecting this interaction process is whether or not individuals in a romantic relationship have a schema. Schemas can be defined as the pattern thinking or point of view an individual has about him/herself, his/her environment and the outside world. These thoughts are often thoughts that are difficult to change. This study examined the effect of early maladaptive schemas on the communication styles of individuals who have been in a relationship for at least one year.

Mixed design was used in this study in İzmir, Turkey. In the quantitative part of the study, the Young Schema Scale Short Form-3 was applied to 151 participants. In the qualitative part, interview questions were asked to 10 participants selected by purposive sampling technique. The data were analyzed through content analysis, t-test, and SPSS software.

It was found that participants who scored high and low in early maladaptive schema domains followed different strategies in terms of communication style, emotion sharing, opinion differences, and self-disclosure themes.

Based on the findings, early maladaptive schemas have a negative impact on interpersonal communication among couples.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of personality disorders among psychiatric inpatients and their non-inpatient family members. 

In this descriptive correlation study, 100 psychiatric patients hospitalized at the Ibn-e-Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Mashhad city-Iran, and 100 of their non-admitted family members were selected through random sampling. The research tool was the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, T-test, and Mann-Whitney test.  

The findings showed that the prevalence of personality disorders among hospitalized patients was 69%, and among their non-hospitalized family members was 63%. The most common disorders among the patients were depressive personality disorder (18%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (16%), and among the family members of patients, histrionic and obsessive-compulsive disorders (23%). There were significant differences between patients and family members in sadistic, schizotypal, borderline, depressed, dependent, antisocial, negativistic, self-defeating, and paranoid personality disorders (P< 0.05). However, in obsessive-compulsive, histrionic, avoidant, schizoid, and narcissistic disorders, there were no significant differences (P> 0.05). 

Based on the findings, the prevalence rates of personality disorders among hospitalized psychiatric patients are high. Also, it is considerable that personality disorders are prevalent among family members of hospitalized psychiatric patients.

The global prevalence of stigma associated with psychiatric disorders is undeniable. People with psychiatric disorders continue to suffer a great deal of prejudice, discrimination, and stigma from the mainstream of the community. Hence, this human disability is a global emergency and requires immediate emprise and long-term actions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the stigma phenomenon based on the experiences of patients with psychiatric disorders.

This research is a qualitative study of the Hermeneutic phenomenology in Ibn-e-Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Mashhad-Iran. In the qualitative phase, 12 clients with psychiatric disorders were selected through the purposive sampling. Data were analyzed by the interpretive methods of Dickelman, Allen, and Tanner (1989).

In this study, one constitutive pattern titled "from the sky to the earth" and 6 themes and 23 sub-themes of the phenomenon under study were discovered. Themes include Family, suffering nest; Society, the end of darkness; Psychiatric hospital; unsafe place, Inexpressive Media, Broken personality; and Vortex of stigma.

The findings demonstrated that clients with psychiatric disorders received stigma from multiple sources that have shadowed their various areas of life and have led to adverse outcomes.

This research aimed to predict bullying in schools based on basic psychological needs, moral identity, and personality traits concerning the mediating role of social perspective-taking. 

The statistical population of this descriptive and correlative study included all secondary high school students of Bahar city- Iran, in the 2020-2021 academic year. The sample size was 390 people selected by the convenient sampling method. The instruments included the scales of Bullying (Illinois, 2001), Basic Psychological Needs (Guardia et al., 2000), Moral Identity (Aquino and Reed, 2002), and the short form of the NEO Personality questionnaire (McCrae and Costa, 1998), and Social Perspective-taking (Mohagheghi et al., 2015). Data were analyzed by path analysis using SPSS-25 and LISREL software. 

We revealed that the proposed model fits well with the experimental data (GFI= 0.96, IFI= 0.97, CFI= 0.98). Also, social perspective-taking in the relationship between bullying and competency (Z= -2.01, P< 0.05), relationship (Z= -4.61, P< 0.01), moral identity (Z= -5.39, P< 0.01), neuroticism (Z= 2.53, P< 0.05), agreeableness (Z= -5.81, P< 0.01), and conscientiousness (Z= -4.09, P< 0.01) has a significant mediating role. 

Based on the findings, the lack of satisfaction of basic needs such as competency and communication, weak moral identity, low levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness, high levels of neuroticism, and low social perspective-taking predicts and increases the possibility of bullying in schools by students.

Regarding the factors in the child and parent that increase the likelihood of emotional abuse, this study aimed to compare the prevalence and rate of emotional abuse in adolescents concerning the interaction of maternal and adolescent's mental health problems. 

This causal-comparative study was conducted in the academic year of 2018-2019. Through the cluster sampling, 402 mothers and children were selected from the cities of Tehran, Hamadan, and Boldaji-Iran. We used the Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (Parenting Form), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Aachenbach's Self-Reporting Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, two-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and SPSS version 20. 

The prevalence of severe emotional abuse in adolescents was 11.7%. In healthy adolescents with healthy mothers, this prevalence was 3.7%, while it increased to 21.3% if the mother had mental health problems. In adolescents with mental health problems who had healthy mothers, this prevalence was 13.0%, but it was up to 50.0% in adolescents with mental health problems who had mothers with mental health problems. Adolescents with mental health problems are more severely emotionally abused than adolescents without these problems by mothers with and without mental health problems (P< 0.01). Also, mothers with mental health problems are more emotionally abused adolescents with and without problems than mothers without mental health problems (P< 0.01). 

The prevalence of emotional abuse in adolescents is high, and the presence of mental health problems in mothers and adolescents increase the level of emotional abuse in adolescents.

Regarding the high prevalence of adverse complications of diabetes and the importance of psychological intervention to improve self-care behaviors and adaptive coping styles in diabetic patients, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of behavioral activation training on self-care behaviors, perceived pain, and reaction to stress in women with diabetes mellitus type 2. 

The statistical population comprises all women with type 2 diabetes who referred to Neishabur health centers. Thirty women were selected based on a voluntary and convenient sampling method. They were divided randomly into the behavioral activation training group and a control group. They fulfilled the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). We analyzed the data using the descriptive statistics, multivariate covariance analysis test, and SPSS-22 software. 

The results revealed that behavioral activation training improved self-care behaviors (P= 0.001), decreased pain (P= 0.001), increased problem-solving oriented coping to stress (P= 0.001), while it decreased emotion-oriented and avoidant-oriented coping styles (P= 0.001, P= 0.001, respectively) in the experimental group compared to the control group. 

It seems that behavioral activation training improves self-care behaviors, decreases pain, and increases problem-solving-oriented coping to stress in women with type 2 diabetes.

Regarding the prevalence rate of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and the importance of effective psychological interventions on treatment outcome, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and Barlow transdiagnostic treatment on the severity of clinical symptoms and experiential avoidance in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. 

This cross-sectional study was done in 2020-2021. The samples were selected among patients diagnosed with GAD based on structured clinical interviews by clinical psychologists, who referred to three consultancy centers in Mashhad-Iran. Among these patients, 45 female patients with GAD diagnosis were selected by the convenience sampling method and divided randomly into three equal groups: Barlow transdiagnostic treatment, metacognitive therapy, and a control group. The experimental groups received the interventions in 12 forty-five-minute sessions (twice a week). The participants fulfilled The Seven-Item General Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, covariance analysis, t-test, and SPSS version 21. 

The effect size of metacognitive therapy on experiential avoidance in patients with generalized anxiety disorder was 0.022, while this effect size was 0.255 in the transdiagnostic treatment. Also, the effect size of metacognitive therapy on anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder was 0.019, while this effect size was 0.141 in the transdiagnostic treatment. 

Based on the findings, both metacognitive therapy and transdiagnostic treatment reduced anxiety and experiential avoidance in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, but transdiagnostic treatment decreased these symptoms more than metacognitive therapy.

Social anxiety disorder is a condition where people feel very anxious in social situations. This has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) on self-criticism/ reassurance and social anxiety symptoms. 

The statistical population of this cross-sectional study included all the people aged 18-40 who were diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and referred to a psychological clinic from September to March of 2021 in Tehran city-Iran. Fourteen patients were selected using purposive sampling and assigned randomly into an equal experimental and control groups. The experimental group received EFT in five 120-minute weekly sessions, while the control group did not receive therapy intervention during this period. The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS) were used for data collection. We analyzed the data through repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS-24. 

Emotion-focused therapy effectively reduced the scores of self-criticizing/attacking and self-reassuring and social anxiety symptoms (P< 0.001, P< 0.001, respectively). 

Our findings highlight the positive role of emotion-focused therapy in improving self-criticism/reassurance and symptoms of social anxiety in patients with social anxiety disorder.