مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال سی و یکم شماره 11 (پیاپی 207، بهمن 1402)

Primary immunodeficiencies are relatively rare and heterogeneous disorders in which one or more component of immune system have genetic defect. The majority of the patients suffer from frequent infections with different microorganisms according to the type of disorder they have. Some people with primary immunodeficiency are susceptible to malignant diseases. The type of malignancy depends on the type of primary immunodeficiency, age of the patient and the type of virus infection. Many advances have been made in understanding of molecular mechanisms in humeral and cellular immune defects. Furthermore، our knowledge has been increased about the incidence of infections and tumors in primary immunodeficiency and this helps us in early diagnosis of disorders and their complications. Several evidences support the theory that the immune system plays a major role in the occurrence of many malignant diseases. Articles have been searched on Google Scholar، PubMed، Web of Science، and Scopus databases. In this review، the latest and most reliable articles related to the subject that had been published in English language were used.

Since the patients with primary immunodeficiency are prone to multiple infections, various malignancies can be seen in these people. The recurrence of some malignancies in families, especially blood malignancies may be due to primary immunodeficiency and we should consider evaluation of immune system.

Tuberculosis is one of the oldest and best-known diseases that has been with mankind for many years. Despite the reduction of infectious diseases in Iran, tuberculosis still remains in some parts of the country, especially in the south of Iran. The aim of this study was the epidemiological investigation of tuberculosis in Sistan and Baluchistan Province.

The current research was conducted cross-sectionally in 2022. The study population included all the patients with tuberculosis in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. Data were collected by census method and using standard checklist. Data analysis was done using SPSS v16 software and descriptive and analytical tests.

In this study, the files of 5382 patients with tuberculosis in Sistan and Baluchistan Province were examined. 2489 patients (42.6%) were men. The most affected group were 2309 elderly people (39.5%) and 20 patients (0.34%) with HIV. The number of 4309 patients (73.8%) were suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. There was a significant relationship between the elderly age group (P=0.04), female gender (P=0.02), non-Iranian nationality (P=0.02), and urban residences (P=0.03) with tuberculosis. However, no significant relationship was observed between marital status (P=0.06) and prison history (P=0.07).

The incidence of tuberculosis fluctuated during the five years, but the overall incidence has been decreasing. Considering that some factors such as age groups, gender and symptoms such as cough, weight loss and chest pain increase the chance of contracting the disease. Therefore, doctors of health centers can take an important step in reducing the incidence of tuberculosis with timely visits and regular monitoring of the treatment process of patients.

Reactive oxygen species cause disease by damaging the chemical compounds in our body. On the other hand, drug resistance is becoming a serious issue in infection treatment, globally. Ginkgo biloba has many therapeutically features. The objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Iranian Ginkgo’s leaf extracts.

In this experimental study, aqueous, ethanolic (%70) and methanolic (%80) extracts were made using Ginkgo. Total Phenolic and Flavonoids Content were measured by folin– ciocalteu reagent and Chloride Aluminum color assays. The extracts’ antioxidant activity was assessed by their potential in scavenging DPPH free radicals. Disc Diffusion assay was carried out to test antibacterial potency against two strains of bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes). Data analysis was performed using factorial experiment within a completely randomized design. SPSS version 16 software and Duncan's multiple range tests were used to compare the means.

Based on results, all three extracts contained extensive amount of phenolic and especially flavonoid compounds with methanolic extract being the richest in phenolic and flavonoids while aqueous extract having the least of these compounds. The most antioxidant activity was found in methanolic extract of 300 mg/mL concentration with %84.73 (P<0.05) and the least was in aqueous extract of 40 mg/mL with %18.17 (P<0.05) ROS scavenging rate, this result was proportional to the measured bioactive components of the extracts. Antibacterial activity in 200 mg/mL concentration of methanolic extract was maximum against Enterococcus faecalis while it was minimum at 50 mg/µl concentration of aqueous extract against Listeria monocytogenes strain. Antibacterial activity of all three extracts was found out to be concentration dependent.

The results indicated that Ginkgo leaves are rich in phenolic and flavonoids contents that may be reason behind their notable antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Thus, Ginkgo could be a treasure trove of antioxidants and therapeutic compounds. However, more studies are required in regard to Ginkgo’s various characteristics.

Attachment is a stable emotional connection between mother and fetus, which is a unique phenomenon. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between mother-fetus attachment and parenting stress.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 250 pregnant women, referred to comprehensive health centers of Borujen University of Medical Sciences, were studied. Data were collected using fertility demographic questionnaires, standard Cranley questionnaire and standard parenting stress questionnaire; data using descriptive statistics, calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's correlation coefficient, independent t test, multivariate regression and analysis of variance test were analyzed.

There was a significant inverse relationship between the total score of parental stress and the total score of mother-fetal attachment and its dimensions (P<0.001). Multivariate regression indicated that the two dimensions of self-sacrifice and mother-fetus differentiation were the most predictors of parental stress. In addition, Pearson's correlation coefficient suggested that the total parental stress score had no significant relationship with demographic and fertility variables (P>0.05). The total mother-fetus attachment score had no significant relationship with demographic and fertility variables (P>0.05) and only had an inverse relationship with the number of pregnancies (P<0.05).

The findings of the research show that by increasing attachment and reducing parental stress, we can witness more parental responsibility towards the infant, thus we can expect to be accompanied by better emotional, care and health support.

Due to the importance of atherosclerotic changes in the patients with coronary anomalies, it was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of atherosclerotic changes in patients with coronary anomalies who underwent coronary angiography at Tehran Heart Center within two years.

In this cross-sectional study, all the patients who underwent coronary angiography and were diagnosed with coronary artery anomalies were included in this study (2018-2020). The frequency and frequency percentage of the detected anomalies, cardiovascular risk factors and also the presence of coronary stenosis among the patients were then determined and reported.

Among 79 patients with coronary artery anomaly evaluated in this study, 43 (54.4%) and 36 (45.6) were male and female, respectively. Of these, 39.2% were smokers and 10.1% had an addiction to opioids. The most frequent baseline disease in these patients was dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus with 63%, 49%, and 46%, respectively. Moreover, hypertension was more frequent in women (p=0.005). A total of 81.6% of the patients (all of them had abnormal coronary arteries) had atherosclerotic stenosis in their coronary arteries. The highest frequency of coronary abnormality was left circumflex from right coronary sinus with 29.1%; the others included absent left main, coronary fistula, and right coronary artery from left coronary sinus, which were 12.7%.

In the patients with coronary artery anomalies, atherosclerotic changes were frequent prevalence, which can be an important cause of sudden cardiac death in these patients.

Lichen planus is a relatively common and chronic mucocutaneous disease with unknown. Oral lichenoid reaction is clinical and histopathological similar to lichen planus, but the cause of it is different. Mast cells are responsible for the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the connective tissue. The aim of study was evaluation of the role of mast cells in pathogenesis of two groups of lesions.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 26 samples of oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid reaction lesions and 5 samples of irritation fibroma. After the staining with the Giemsa, sections were observed under the optical microscope (x400), and the number of mast cells was counted. The results were analyzed using the SPSS16 software, T test, Mann- Whitney and Chi-squared statistical tests.

The total number of mast cells and degranulated mast cells in two groups were significantly higher than the control group (P<0/05). Nevertheless, the total number of mast cells, the number of degranulated mast cells and the ratio of degranulated mast cells to the total mast cells had no significant difference between the two groups of lesions. (P> 0/05).

Mast cells play a role in the pathogenesis of lichen planus and lichenoid reaction lesions. The number of degranulated mast cells and the ratio of degranulated to the total mast cells cannot help to differentiate these two groups of lesions. Clinical examinations and proper history and attention to their etiologic factors have a significant role in differentiating them.

The aim of this research was to compare the vertical, medial-lateral and anterior-posterior components of ground reaction force after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the healthy individuals during walking.

This was an analytic cross sectional research. The participants of this research included 46 football and volleyball athletes, who were divided into two groups of individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and healthy individuals. A force plate was employed to evaluate the components of the ground reaction force while walking.The data were statistically analysed using independent t test and SPSS version 16 software.

The results related to the vertical component of ground reaction force showed that the participants with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction applied more force to the ground during heel strike and toe-off compared to healthy individuals, although the difference between the two groups was not significant (p=0.09 and p=0.35), but this difference was greater during heel strike. Likewise, the results related to the horizontal components of the ground reaction force showed that participants with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction applied more force to the ground in all horizontal components of the ground reaction force, but the biggest difference between the two groups was in the first 20% of the stance phase and in the posterior (p<0.007) and lateral (p<0.02) directions. This difference between the two groups was significant.

The results of the research showed that the most important difference between the two groups occurred in the first 20% of the stance phase. Although among the 6 measured components, only the posterior (p < 0.007) and medial (p < 0.02) ground force components were significant.

Seizures are one of the common and warning signs of brain diseases, which doctors often use CT-scan or MRI for diagnose. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluation of brain MRI of the patients referred with seizures in order to determine their brain lesions and involvement.

The study was carried out using a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive method. All the patients with seizures referred for MRI to the Radiology Department of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd City, Iran during 2016-2020 were examined. By referring to the archives of the radiology department, the records and MRI of the patients referred with seizures were extracted. Then, the data were extracted from the Hospital Information System and the patients' files; after that they were analyzed with SPSS version 16.

The present study was conducted on 105 patients with seizures for brain MRI. 48.6% (51 people) of patients were male and 51.4% (54 people) were female. The average age of the patients was 34.17 ± 10.50 years. MRI was normal in 59% of the patients. 16.2% Non-Specific, 6.7% Mass and 4.8% evidence of Encephalomalacia were also reported. The most lesions with 10.5% were related to left frontal lobe and 2.9% were related to right frontal lobe. 99% of seizures were unspecified convulsion and 1% were postprocedural disorder of nervous system. There was no significant relationship between the gender of the patients and their diagnosis (P>0.471).

Wide abnormalities such as mass, edema, encephalomalacia and demyelination are observed in the MRI of the patients with seizures and are often located in the frontal lobe. In general, seizures can cause transient and reversible brain abnormalities in MRI