نشریه تربیت اسلامی
پیاپی 46 (زمستان 1402)

Philosophical education is one of the important fields of education in the contemporary world; however, the capacity of Islamic philosophy and the views of Muslim philosophers have been underused in this field of education, and generally, under the influence of Western philosophies, the principles and methods are prescribed for the philosophical education of the young generation. Allameh Tabatabai’s perception of philosophy among Muslim philosophers has novel nuances and characteristics that, in general, has a good capacity to explain the principles of philosophical education. What are the characteristics of philosophy from Allameh’s point of view? And what is the most important principles of philosophical education based on it? These are the two main questions of this research. The concept analysis method has been used to explain Allameh’s understanding of philosophy, and the inferential method has been used to obtain the principles of philosophical education based on it. Ten principles of philosophical education resulting from this research include: moving towards Intellectual understanding with others, truth-seeking and measurement of truth and idea, holism, etiology, theology, monotheistic coherence, rejection of uncertain methods in philosophy, ontological presence of philosophy in sciences, and philosophizing in beliefs and self-purification.

While there are many pieces of research about the technical dimensions of animation, its educational dimensions are not studied. The main research question of this paper is: what educational−psychological criteria should be considered in the child's media (animation) based on Islamic theory of action? The method approach used in this research is progressive inference, in which, regarding the educational goals and principles of the Islamic theory of action, the educational−psychological criteria of the film and the child's animation are implicitly extracted. We can classify the criteria into five categories: Criteria for physical and mental health, Criteria for familiarizing children with moral/religious values, Criteria for strengthening children's thinking, Criteria for enforcement of the dispositions of the choosing and responsibility in children, and Criteria for dynamist rational identities. Some of these criteria are as follows: avoiding the institutionalization of negative emotions in the audio−visual and narrative aspects of animation; avoiding negative themes and issues such as violence and sexual relations in narratives and visual effects, step−by−step and delayed encountering with dolorous realities in the narrative−visual structure of animation, explanatory attention to moral−religious values, avoidance of information saturation, attention to clarity and value embodiment in animation, designing real−life values in the narration, following the narrative structure of the animation from the causal and linear structures of narration, highlighting the choosing and decision making situations in animation, considering the process of the life in animation, and attempting to diversify the identities.

Education and training based on the management of inclinations is one of the new approaches in religious education, the main solution of which is jihad with the soul and its main goal is to increase the ability of educators to manage inclinations. The following article aims to examine this approach to religious education in the ideas of Hujjat al−Islam and Muslimeen Panahian. The explanation of this approach begins with the pathology of the current state of education in the country and the focal point of religious education and leads to a revision of the concept of religious education. In this article, using the qualitative analysis method, the general framework of this approach is introduced, including the characteristics of religious education based on the management of desires, foundations, goals, content, presentation methods, educational environment, and stages of religious education.In this approach, the goal of religious education is to provide a program for managing tendencies and empowering the teacher to oppose the lovable. Informing the teacher about all kinds of tendencies and providing exercises to increase the strength of opposition to the air of the breath is one of the characteristics of the content, methods and educational atmosphere of this approach. In the stages of religious education, in the first period, the focus is on recognizing desires, and the second period is followed based on paying attention to deeper and hidden desires.

Concerns about the Islamicization of humanities make it necessary to offer objective criteria, and the science of education is no exception. Thus, attending the macro process of research is the most significant factor in the Islamicization of education. That is because the factor both makes it possible to explain the relationship between the scientific and religious aspects of Islamic education and facilitates responding to issues like the relationship between the divine message, reason, and experience, the status of efficacy, and the relationships between educational elements. The present study investigated discussions on the philosophy of science and Islamic education, and it was shown that the process of doing research in Islamic education was, similar to other sciences, made up of two stages (i.e., theorization and theory evaluation). The stages of theorization in that science started with theorization about educational goals, proceeded by investigating the foundations, principles, and other educational elements, and ended with theorization about educational issues. The results showed that the scientific dimension of the theories was approved when they reflected reality and were agreeable, generalizable, and coherent, while the religious dimension relied on their reference to the divine message. Thus, reliance on the divine message as the only source of achieving educational goals was considered the most significant factor in the Islamicization of science at the first step of the study, and reliance on divine educational goals with the assistance of reason and experience was theorized as the guarantees of achieving the specified goals in the investigation of the foundations and other educational components. Therefore, reference, efficacy, and internal and external coherence were introduced as the criteria to evaluate theories on Islamic education.

The concept of Fitrah is the central element of the anthropological thought of many thinkers of Islamic sciences. The meanings adopted from this concept, however, contrary to its word, are numerous and have caused differences in the explanation and results of it in other fields of humanities. Among the thinkers, Martyr Motahari considered Fitrah to be the "Umm al−Ma'arif" of the Quran and Islamic thought and made it the center of his thought. Therefore, dealing with education in the thought of Martyr Motahari is limited to dealing with the theory of Fitrah in his view. This research was conducted to analyze the meaning of education based on Shahid Motahari's view of the theory of Fitrah. For this purpose, the content analysis method was used and all his written works were examined. The results obtained from the stages of data collection have been classified and analyzed by the content analysis method. The results of this research show that two meanings of Fitrah can be inferred from his thought, one is Fitrah as the way of human creation and the other as the human dimension of man. Each of these interpretations of Fitrah causes various educational implications. As a result, the meaning of education in his thought can be found in the explanation of different themes such as amendment, prosperity, guidance, evolution, and growth.

Competence is a structure that casts a shadow over all the weaknesses and excellent performances of a teacher like an umbrella. The purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions and components of teachers' professional competence in the level of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The grounded theory qualitative research method has been used. The community of this research included experts in educational sciences and all developmental documents and theoretical foundations, and 11 people were selected as the research sample based on the two factors of expertise and experience, from university professors until the data reached theoretical saturation through targeted sampling; The data collection tools were semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and documents related to the topic. After the implementation of the interviews, primary data analysis was done through inductive content analysis using open, central and selective coding techniques and using Max QDA software for qualitative data analysis. Validity was confirmed by the three-way method of data sources, and its reliability was obtained by the agreement method between two coders of 86.03%, which shows high concordance and adequate reliability. The research findings were identified in 4 dimensions and 19 components and 96 sub-components, which are: professional knowledge, professional practice, professional commitment and professional identity development. Therefore, professional competence including professional ethics, adherence to religious values and professional competence has been explained and should be used in new methods of teacher training.