فصلنامه نقد ادبی
پیاپی 63 (پاییز 1402)

Platonic discussions on the status of poetry have instigated long-lasting disputes between philosophy and poetry. Plato believed that compared to philosophy, poetry did not express the truth. Essentially, poetry could not access truth. It just lied and could, therefore, mislead. This approach resulted in poets' attempts to defend the nature of poetry for centuries; they changed poetry to a tool for expression of ethical, moral, and political concerns to maintain that even if poetry could not access truth, it could be useful in instructing people. Nonetheless, in the contemporary world where the nature of truth has been questioned and cast doubt on, Philosophy's defense of poetry has in fact led to a defense of the status of poetic ideology. Today, poetry, along with philosophy and science, is a medium to reflect a version of truth, a version which – like the truth of other media – is no more than a representation. In this research, I intend to examine Plato's ideas as well as the criticism of his ideology in recent decades; in addition, the approach of some Iranian researchers concerning the new modes of interaction between philosophy and poetry will be criticized to determine the relationship between poetry and philosophy with truth and to discuss the status of poetry in the contemporary world.

In the Archetypal critique of postmodern poetry, we can see clear signs of the Collective unconscious mind. Among these signs is the archetype of the anti-hero. The archetype of the anti-hero has appeared in postmodern poetry in different forms, especially "Anima", "Animus" and "Self" so boldly and diversely that sometimes it makes the reader feel doubtful and confused in distinguishing the hero from the anti-hero. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method, has tried to determine the position and function of the archetype of the anti-hero in the course of postmodern poetic narration. The results of this study showed that postmodern poets are praised as long as the archetype of the anti-hero protests against the social conditions, and he is praised among the heroes, but when this role causes damage to one's own archetype or other positive archetypes, it is no longer supported.

One of the main propositions in understanding Espacementalism is that this literary trend does not claim to be new in its visual boutiques. In the Espacementalism manifesto, the existence of similar cases in classical Persian poetry is clearly acknowledged and pointed out. Royai, as the leader of Espacementalism has repeatedly mentioned in his notes that Espacementalism is not a new experience, but the result of focusing on a specific form of imaging and looking. On the other hand, the subjectivity of Espacementalism poetry when creating Espacemental images has a significant similarity with the model of abstract imagery of Indian style poets, especially Bidel Dehlavi. In this article, after defining and explaining the term Espacemental image, examples of this form of imagery have been analyzed, then by analyzing examples of this model of imagery in Bidel's poetry, it has been shown that Espacemental imagery is one of the common stylistic features of Royai's poetry.

Coined by Simon C. Estok, ecophobia is a prominent and new approach to ecocriticism and environmental ethics, mainly defined as irrational and groundless hatred of the natural world. The ecophobic reading investigates unwanted human biases towards the environment based on irrational fear and hatred of bio-environmental manifestations in literary works. Ecophobia originates from the duality of self/other, leading to xenophobia in the shadow of an irrational fear of the other, i.e., a woman, race, or other species, in this Coined by Simon C. Estok, ecophobia is a prominent and new approach to ecocriticism and environmental ethics, mainly defined as irrational and groundless hatred of the natural world. The ecophobic reading investigates unwanted human biases towards the environment based on irrational fear and hatred of bio-environmental manifestations in literary works. Ecophobia originates from the duality of self/other, leading to xenophobia in the shadow of an irrational fear of the other. Naturophobia, misogyny, racism, and speciesism occur in a context of xenophobia, and many human behaviors in the face of nature and other human beings arise from fear, and this xenophobia leads to domineering behaviors. After presenting theoretical foundations, the study sought to explain the ecophobic components in literary works and how to apply ecophobia in literary criticism. Ecophobia reads literary works anew, trying to improve this relationship by analyzing and examining the relationship between humans and nature in an ecophobic context and expressing the origins of these fears. The research result demonstrates that two distinct types of ecophobia in literary works can be identified. By displaying neglected environmental fears, those works can play a significant role in correcting human relationships with the environment and making us sensitive to our behavior with the Earth.

Parenting style is one of the significant approaches in the field of psychology which deals with the importance of the role of parents and the way they interact with their children. In the 1960s, Diana Baumrind identified four main types of parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved. Each of these styles takes a distinct approach to raising and interacting with children on the part of parents. One of the most well-known authors of contemporary fiction, Jalal Al-e Ahmed, using caustic humor explored in the book “The School Principle” how to raise children, how to educate them, and how parents might help their children improve their social skills. In the present study, we investigated the parenting style in Al-e Ahmed's novel “The school principal” through a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the study reveals that this novel among the four types offered by Baumrind, can be examined based on the authoritarian parenting style. Furthermore, its elements lead us to positive and beneficial implications for parenting education in the .

The discipline of literature in the prestigious universities of the world is progressing with up-to-date and practical topics. In the new era, the university has become an entrepreneurial institution that focuses on the production of thought, innovation, idea-centeredness and creativity, the use of interdisciplinary capacities and having thinking in interaction with the world. Meanwhile, the academic field of literature in many advanced universities is trying to address the new approaches of university, a topic that is reflected in the study of literature topics in this university. Nevertheless, these universities continue to seek greater academic legitimacy. The debates that began 150 years ago in areas such as the definition of literature as an academic discipline and the scientific nature of literary research are still ongoing. Stein Haugham Olsen is a professor of English literature and the author of many books and articles in world-renowned journals on the philosophy of literature, literary aesthetics, and so on. In this article, he seeks to examine the evolution of "literary studies" and traces this discussion from the discussions that began in the 1880s at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge on the academic nature of literature and literary criticism to recent decades. Olsen's article emphasizes that literary studies, if it seeks to discover the meaning of literary works, to obtain that meaning in any way with any theory, is ultimately what any good reader can do.