نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 11 (پیاپی 138، بهمن 1402)

The organic style, influenced by the libertarian movements, which derived from modernism. In order to define libertarianism for the architectural character of its own, this style, specified characteristics, and principles such as nature as a model, individualism, and nationalism. Despite the importance of this style to date, it has not yet been fully studied in contemporary Iranian architecture. Thus, in this study, the architectural works of organic style in the period - the second Pahlavi - are analyzed to explain the common features.

The present historical research, with an analytical-comparative approach, has used inferential and deductive reasoning. First, the principles of organic style architecture, derived from a comparative study of written evidence and existing documents, were explained as a criterion of measurement. Then, a list of works of organic architecture in Iran was prepared to select samples for analysis by purposive sampling. Finally, the analyzed samples were compared with the principles of organic architecture.

Organic architecture in Iran, in building and landscape design, has been used for various purposes, among which, preserving the potentials of the natural environment and reusing it with minimal human intervention, are in line with the common design theme.

The results show that the works of organic architecture in Iran in the second Pahlavi period, have able to have common concepts according to the organic style, such as the integration of the artificial environment with the natural environment, which originated from the organic style and has been appeared in these works.

Due to the quality and quantity of raw and intermediate materials, by-products and final products as well as three characteristics of high complexity, low flexibility and high vulnerability from the viewpoint of health, safety and environment (HSE), the oil and gas are considered as critical industries. This study aimed to provide some criteria for determining the level of HSE culture in Ilam Gas Refinery in order to detect weaknesses and strengths and to present appropriate managerial practices to improve HSE culture.

Data collection tools included HSE culture questionnaires, interviews with HSE senior management and documentation review. SPSS software was used for data analysis.

After identifying HSE culture criteria in the form of a checklist and scoring criteria approved by HSE experts, an integrated model and executive procedure was developed to assess the HSE culture. The prioritization of HSE culture criteria (16 criteria) was done through F.TOPSIS and frequency analysis. Scalogram analysis method was used for the validation of results. Then, with the model and executive procedure provided in Ilam Gas Refinery, the level of HSE culture was determined, which was evaluated optimally.

In this study, among the sixteen criteria, "management commitment to HSE issues" was in the first priority and "an appropriate reward systems for the implementation of HSE requirements" was in the final priority.

Land Use and Land Cover change is one of the most important factors affecting natural resources and at a worldwide scale. Analyzing and monitoring the Changes is a complex procedure. The analysis of landscape pattern as an important procedure helps researchers to realize and quantify LULC changes of the earth surface. The ability to quantify to describe landscape structure is prerequisite to the study of landscape function and change. Landscape ecology has various quantitative indices to analyze and describe the landscape structure for this purpose. Landscape metrics represent the spatial pattern of the entire landscape mosaic e.g. the proportion of each landscape type, or the shape of the component landscape elements at a set point in time.

This study applied supervised classification-maximum likelihood in IDRISI Selva to detect land cover/land use changes observed in Shirin dare watershed using satellite data obtained from Landsat for the years 1996, 2005 and 2015 respectively. The watershed was classified into six major land cover/use classes viz based on our purpose. Various class-level and landscape level-landscape pattern metrics were calculated using Fragstats 4.2 in order to analyze landscape structure. Metrics include NP, MPS, LPI, SIDI, SHDI, SHEI and SIEI were used in this study. These metrics can give us a lot of information about the structure and changes of landscape components.

The overall classification accuracies in land use cartographies in 1996, 2005 and 2015 were 92.96%, 87.29% and 87/45%, respectively. Our results between 2005 and 2015 were clearly showed that increased number of patches and decreased mean patch area two important fragmentation indicators and the trend of landscape degradation and fragmentation was increasing.

According to the current patterns of dry farm land and barren land development in the studied landscape and in order to reduce the alarming rates of land degradation and become more efficient land use managers, it is necessary to know the causes of land changes. That means with the ongoing land degradation trend, a reasonable land use plan should be made with emphasis on protecting natural forests, grasslands and the water body.

Today, metropolises play a very important role in environmental pollution, increasing population is associated with increasing consumption of fossil fuels and energy resources, which increases greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The effects of increasing greenhouse gases with the occurrence of greenhouse phenomena cause climate change. Due to the high energy loss in residential buildings, The purpose of this study is to select an appropriate solution to optimize the building and reduce energy consumption in this sector.

In this research, first, the annual energy consumption of a type of 8-storey residential building in Tabriz was simulated using Energy Plus software. Then, the annual energy consumption of the building was simulated with the weather conditions of two different climates of Yazd and Rasht to compare the energy consumption of the building in all 3 cities. Then, with JePlus simulation software, the energy consumption of different building modes (orientation, position, temperature, climate) was simulated in all 3 cities to study the behavior of the building in terms of energy consumption. Finally, the amount of heating and cooling energy consumption of the building was selected as the target functions and optimized by JePlus + EA software.

According to the variables defined in the input of JePlus software, 432 energy consumption modes were obtained for the building. And according to the selection of heating and cooling energy consumption of the building as target functions, optimization was done by JePlus + EA software. The optimization results showed that according to the same parameters considered for all three climates, building energy consumption in Rasht has decreased by 16%, Yazd by 14% and Tabriz by 12%.

The results showed that if the building is built in the right direction and position according to the type of climate and weather conditions (for sunlight, temperature, humidity, etc.) and the heating and cooling temperature inside the building is set to comfort, The energy consumption of the building is also significantly reduced As a result, the share of each building in the amount of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which is the most effective gas in climate change, is reduced.

environmental and economic limitations that are imposed dramatically on textile and dyeing industry leads to the development of environmentally friendly processes for modifying the properties of fibers and improving the existing traditional processes. Many efforts have been done for decreasing costs and disposed contaminants which one of them is using natural polymers. The purpose of this study is applying beta-cyclodextrin natural polymer as an appropriate alternative with favorable environmental effects for other chemical additives in dyeing.

In this study, wool fiber amended/treated by β-Cyclodextrin biocompatible polymer and its dyeing features such as the effect of β-Cyclodextrin composition (%20-0/5), dyeing pH (3-7) and density of the dye (%5-75) on the dyeing capabilities of wool with madder dye color was evaluated and compared. And finally, physical changes of crude fiber and amended fiber after dyeing was amended/treated using SEM analysis.

According to the results, as the β-Cyclodextrin amount increased, the color strength of the samples are considerably enhanced and dye ability (K/S) is better in the case of modified wool rather than aluminium-mordanted wool and pristine wool. Besides, exhaustion of modified wool in neutral pH rather than acidic pH has been increased dramatically while no appreciable changes was observed in pristine wool dye ability with pH changes. Color strength (K/S) data were in the following order of the β-Cyclodextrin modified wool>.

In general, according to the conditions of modifying wool with β-Cyclodextrin biocompatible polymer and changes in dyeing conditions, not only removing chemical compounds from the wastewater of textile industrial can beapplied, but also the amount of consumed dye and unabsorbed dye remaining in wastewater can be reduced which is environmentally very important.

Nano material has attracted much attention due to its functional groups and special properties. In this study, silica nanoparticles immobilized on zeolite 13X granules (SZX13), by sol gel method was synthesized. The aim of this study was determination of the performance of prepared nano sorbent in nickel ions removal from aqueous solution.

The present historical research, with an analytical-comparative approach, has used inferential and deductive reasoning. First, the principles of organic style architecture, derived from a comparative study of written evidence and existing documents, were explained as a criterion of measurement. Then, a list of works of organic architecture in Iran was prepared to select samples for analysis by purposive sampling. Finally, the analyzed samples were compared with the principles of organic architecture.

Scanning Electron Microscope analysis showed that the immobilization process was successfully carried out and the immobilized particles has a nano size distribution. Optimized values for each factor to achieve the highest uptake were found to be as follows: The Ni initial concentration of 60 mg/L, the pH 6, the adsorbent (SZX13) dose of 1 g, at 40 ° C.

Results showed that the immobilization of nano particles on the zeolite not only led to that the particles were distributed in an expanded volume, but also prepare the accessible usage of that in an industrial scale. In addition, with immobilization of silica nanoparticles onto zeolite granules, the sorption of nickel ions were increased in comparison to that by using zeolite 13X, and the removal percentage was increased from %26 to %43.98.

The diversity is one of the most important issues in ecological studies, especially in vegetation ecology. This research aims to study plant biodiversity in relation to environmental factors survived in the southeast of Yasouj which is the central forests of Zagros ecosystem.

For this purpose, a region with an area of 308 hectares was selected. Then, 61 plots (15×30 m) and 305 microplots (0.5×2 m) were established using random-systematic sampling method. The plots dimensions were also determined using minimal area method. To evaluate the diversity of plant species the most commonly diversity indices was used. Then, one-way ANOVA was used to examine differences in various classes.

Results showed that elevation factor had a strong effect on species diversity and evenness as higher altitude showed higher amount of diversity and evenness. Aspect had significant effect on richness and marked the highest in the northeast. The results also showed that diversity and evenness were affected by slope and they are higher in 51-70 % of slopes. Also, the results indicated that there was a correlation between biodiversity indices with soil properties such as N, Silt and C/N ratio.

Overall, the results of this research in the region showed that, physiographic factors (altitude, slope and aspect) with soil properties always play a decisive role in the pattern of changes in plant biodiversity. So, of many studies carried out in this subject in Zagros forests, this is a very good one to achieve optimal management.

Preventing nuclear war and avoiding catastrophic climate changes are two of the most fundamental challenges facing human civilization in this century. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspective of international law. This research focuses on the potential links between nuclear energy as an option to reduce climate change and nuclear disarmament and, respectively, discusses topics such as current nuclear risks, the scale of the nuclear-climate challenge, nuclear security and Its relationship with nuclear energy, non-proliferation and disarmament, management of nuclear disarmament and basic steps to address the challenges of proliferation and disarmament and the political links between maintaining and strengthening the global non-proliferation regime, nuclear disarmament and the growth of nuclear energy It has been done on a large scale. The use of nuclear energy places unprecedented demands on global systems for the verification, control and security of weapons-usable nuclear material. Reducing or abandoning or emptying many nuclear weapons and equipment and their final ban also requires new approaches to manage the huge global stockpile of weapons-usable nuclear materials. The international community should take measures so that nuclear energy can help reduce climate change in the long term. As a result of such actions, nuclear disarmament becomes more practical, desirable, and unattainable, and lays the foundations for a world in which nuclear technology contributes to sustainable development while nuclear weapons begin to fade from the scene.

Today, the tourism industry is a dynamic industry with unique characteristics that is an important part of the economic and non-economic activities of developed and developing countries. One of the important factors in the growth and development of the tourism industry is the optimal planning of related matters. One of the achievements of this industry, regardless of participation in development, is economic growth as well as job creation, especially in developing countries. The current research has been carried out with the aim of identifying the dimensions of marketing strategies in eco-tourism in order to achieve sustainable economic, social and environmental development.

This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and using the phenomenology strategy in 1400. Based on purposeful sampling and reaching theoretical saturation, 20 people were invited from the tourism managers of Mazandaran province. Data were collected with the help of semi-structured and in-depth interviews and analyzed by content analysis method and using MAXQDA statistical analysis software.In order to obtain data validity, the study was used by the participants and for reliability, the internal agreement of the two coders and the review of non-participating experts in the research were used.

The findings of the research showed that a strategy in ecotourism including cost reduction in economic development, development of human resource management, social development and environmental development was investigated.

From the analysis of semi-structured and in-depth interviews, 4 main categories of cost leadership strategy for economic development, differentiation strategy for human resource management development, focus strategy for social development and focus strategy for environmental development and 73 sub-categories were obtained.

In the contemporary world, the development of rural tourism is considered an effective step in economic prosperity, creating incentives and economic attractions for the investors of eco-tourism residences, which, while promoting sustainable tourism, helps preserve the value of It is considered one of the methods of tourism development to provide the natives of the rural textures of the region. Therefore, the current research, with the aim of sustainable development of rural tourism in Mazandaran, deals with finding the best modern building structure in terms of compatibility with the construction indicators of ecotourism residences.

the research is an applied one in terms of its purpose and is a descriptive-survey in terms of its nature, in which the combined analysis method is used. The information is collected through library research and survey methods. The researcher-made questionnaire were completed by 12 architecture and structures experts. In the quantitative section, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) parametric test was used to determine the opinion of experts, then LSD and Duncan post hoc tests were used to determine whether there is any significant relation between different structures. The current research was carried out in the territory of Mazandaran province and in the period of Farvardin 1400 to Khordad 1401.

the results of the analysis of structures based on the specifications of "Technical theory" in the construction of ecotourism residences show that LSF and 3D-PANEL structures are the most optimal structures.

One of the factors influencing the growth of rural tourism is the construction of eco-tourism residences in accordance with the principles of native architecture. In order to attract investors in such projects; Localizing modern structures and using them instead of traditional structures by high construction speed can lead to fast return on investment and also it can predispose maintaining and improving the physical values of the village. It seems that due to the similarity of the selected structures in the research findings in terms of technical, economic, industrial and cultural justification with the native structures of Mazandaran; it is possible to create job opportunities by taking the help of local structural experts and collaborative implementation.