نشریه اکولوژی سرزمین
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1402)

The Influence of Environment on Child Development: The environment in which a child grows and nurtures plays a significant role in their physical, mental, and creative well-being. Preschools are recognized as one of the most important aspects of every child's life, and it is essential for them to have a conducive environment that not only provides a space for growth but also instills a sense of security and tranquility. In this regard, the present study aims to examine the physical quality of educational spaces with an emphasis on preschools and analyze the priorities and preferences of children in this area. The research methodology in this study is descriptive-survey, and the population includes 119 children aged 3 to 6 years (both girls and boys) in Gorgan. The Cochran formula was used to estimate the sample size, and the data were prepared for final analysis using SPSS. The results of the Mann-Whitney test indicate that only in the ranking of natural elements, the 3-4 year age group differs significantly from the 5-6 year age group, with the 5-6 year age group having a higher average compared to the 3-4 year age group. Additionally, children at different age levels show significant differences in the richness of activities in indoor and outdoor environments. Based on the results obtained, the importance of creating and improving educational spaces, especially in preschool environments, for the healthy development and future impact of children is clearly evident.

Remote sensing data can provide the latest information for studying land cover and its changes. Land cover detection helps in area management and decision-making. In addition, comparing images from a certain period can show the trend of changes in any region. The formation of human settlements is always based on natural factors such as water and soil, and villages, as the first form of human coexistence in a natural area, are influenced by numerous natural, economic, and other features. Vegetation is the first and most important producer of any ecosystem and is reflected in many factors; therefore, by studying the relationship between its changes and other factors such as temperature, evapotranspiration, and drought, the interaction of these factors can be understood. Monitoring changes in surface temperature due to seasonal and non-seasonal variations is essential because of their large impact on the human and natural environment. Remote sensing satellite imagery can be used to monitor surface temperature continuously, inexpensively, and rapidly.

The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial autocorrelation of surface temperature and evapotranspiration about vegetation in Maraveh Tappeh. Using data processing in the Google Earth Engine environment, the first part analyzes and evaluates a high-resolution seasonal dataset for each year over a period between 2000, 2015, 2010, and 2020. We present the analysis. Then, evapotranspiration was calculated using Modis data and the Torrent-White method, taking into account the plant growth coefficient, and compared with the evapotranspiration determined by the Sabal algorithm. In this context, drought prediction using the SPI index (one month, three months, six months, and twelve months) was also performed for the period 2015 to 2044. After calculating the changes, ArcGIS software was used to detect and discover patterns and trends in the spatial data. To obtain the best result and the lowest error rate, the method of quadratic exponential interpolation was used, and the mean square error RMS absolute value of MAE error was used to select the best interpolation method.

The results showed that the inverse distance method is the best method for estimating changes. The results of this study show that in spring, the highest percentage of NDVI does not correspond to the lowest temperature in space, in other words, the percentage of vegetation index is not inversely related to the temperature of the soil surface. In summer, the highest percentage of vegetation index is fully spatially matched concerning the space with the lowest ground surface temperature. In winter, the distribution of temperature patterns is completely different compared to other seasons because vegetation acts as a temperature moderator through the evapotranspiration mechanism.

Most areas with lower temperatures have denser vegetation. The correlation of vegetation has a value of -0.77, indicating a direct and inverse relationship between vegetation and temperature. The quantitative and qualitative changes of vegetation in the last 20 years have been extensive for the study area so the areas without vegetation have decreased somewhat and the rich vegetation has increased.

Climate change has become a global, cross-cultural challenge, significantly impacting human lives. The phenomenon has led to an increase in surface temperature, sudden weather events, and alterations in precipitation patterns. These changes pose new challenges in public health, food safety, and economic stability across various regions. This research, characterized as a descriptive-analytical study with an emphasis on quantitative methods, aims to assess physiological stress for the establishment of comfort in heat absorption and dissipation (Case study: Gilan Province). The objective is to identify high and low physiological stress levels above 20 degrees and below 20 degrees Celsius, respectively. Criteria such as air temperature in Fahrenheit, average relative humidity, minimum air temperature, and wind speed were considered for the evaluation. The data from meteorological stations in Gilan Province were used to classify the physiological stress index, and the final output was calculated using the Heat Comfort Coefficient in GIS environment. All processes and data analysis in GIS environment were assessed using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) statistical model, which predicts the spatial structure of unknown points based on the correlation between measured points. In the end, the final output map was categorized into 7 separate layers for both temperature ranges. The results of the physiological stress assessment indicated that most days in the central parts of Gilan Province are associated with comfort in heat absorption and dissipation, promoting human health.

At the moment, the approach that is applied as the most effective, least costly and sustainable management style, introduces good urban governance in city management. A good urban governance pattern can be a new theory in response to new expectations and responsibilities, which can pave the way from the current state of affairs and a way to provide better public services for citizens. The purpose of this study is to study the existing situation in the city of Gorgan from the point of view of desirable governance indicators and in terms of urban sustainability. The research method was descriptive-analytic, which uses library-documentary materials, questionnaires and survey areas to collect the required information. The sample size in this research is 382 citizens of the neighbourhoods of the city of Gorgan (Mina gol, Qala Hassan, Gorganpars, Afsaran, Sar khajah, Mikhche garan, Ghazagh mahale, Golha and Villa shahr). The data analysis method has been used by descriptive and inferential statistics and using spss-Excel and GIS software to analyze the views of citizens. The tests used in this study were parametric tests (One-Sample T Test, ANOVA and PERSON) and non-parametric tests such as (Binomial, Kruskal-Wallis test). The results of the research show that the status of governance indicators in all neighborhoods (areas of Gorgan city) is in an unfavorable situation from the point of view of the citizens, and also in an unstable situation in terms of urban stability. According to the Kruskal Wallis test, there is no difference except for the participation index, which is the same in all localities, and other studied indicators are significant, which indicates the existence of differences and non-uniformity of the studied indicators in the localities. Among all neighborhoods, the studied indicators of Qala Hassan neighborhood have a lower rank compared to other neighborhoods. According to the Pearson test, there is no significant relationship between the optimal urban governance approach and urban sustainability. The reason for that is the low status of urban governance and urban sustainability indicators.

In the zanjan's city, there are 4/99 square meters of green space per person, and with 8 square meters in the detailed plan, it shows a deficit of- 3/01 square meters per person. The consequence of this deficit has shown itself in the change of agricultural land use in the form of garden city. The current research is an applied type in terms of purpose, which was done with the purpose of establishing and challenging these garden cities in a descriptive-analytical method with an exploratory approach. The statistical population of the research was 30 experts Urban planning and Agricultural of Zanjan and urban planning professors of Tabriz 's University based on the snowball method.In the first stage, the verbal variables were defined as triangular fuzzy numbers, then the analysis of the field data, which included interviews and open questionnaires, was performed using the qualitative content analysis method in three stages of open, central and selective coding, which was divided into 12 categories. They were initially identified. In the phase of axial coding, a relationship was established between the primary categories and the categories were grouped into 6 axial categories. In the selective coding stage, the core categories identified were systematically categorized into 3 general categories. Due to the fact that the amount of disagreement between the experts in the first and second stages of Delphi was less than (0.2), the survey was stopped at this stage. Weak urban management, weak rules of urban organizations, inefficient management, deficit legal transparency, and the existence of various clauses and notes regarding the change of land use have been the factors that created and challenged the issue of Garden cities in Zanjan. Therefore, clarifying the laws and its role in preventing land use change and reducing parallel work between government organizations is suggested.

Statistical detection is a method to reveal significant changes that cannot be attributed to natural variations. The agricultural sector heavily relies on climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation, thus demonstrating a higher degree of responsiveness to climate change with increased intensity and speed. Climate change can also influence the cropping patterns and agriculture of a region over a long period. To enhance the quantity and quality of agricultural production in Golestan Province, it is necessary to study the climatic background and precipitation and temperature regimes over a long period (at least 25 years) to examine the trend of changes. Therefore, the Mondal and Papadakis methods were utilized on statistical data from meteorological stations in the province to obtain suitable winter and summer cropping types for Golestan Province. The climatic data used in this research includes monthly average minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures, monthly average absolute minimum and maximum temperatures, and annual average temperature and precipitation from 9 meteorological stations in Golestan Province within the time range of 1990-2018, obtained from the National Meteorological Organization. The results of statistical analysis showed no significant changes in the cropping pattern of the region during the study period (1990-2017), which can be justified by the defined temperature thresholds of the Papadakis model. For instance, the dominant winter cropping pattern was dual-headed barley, which requires the average maximum temperature of the coldest month to be above 10 degrees Celsius, a threshold observed in the region during the statistical period, thus indicating the continued cultivation of this crop in the future. Additionally, the prevalence of maximum temperatures above 20 and 25 degrees Celsius in the region and the prolonged absence of frost during the season are reasons for the stability of dominant summer cropping types in this province.