نشریه جستارهای اقتصادی ایران
پیاپی 39 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

"Economic development depends on institutional change and reform". A relative consensus on this statement has been created among economists. The main question of this research is "Where is the starting point of institutional change? What are the main actors and mechanisms of institutional change?" Many development thinkers have stopped after reaching this question, and only a handful of theories can be found regarding the formulation of institutional change. Emphasis on exogenous variables as a driver of institutional change is faced with the challenge of inaction and waiting for exogenous variables to change based on chance. On the other hand, endogenous institutional change also faces the theoretical paradox of free riding; Where, according to collective action theory, there is no reason for Citizens to participate in the process of institutional change. Therefore, both approaches, at least at the theoretical level, face challenges or contradictions.In this article, an attempt has been made by examining and systematic reviewing of six important theories of institutional change (Hayek's evolutionary approach, North's cognitive approach, Krasner's junctures theory, institutions as equilibrium approach, Acemoglu’s political economy approach, and Roderick's self-discovery approach), To analyze them and to evaluate how they face the above paradox. The results show that the analysis of theories based on the two elements of "factor of change" and "mechanism of change" provides a good opportunity to compare theories and finally it was concluded that in terms of the fuzzy variable of the degree of endogeneity of institutional changes, it can solve the theoretical and practical obstacles in the formulation of institutional changes.

 The lack of proper institutional mapping in the field of benevolence of the country has caused many damages to this field. Currently, the performance of social takaful in the country is not integrated and comprehensive, and it is mostly viewed as a part and island. The absence of a comprehensive drawing of all aspects of this important issue and the identification of important and effective institutions and elements involved in many researches has been neglected in practi Therefore, in this research, appropriate answers were found for basic questions in the field of social takaful. Answers to questions such as what the design of this mapping institution is based on, what is the current situation of social takaful in Iran, which actors can directly or indirectly play a role in the proper functioning of this mapping institution, how will the structural and functional coordinates of this mapping institution be? and what outputs and goals this organization pursues. In order to answer these and similar questions, policy recommendations were discovered using the analytical-descriptive method and the validity and reliability of each recommendation was measured by asking experts. Then, by emphasizing the recommendations approved by the experts and by adopting a comprehensive approach, an eight-layer institutional map was drawn, consisting of policy-making, regulatory, monitoring, culture-creating, training, facilitating, service providers, and individual activists, so that the path of improvement and promotion of the country's charity will be smoother.

Today, most social and economic scientists have accepted the important role of extra-economic factors such as social trust in the process of economic development of societies. According to them, public trust affects economic growth not only by creating conditions for cooperation and coordination between individuals and groups and reducing the costs of production, distribution and exchange in the economic system, but also in many other ways. This article, while examining the ways of influencing social trust on economic development, aims to provide a conceptual framework and a practical definition of social trust and its adaptation to the conditions of growth in today's Iranian society. In this research, the method of applying the model of social trust to the last four decades of Iranian society and several approaches have been used for the model of the mechanism of the effect of social trust on economic growth. The article concludes that "responsibility, efficient management, increasing business transactions, reducing possible risks in transactions, increasing domestic and foreign investment, reducing investment costs, creating welfare states" are among the influential mediating factors. are in the mechanism of social trust and economic growth.

The rate of time preference is a fact that exists in the outside world and reality, and some economists believe that zero-time preference rate is zero is compatible with intergenerational justice. Some Muslim economists are also of the opinion that Islamic values seek to reduce this external reality, and as a result, they consider the time preference rate to be zero or close to zero as an indicator of the society’s approach to intergenerational justice. Assuming that the rate of time preference is an indicator for the society’s approach to intergenerational justice, therefore it is always possible to measure the distance of the society from the value of intergenerational justice by measuring this index.There are different methods to measure this rate according to the factors that affect it, one of these methods is based on behavioral or traditional Stochastic Discount Factor (SDF) estimation, and this research also intends to use the data of the Iranian capital market. And with the help of behavioral and traditional SDF models to estimate the rate of time preference.The research results indicate that the time preference factor in the traditional SDF and behavioral SDF models is 0.98 and 0.84, respectively, and because the time preference rate obtained from the time preference factor in the traditional model is equal to 0.12 and in the behavioral model is equal to is 0.19, so it can be concluded that the pricing model containing emotion shows the distance of the society from the intergenerational justice-oriented society.

The present study examines the effect of religiosity on business ethics with the mediating role of money attitude in Yazd city. This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-correlation in terms of method, and survey-cross-sectional in terms of data collection. The statistical population was business owners in Yazd city, and 188 statistical samples were selected using Cochran's formula. To collect information, a standard questionnaire was used, the reliability of which was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha tests and Macdonald's coefficient, and its validity was confirmed by the Fornell-Larker matrix, and finally, the data was analyzed using structural equation modeling in PLS software. . Also, the fit of the model has been examined and confirmed using various indices. The results of the research showed that religiosity has a positive and significant effect on business ethics and money attitude. Also, monetary attitude has a positive and significant effect on business ethics, and monetary attitude plays a mediating role in the relationship between religiosity and business ethics. According to the results, promoting business ethics among business owners in Yazd requires strengthening religiosity. Also, it is necessary to pay attention to the economic, social and cultural factors affecting the monetary attitude.

Among the important and effective factors in the conventional economy, "rationality" has a privileged position. Although the economists of the capitalist system usually refrain from presenting a discussion in this regard in a direct and responsible manner, they consider "instrumental rationality" which is responsible for providing utility, benefit and personal pleasure and maximizing it, as a fundamental premise and an irreplaceable parameter in the infrastructure..Now the question is whether rationality, a common tool in neoclassical economics, as one of the aspects of rationality, can fulfill its expected mission? Herbert Simon's "bounded rationality" is a relatively new approach that answers this question in the negative and presents itself as a suitable alternative. Has this new approach forgotten the challenges of rationality in the capitalist system? Or is the foundation of rationality in secular thinking seriously damaged? The author's hypothesis is that both approaches (full rationality and limited rationality) face a crisis in their infrastructure. Accurate understanding of the nature of reason and rationality in humans can solve the deficiencies in the aforementioned paradigm. The central point of the hypothesis, in addition to the disastrousness of the one-dimensional view with a specific interpretation of the category of rationality, is that reason and, accordingly, rationality cannot be relied on more than its inherent potential and other limiting factors; In this regard, five types of limitations have been counted for the first time and as a new point of view ("limited rationality with a new approach") and relying on religious and rational foundations, in this article.

One of the basic challenges in the public spheres, which has become an important issue in the new political economy, is the protection of public interests against personal profiteering. This challenge has been accepted in conventional economics as a field reality and based on its foundations, and its modification through the privatization of many public areas has been considered as a solution, which has not had much effect in facing the extent of the problem of public choice. In response to this question, what is the solution of Islamic economics for the problem of public choice? The results of the current research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, indicate that, based on the foundations of Islamic economics, there is no problem called public choice, at least theoretically, because the conflict of public interests with personal interests through the expansion and development of personal interests into short-term worldly interests. And the long-term interests of the hereafter and putting the interests of the group together with the long-term interests of the individual have been eliminated. From a practical point of view, the institutional mechanisms of Islamic economy such as legal, moral, economic, social and political mechanisms, if they are institutionalized in the society, will realize the desired general choice of Islam. These mechanisms, in complete coordination with each other, provide the grounds for rational choice based on developed rationality for people, due to which, they do not see the public interest apart from their long-term personal interests. This concept of public choice is very important for Iran's economy, which is a resistance economy with an Islamic approach.

The discussion of economic action at the level of economic schools is one of the most vital topics that every economic school necessarily has a view on. For this reason, in a comparative study, we have traced the position of this debate in the capitalist and Islamic economic schools. In this regard, the main goal is to examine the theoretical accuracy and negation quality and to prove the propositions needed to prove the theory of economic action. This discussion connects us with the big issue under the title of presuppositions of scientific approaches that there is a methodological ambiguity in how to prove them in the history of science. In this article, by reporting and evaluating the basic theory in the Austrian school and the Islamic school, we showed the similarities and differences of these two theories at the content level and at the method level. In this review, it became clear that this basic theory in Islamic economics fulfills the epistemological ideals both in terms of content and method, which is not available in the Austrian school. This theoretical ability is a result of the methodological unity and comprehensive global view that the Islamic ijtihad approach has towards knowledge. A methodological unity that also opens up the historical ambiguity of science regarding the way of checking the assumptions.

Sanctions are considered a tool to secure the interests of a country's foreign policy. Iran's economy has faced the issue of sanctions since the victory of the Islamic Revolution and has always endured the bad effects and high costs of sanctions.One of the things that can be effective in dealing with sanctions and removing its negative effects is the category of knowledge and technology. This research was done with the aim that technological change, as one of the important concepts of science and technology advancement in the economics, leads to the failure of Iran's economic sanctions.In this article, the technological change has been analyzed using the grounded theory method in the last ten years (1390-1400) in the field of medical equipment industry in Isfahan province. In this research, the information of 8 companies in the medical equipment industry of Isfahan province was obtained and analyzed based on the theoretical saturation rule.The results indicate that the technological change has had effects contrary to the effects of sanctions and has led to an increase in the amount of sales of domestic products, the substitution of domestic products for foreign ones in the country, an increase in product exports, a decrease in the price of products compared to foreign ones, an increase in the production of sanctioned products and progress.Therefore, the mentioned results have neutralized the effects of economic sanctions in the medical equipment industry of Isfahan province, in other words, it has defeated. Another result of the research is that the technological change has created a comparative advantage in the medicals equipment industry of Isfahan province.

Sustainable employment is one of the most important economic issues of any country, and one of the strategies that thinkers and policymakers pay attention to in this area is providing microfacilities to create employment. In this research, using the method of documentary studies, interviews and performance-importance analysis, firstly, the obstacles in the allocation of micro-facilities in the country in the first step of the Islamic revolution, after conducting 30 interviews with officials, activists and experts in the field of employment creation, were counted in the next step. After completing the questionnaires by 70 of the country's scientific and executive experts, the importance of the nineteen components of the factors affecting the granting of microfacilities in the country was evaluated. Based on the findings of the research, the components are divided into 4 groups: continuation of strategy, location of focus, waste of resources, neutral location, 7 components are continuation of strategy and 10 components are location of focus. In addition, the results show that the highest priority to improve and increase the efficiency of the job creation facility allocation process for policy makers and executive officials in this area is 1) lack of attention to the value chain in new jobs 2) the problem of strictness in obtaining collateral and guarantees 3) lack of contracts in accordance with There are job categories.

Among the modern phenomena in the field of economy, banking and its belongings are one of the oldest things that Islamic thinkers have discussed. However, due to the complexity of the discussion and the rapid changes of these phenomena, these discussions are still alive and are not considered finished. The nature of demand deposits can be examined from the two perspectives of the customer's relationship with the bank and their relationship with society. The relationship between the customer and the bank, which is the subject of discussion in this research, is one of the topics on which various viewpoints have been raised The main problem of these opinions is that they went straight to solving the problem without examining these demand deposits from the perspective of their relationship with the society, which does not seem to have taken the right path; Therefore, in this article, first by explaining the nature of demand deposits from the perspective of the relationship between these accounts and the society, we are looking for an answer to this problem and solving its jurisprudential and legal complexities.

Today, with the expansion of human societies, we are witnessing the formation of institutions and organizations with new legal functions. The regulation and codification of the laws governing them with a purely legal approach has been declared illegal and has led to the intervention of the economy and, consequently, the economic analysis of rights. Analyzes that rely on efficiency and with the aim of creating justice and efficiency cause limitations in the application of purely legal rules based on individual authenticity. These limitations create the perception in the minds of individuals that the economic analysis of law is in conflict with justice, which is the basis of legal rules. Proponents of legal economic analysis, however, not only do not believe in any conflict, but also consider it necessary to pay attention to the attitude of economic analysis in formulating and amending laws in order to ensure social justice as appropriately as possible.The following article adopts the descriptive-analytical method, seeks to determine the relationship between the economic analysis of law and the concept of justice and to determine its place in legislation. The results indicate that the use of the perspective of the economic analysis of rights provides new horizons for the evolution of rights (in the direction of realizing justice as much as possible) at the disposal of the legislature and it is worthy of its capacities in the matter of legislation and Amendment of the rules should be used.