پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 114 (زمستان 1402)

In this article, I have a critical approach to the problem of "translation" in the field of knowledge and information science and offer some cases from a book, namely "Personal Knowledge Management". This article is a review of the mentioned book but it is a good sample for describing and criticizing the condition of translation in the human sciences. In this article, the conceptual analysis method was used and after a concise review of the importance of criticism and a brief description of the methodology, I started a formal critique on the book. Then, I reviewed the sections of the book and its contents. After that, I began with two levels of criticism: critics on the content and critics on the quality of the translation. The most important criticism of the content is the projection of English structure on the Persian grammar. Moreover, the most important criticism of the content is the absence of practical advice, tips, and tricks for better personal knowledge management. Another important criticism is the absence of ethical considerations in the practice of personal knowledge management and the moral obligation of individuals, foundations, associations, and organizations about the subject matter.

The book "Hope on the Threshold: An Anthropological Analysis of the Three Pilgrimages of Santiago de Compostela, Hajj and Arbaeen" by Mohammad Nasravi (1399) is one of the few works that tried to propose the idea of utopia and its related concepts and meanings, emphasizing the views of thinkers such as Weber, Foucault, and most of all, Ernst Bloch, and analyzed the three pilgrimages mentioned in the title of the book with anthropological studies, from a utopian point of view. The idea of utopia, as Bloch emphasizes, is based on the concept of Not-yet being, which seeks to contrast the realm of utopia "infinity" with the present "infinite" universe. Mr. Nasravi has investigated this concept with the meaning of the mentioned pilgrimages and in the analysis of Arbaeen, which is equivalent to Imam Masoom. In this article, with the comparative method, after presenting formal criticisms, in terms of content in the criticism of Bloch's idea, relying on the transcendent philosophy and its well-known principles such as the authenticity of existence, gradation of existence, and substantial movement, we deal with the idea that the infinite realm is not against reality and existence, but it’s the same. In conclusion, the risks of the monopoly of existence to the sensory-empirical realm for considering pilgrimage as a utopian state are pointed out, which leads to the neglect of its many aspects, including morality, cognition and knowledge, sharing existence and reality, regularity, and so on.

Although Jack Snyder is a defensive neo-realist, he has kept himself faithful to Waltz's structuralism; his big difference in this work is in his attention to the factors that were compared to the level of the international system and are placed at the reductionist levels. By combining the mentioned levels, the author presents a clearer picture of some countries' causes of war and unjustified expansionism. Among the structures mentioned in Snyder's work, we can mention the differences in the political systems of nation-states and the impact of these differences on their distinct foreign policy behaviors. The author searches for many roots of expansionist decisions in the psychological dimension and examines the possible causes of expansionist thinking in structural impositions, which, from his point of view, are not the primary cause in most cases. In the end, it is important to mention that the expansionist groups of a country often use these impositions to move towards unbridled expansionism with the use of propaganda techniques and exaggerating external risks to mobilize political resources.

The works written about Russia are few and mostly have literary, political, journalistic, or security genres. The book “Society and Culture of Russia” has tried to have a general and comprehensive look at the topic of culture in Russian society, which has received less attention in Russian studies. After introducing the book and the author, this article has criticized and analyzed the author's attention to the topic of Russian society and culture. For this purpose, the background and origin of the work have been examined, then with internal structural criticism, the degree of coherence and logical order of the work and its appearance, grammatical and typographical problems have been analyzed. It also deals with its methodology and also explains its content strengths. In the following, extra-structural (basic) criticism of the book is made, and after analyzing and checking the degree of harmony of the contents of the work with its assumed principles and foundations and stating the existing strengths and contradictions, the degree of connection and challenge of the contents of the work with religious and Islamic foundations and principles is discussed.

The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

The book “Islamic Republic of Iran’s Environmental Diplomacy in the Caspian Sea” has explained Iran's diplomacy to protect the environment of the Caspian Sea. The author of the book, in the framework of the SWOT method, has offered the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Iran’s environmental diplomacy in the Caspian Sea. Concerning the conclusion of the book, the author offers suggestions for strengthening Iran’s diplomacy. The author of the book tries to acquaint the readers with the situation of Iran’s environmental diplomacy in the Caspian Sea, and for this reason, it has many advantages. But at the same time, it has many weaknesses. The weaknesses of the book can be divided into two parts: form and content. Writing and editing problems and the lack of a conclusion section are the most important formal weaknesses, and the incorrect implementation of the SWOT method and ambiguity in the application of the concept of diplomacy are the most important content weaknesses of the book. Removing these weaknesses can lead to improving the quality of the book. In this article, with a critical approach, an attempt has been made to introduce the book "Environmental Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Caspian Sea" and its advantages and to point out weaknesses of the book to be considered by its author in the next editions.

According to Deleuze, it is an expression of the discipline that connects Spinoza's ontology, epistemology, physics, and ethics. In other words, the logic of expression is the logic that governs all the different areas of Spinoza's philosophy, and for this reason, Deleuze named his most detailed study about Spinoza Expression in Philosophy, Spinoza. In this article, I try to have an overview of this book and while examining each section, the concepts proposed in them and the process of the chapters, how Deleuze identifies the presence of the logic of expression in each aspect of Spinoza's philosophy will also be displayed. In this way, the basic concepts in Deleuze's reading of Spinoza will be revealed. In addition, we will see how immanence is related to expression in ontology, and how Deleuze describes the trinity of essence and its results by identifying two levels of expression, creative nature and created nature, as well as the theory of finite states. With respect to physics, the body is an expression of substance, a mode that is essentially an intensive degree of power. In this way, the triad of mode expression is described. In epistemology, the sufficiency of the true idea implies its expression. In ethics, the issue is about capacity and power, which belongs to the human body and mind, since the mind and body are an expression of essence, and therefore a degree of power.

The book "Lie / Free Will" proposes to examine two key and important questions; 1) What is the phenomenon of lying and how can its functional mechanism be controlled? 2) Does man have free will to remain loyal to moral duties? In analyzing the phenomenon of lying, the author expresses his point of view from a philosophical point of view, emphasizing the consequences of an action (the badness of the result of a lie). This means that the result of a human reaction in the field of action has priority and superiority over biological neurology. What if he adopts a naturalistic (scientific-empirical) attitude in examining the phenomenon of free will: This means that he insists on the priority of biological action over the result of human reaction in the field of action. The present article, along with the detailed introduction of this book is trying to critically review the work in terms of structure, content, form, and methodology. The reviews of the present article show that the author, as a non-systematic philosopher, was able to process his main idea in a relatively coherent way; However, the results of his scientific-philosophical investigations and reflections prove that the book is caught in the trap of determinism/ontological reductionism in terms of content and method in the field of epistemological hierarchy of science. It seems that the author's integrated (philosophical/scientific/atheistic) approach carries a kind of internal logic paradox. This paradox will be analyzed in the framework of two types of criticism, structural criticism from the author's argument and out discursive criticism from the perspective of the Iranian-Islamic intellectual tradition. Among other defects of the book, we can mention its writing and editing defects.

The book "Topics in Advanced Organizational Behavior Management" is authored by Dr. Gholamreza Malekzadeh, a respected member of the Faculty of Management, Faculty of Administrative and Economic Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. This book, which is the second edition was printed and bound by Esfand Publishing House and Printing Affairs of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. This book is arranged into eleven chapters and it is a good example of how the central features of organizational research are affected by changes in the structures and features of contemporary organizations and what kind of dynamics and features are emerging in the new research fields are also explained. Considering the importance of case studies for a better understanding of course materials, it is necessary to address this topic. The purpose of this article is to review and criticize the book on advanced organizational behavior management. The method of evaluating and criticizing this work is documentary-analytical and in accordance with the proposed model of the Council for the Review of Texts and Books of Human Sciences in the framework of the general introduction, examining the form and content of the work. The most important part of the review of any book is its content evaluation. From this point of view, examining the strengths of this book, it is possible to mention that the learning objectives provide a summary and questions for self-examination at the beginning and end of the chapters, use the model in practice, and analyze the topics of organizational behavior management. Presenting related materials and practical questions in line with discussion and consensus in the class, closing the gaps in the discussed theoretical topics by referring to the real events in the environment of organizations, and using logical order in the order of placement of the researched items are all among the positive points of the book. Pointing out the weaknesses, the non-compliance and coverage of the presented headings with the headings approved by the Ministry of Science, neglecting the use of the list of figures, diagrams, and tables, the lack of a list of terms and keywords (glossary), the non-use of up-to-date Persian and Latin sources and the lack of mentioning some of the sources inside the text in the list of sources can be enumerated. In the end, it can be said that by adding new topics and new sources, fixing editing and writing points, and mentioning the excavations of Iranian organizations, we can add value to the richness of this book.

In the field of qualitative research, there are many reference books, each of which has gained good legitimacy and acceptance among readers for a reason. The book “Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques” written by Strauss and Corbin and translated by Ebrahim Afshar, is one of the most successful books that has been written in this field, published 9 times and has been used as a reference book for postgraduate students. In this article, the attempt was to review the book in a descriptive-analytical manner, by mentioning the evidence and documents and based on evaluation criteria which the Council introduced for Reviewing Books and Text on Human Sciences. Criticisms were presented from both formal and content perspectives. According to this, on one hand, the main strengths of the book are content comprehensiveness about grounded theory, a coherent and structured view of the subject, and providing practical examples. On the other hand, this work has also some drawbacks, the most important of which are the lack of sufficient attention to the stage of preparing and presenting the research report, outdated topics despite numerous editions of the book, and the lack of attention to other qualitative research methods.