نشریه کارافن
سال بیستم شماره 64 (زمستان 1402)

Sash windows in existing studies from different quantitative and qualitative aspects, including the process of formation and structure, visual effects, aesthetics and climatic and environmental aspects have been analyzed. However, no research has thus far been conducted regarding the identification of physical patterns and the placement of sash rooms. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the placement patterns of sash room in the structure of historical houses in hot and dry climates. The current research was descriptive-analytical and relied on the interpretation of quantitative data. The main research strategy was inductive reasoning. In this research, the structure of 24 historical houses in Yazd city were investigated. Quantitative findings showed that out of a total of 38 sash rooms, 13 rooms with the highest frequency are located on the south front. Therefore, sash rooms were mainly used as summer residences. The findings from the interpretation of quantitative data indicated the identification of four types of physical patterns governing sash rooms which included: (1) the cohabitation of sashes, windbreaks, and porches; (2) the companionship of a sash, a windbreaker; (3) the partition consisting only of the sash room; and (4) the combination of sash, three doors and five doors. Although sash rooms in the placement aspect do not follow a specific pattern in terms of geographical directions, they are regular in relation to the type of adjacencies and specifically the rooms with three doors, five doors, porches and breezeways.

The semiotic analysis of the poster is a set of visual-textual signs based on the inter-signal relationships. The interdisciplinary nature of the subject of this research (linguistics, psychology and graphics with semiotics) makes the analysis of educational posters and semiotics inevitable. In designing a poster, all the codes of the artist are decoded by the audience, and the artist must be aware of how to decode the audience. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the goals of semiotics and how the World Health Organization uses visual signs for the audience in educational posters of medical diseases. The questions are as follows: What effect does universality have on the selection of visual signs of the desired posters? How has the World Health Organization benefited from semiotics in educational posters? The research method was descriptive-analytical and library research and documents study based on the three groups of educational posters of the organization, three samples of the posters were examined. It research findings indicated that in UN educational designs, the use of appropriate designers using semiotic results tools derived from the opinions of "Ferdinand de Saussure" and "Charles Sanders-Pierce" helped the audience to understand more complex signs and made them read educational messages. Universality is properly displayed in the design of educational posters. Using images for people with different educational levels, showing different races with different costumes and beliefs, showing genders at different ages are other factors that the organization should have knowledge of.

Many development planners cite the tourism industry as a major componenet of sustainable development. The development of sustainable rural tourism, while helping the income and livelihood of the villagers, protects the unique natural attractions and indigenous culture of the village. Dashtak village is part of the Drudzen district of Marvdasht city and due to its location in the heart of the mountains as well as having a suitable climate can be a unique environment for leisure time of tourists. In this study, using descriptive-analytical method and relying on library and field studies, the tourist attractions of Dashtak village were identified and strategies for the development of sustainable rural tourism were provided. Data analysis was based on a combined model of SWOT matrix and QSPM strategic planning quantitative matrix. The findings of the study indicated that the staircase texture of the village and its numerous gardens and local customs and monuments are among the tourist attractions of Dashtak village which can revitalize the tourism industry in this village. The greatest obstacle to achieving this goal is inadequate and inefficient management, weak infrastructure and lack of public awareness, and, according to the analysis, conservative strategies should be given priority in tourism development programmes of this village; strategies that attempt to reduce weaknesses by taking advantage of existing opportunities. The strategies presented were prioritized by the QSPM matrix. According to the findings, the strategy of using allocated budgets to create appropriate tourism infrastructure and equipment due to the existence of tourism potential had high priority.

The influence of the fourth industrial revolution on the construction industry has led to the introduction of the concept of "Construction 4.0" and the purpose of the present study was to analyze the formation of this phenomenon in Iran in a twenty-year time period through futures study. The present qualitative and descriptive research was designed with an exploratory futures study approach. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, an initial list of key drivers affecting the formation of Construction 4.0 was extracted from research records and written scientific sources, and then, by forming an expert group with the Delphi approach, they were prioritized. In the scenario-writing stage, using the methodology of the Global Business Network (GBN), four scenarios of possible futures in this field were set while creating an intersection between the uncertainties of two key drivers. The prioritization of the identified drivers in the field of creating the phenomenon of Construction 4.0 in Iran indicates that the two key factors in this field are: "Scientific cooperation of the country with the developed world" and "Technological advances in new areas". Quadruple scenarios resulting from the intersection of these two uncertainties were identified with the metaphors of Sea, Spring, Marsh, and River. It is necessary for the policy makers to strengthen scientific and technological interactions with advanced countries in this matter (such as Germany), to support start-up and innovative companies, and focus on strengthening the other identified main drivers.