مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، پاییز 1383)

Recent studies have shown that cimetidine (CIM) induces antinociception after intracerebroventricular administration in mouse. It also has an anti-inflammatory effect, but the underlying mechanism of CIM effect is not clear. This study was designed to evaluate antinociception effect of CIM by intraperitoneal injection (ip) and the role of ATP- sensitive potassium channels and opioid receptors.

In this study 170 male mice (25-30g) were used. Tail flick model applied for evaluation the acute pain. The antinociception effect of CIM was studied by ip injection of 50 mg/kg and the role of opioid receptors was evaluated by subcutaneous administration of 2 mg/kg naloxone. The role of closing and opening effect of potassium channel in the antinociceptive effect of CIM were assessed by ip injection of minoxidil (2mg/kg) and glybenclamide (5mg/kg). The effect of CIM on the antinociceptive effect of morphine (5mg/kg) was also evaluated.

Our results showed that ip administration of CIM induces antinociception in Mice (p<0/05). Both Naloxone (mean 3.41) and Glybenclamide (mean 4.22) decreased the threshold of pain in mice (p=0.000), and minoxidil (mean 6.34) induced antinociception (p=0.003). However none of them had a significant effect on CIM antinociception (with the mean 8.14). Also antinociceptive effect of morphine was significantly potentiated in CIM treated group (p<0001).

Peripheral antinoceptive effects of CIM is not related to opioid receptor and ATP sensitive potassium Channels.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infectious diseases diagnosed in outpatients, as well as hospitalized patients, which show an increasing rate of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance of uropathogens in 1996 and 2000 in Kerman city. Material s and Urine sample of 300 patients in 1996 and 251 patients in 2000 which were referred to Kerman medical laboratories, were collected randomly and cultured and uropathogens were identified. Antibacterial sensitivity was tested against 8 antibacterials using disc-diffusion technique. The prevalence of urinary infection was higher in women (85.7%). Escherichia coli (73.7% in 2000) was the most frequent pathogen isolated, followed by Enterobacter Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus, and Proteus spp. Among the E.coli isolates, only ciprofloxacin constitute reasonable therapeutic option for treatment of UTI in Kerman city (91.8% sensitive). High resistance rates to ampicillin (91.1%), co-trimoxazole (66.5%) and gentamicin (63.3%) were observed a gainst the E.coli. Against Klebsiella spp, infections, the only therapeutic option was ciprofloxacin (100% sensitivie). Klebsiella spp, showed high resistance rates to ampicillin (94.4%), gentamicin (68.4%) and nitrofurantoin (68.4%). Enterobacter isolates were completely sensitive to ciprofloxacin, but showed high resistance to gentamicin (73.5%) and co-trimoxazole (68.6%). The resistance of urinary infections agents to gentamin was found higher in the year 2000 compare to the year 1996. the results of this study showed that Ecoli was the most frequent uropathogen isolated in Kerman city which exhibit high resistance to most commonly used antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin was `the most reasonable therapeutic option for treatment of UTI. Also the resistance rate to commonly used antibiotics in the year 2000 was comparable to 1996, except for gentamicin which showed a significant increase in bacterial resistance.

Demographic and environmental factors are effective in the pathogenesis and protection against Parkinson Disease (PD). Sex, family history of PD, Farmership, education, stress, history of head trauma, smoking, consumption of well water, overuse of oil seeds, contact with herbicides and pesticides have been recorded in this regard. In this case control study, 100 patients with PD and 200 age matched controls referring to neurology clinic of Birjand UMS (southern Khorasan) were enrolled during the years 2002 and 2003. PD was diagnosed by a neurologist and the demographic and environmental factors were recorded in a questionnaire. Fisher and Chi-Square tests were used for statistical analysis and p<0.05 was declared as significant. 68% of the cases and 53% of the controls were male. Family history of PD (p=0.012), farmership (p=0.021), education (p=0.03), stress (p=0.013) and well water (p=0.021) supply were significantly more frequent in the PD group. Smoking (p=0.007) and oil seeds consumption (p=0.001) were more frequent in the control group. Frequency rate of contact with herbicides, pesticides and history of head trauma were not significantly different between the PD and the control groups. Family history of PD, farmership, education, stress and well water supply are risk factors of PD, while smoking and oil seeds consumption could be protective factors against PD.

Many studies have reported that Toxoplasma gondii excreted/secreted antigens (E/SA) appear to be a suitable marker for toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis. Most of those studies have used E/SA obtained from supernatent of toxoplasma cell culture, or by incubating tachyzoites in cell free media (RPMI- 1640). The present study, evaluated the ELISA method, using the components of peritoneal fluid of infected mice (as another source of E/SA), for toxoplasmosis diagnosis in rat. Peritoneal fluids of infected mice by interaperitoneal inoculation (IP) with toxoplasma tachyzoits were collected after 3 days of infection and centrifuged at 750×g for 15 min, then the supernatant was precipitated with ammonium solphate soulution (30% saturated) Forty noninfected (male) rats (7-10 weeks old) were injected with 4 × 106 toxoplasma tachyzoits IP and their serum samples were collected at 8, 15, 22 and 60 days after the infection. Then 10 samples from each day were tested by Dye- test. The sera of 15 and 60 days after infection of all animals were selected as suitable samples. Then the sera of these days were tested by the dye-test and ELISA using E/SA. The cut-off point of ELISA with 99% confidence was found to be 0.33 and optical density (OD) of all the sera samples of 15 and 60 days after infection and 2 negative sera were over than test cut-off. Moreover, sensitivity and specificity of the method were determined to be 100% and 95%, respectively. Our findings showed that ELISA in the condition of using ammonium sulphate precipitation has a good enough sensitivity and specificity for toxoplasmosis diagnosis in rat. Key words:

Previous investigations have shown that Coriandrum Sativum (CS) extract probably modulates pain in human and animal. The aim of this investigation was assessment of the role of CS on acute and chronic pain by formalin test in mice. In this study, 35 male albino mice in 5 groups (25-30g) were used. CS extract (100, and 200mg/kg), or saline were injected intera-peritoneal (IP) 30 mins before the formalin test. Indices of signs of pain were licking and foot elevation for assessment of acute pain (5 min), and chronic pain (15-40 min) after the injection of formalin 5% (25µl) in the right paw. Reasults: Results showed that although CS extract has analgesic effect in both doses in acute and chronic pain, (p<0.01) but higher doses is more effective, where as 100mg/kg reduced the acute and chronic pain 0.82 but for 200mg/kg it was 0.91. Findings of this study indicated that CS extract can modulate acute and chronic pain induced by formalin injection. Further research is required to determine the mechanisms by which CS has an inhibitory effect on pain sensation.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is one of the important plasma antiserins proteases. This protein is the major inhibitor of leucocytes elastases and plays a crucial role in protecting the pulmonary tissue from elastolytic destruction. ApoB100, is an apoprotein that exist in the low density lipoprotein, and provides structural integrity and functions as a ligand mediating the cellular association and uptake of LDL-C by tissues. Alpha 1-antitrypsin and apoB100, are two proteins that are produced in the liver, can be bound to each other in serum, and affect LDL-C uptake by tissues. In the present study, 21 serum for the formation of AAT-LDL complex were investigated initially. All samples were phenotyped by use of isoelectrofocusing using standard serua. We also determined LDL-C level and lipid profile by enzymatic method. Sera AAT activities (TIC) were measured by spectrophotometric method by the use of trypsin enzyme and BAPNA as substrate. The AAT-LDL complex in samples with different LDL-C and AAT activities, was investigated by sandwich ELISA method using anti-apoB antibody and anti AAT monoclonal antibody. The results of this study showed that the AAT-LDL complex is formed in serum with normal and abnormal AAT phenotypes and these preliminary data indicated the different level of complex in different samples. The average of the complex absorbance was 65% in all samples. This showed that at least a part of AAT and LDL interacted with an acceptable concentration. It has been concluded that AAT-LDL complex level in sera of patients with liver disease due to AAT deficiently may correlate with the atherosclerosis. Further studies are needed to show the association of AAT and LDL-C and AAT-LDL complex formation, in various diseases specially heart and liver diseases.

Bone changes are typical complications of thalassaemia major, with unknown pathogenesis. There are only a few studies concerning mineral metabolism and parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in the patients whit this disorder, but the number of cases are limited and results are controversial. Since there are many major beta-thalassemic patients in Kerman area, the present study investigated the related factors in bone metabolism of these patients including PTH, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase level in patients with different age. In a cross sectional study, blood samples (5ml) were collected from 200 patients refferiry to the thalassemia clinic for blood transfusion. The patients were divided into five different age groups (<2, 3-7, 8-12, 13-16 and 17-24 years), and their results were compared with the results obtained from 83 healthy subjects as control group. Furthermore, a questionnaire was filled by a physician for all the patients and the control group, which included height, weight, and clinical symptoms of calcium deficiency. For comparison of height and weight, patients were divided into 24 groups according to their age. Analysis of data showed significant decreases (p<0.001) in serum level of PTH and calcium of all the patients, while there were significant increases in the level of the inorganic phosphate of them (p<0.01). Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase was increased significantly (p<0.05) only in the children < 2 years, compared with the respective control group, while there were no significant changes among the other age groups. Symptoms of calcium deficiency such as paraesthesia were detected in 28%, muscular spasm in 7%, and seizure in 7.5% of the patients. Statistically, only one year old patients had normal height and weight, while significant decreases were detected for the other age groups (p< 0.05), which became more predominant in the older patients (p<0.001). The present study indicated that the lower secretion of PTH following the deposition of iron in different tissues (89.5% of the patients had ferritin level of above 1500 ng/ml, and 91% had no regular desfral use), that causes the reduction of ionized calcium, and increase of inorganic phosphate. Furthermore, Low level of PTH leads to impaired metabolism of calcium and phosphate, and lower stature and body weight of these patients.

Leukemia is a kind of neoplastic disorder and the cancers are considered as the most important cause of mortality in industrialized countries. The cause of leukemia is not exactly clear, but some researches have showen a significant relation between some factors and this type of cancer. In this survey we wanted to find the effective factors causing cancer in children in Fars province of Iran. Since cancer is a rare disease, the best method for the study is the case – control study. The adequate sample size was 93 cases and 186 controls. Controls were matched with cases regarding their sex, age and habitation. Data collection method was face to face interview with patient's mothers and the questionnaires were filled out by the investigator. After data collection, they were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. For data analyzing SPSS and EGRET softwares were used. According to the findings of this study, using medication during pregnancy, family history of cancer, exposure to x-ray and breast feeding had a significant relation with this type of cancer (p<). After applying multivariated analysis, two of variables including medication during pregnancy (p<0.001) and family history of cancer (p<0.01), were significant. According to the results of this study, it seems that genetic and environmental factors have an important role in etiology of this cancer and knowing these facts are important for the prevention of cancer.

Tracheal intubation is used for most pediatric patients who under general anesthesia. Selecting an appropriate size of endotracheal tube decreases the complications of intubation. In this study, the size of endotracheal tubes suggested by the standard formula of Cole is compared with the endotracheal tube sizes used for intubation of trachea. This descriptive and analytical study was carried out on 245 patients aged 1-14 years old who were undergone general anesthesia, and were all intubated in Ali-Ibn Abitaleb and moradi hospitals of Rafsanjan. The patients were selected in simple non - randomized method and the sizes of endotracheal tubes used for intubation were compared with the sizes suggested by the Cole formula. In this survey the size of the endotracheal tubes used for the patients at different ages were smaller than the sizes suggested by the Cole’s formula (p=0.000). These differences increased with the increase of age. Endotracheal tube size in girls and boys was not significantly different. Of endotracheal tubes, 81/2% were with cuff and 18.8% uncuffed.. Regarding the results of this study, use of the standard Cole’s formula for selecting the appropriate size of the tube is not suitable and needs be modified. Regarding the spectrum of differences in tube sizes, we suggest the new formula age /4 +3.5 for Iranian patients aged 1-14 years old.