مجله مراقبت پرستاری و مامایی ابن سینا
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار و تابستان 1385)

Introdaction & Diarrhea is second common illness in childhood period and one of the main reasons of Morbidity and Mortality among children in the developed countries. Annual incidence of diarrhea is 1. 3-milliard and mortality rate is 3.2 million in children under 5 years old in the world. In Iran one – fourth of mortality in this years related to diarrhea. Family role, especially mothers role in health promotion, prevention of diarrhea and care of ill child is very important. Mothers practice and knowledge are very effective on the health of child.This study was carried out To survey mothers knowledge and practice regarding care of 0-5 years old children with acute diarrhea in outpatient department of Ghods hospital in Qazvin city. This cross-sectional study conducted to evaluate the knowledge and practice of 54 mothers with children under 5 years old, referred to outpatient department of Ghods hospital, for two months of summer in 2005. The measuring instrument was questionnaire that filled out with interviewing. This questionnaire had two section (Demographic Questions and Questions regarding knowledge and practice of mothers). Data were analyzed by using Spss v11/ win software. The findings indicated that majority of mothers had average knowledge (%50) and 74/1% of Mothers had average practice. So, the findings showed that, between knowledge and practice of mothers with literacy level were Significance correlations. (P=0/01 and p= 0/03)But, knowledge and practice of mothers had not any Significance correlation with past education about care of diarrhea, age and work status. So, between knowledge and practice was a significance correlation (p=0/01) According to the results, Majority of mothers in this study had knowledge and practice on average level. It is offered to promote awareness of mothers; the programs must be designed and implanted according to the results, because of dangerous complications especially in younger children.

Introduction and AIDS is the acquired syndrome of immunity damage caused by body immunity damaging virus. By one time infection people will be infected for all of their lives and probably will miss the chance of living because of disease seeking the opportunities and using the weakness of the body immunity system. Since there is no vaccination, medication or serum for treating AIDS and there has been no step further than controlling stage, acknowledgment of people especially teenagers about the ways of infection and going through religious beliefs is the only way to prevent it. for this target there has been a study about the effects of education and knowledge and view of senior students in Tehran high schools. The present study is a experimental research and the studied community were all high school girls of Tehran. In order to determine the mass of the sample there was a primary study and the number of samples was determined the way it counted present the studied community. The samples were 3200 high school girls chosen based on interfering random system. The data source were the questionnaires which were completed 15 days before and after the education. Achievements showed that there is a meaningful discrepancy between the level of knowledge before and after the acknowledgment (z=-7/14, p<0.05). The acknowledgment also showed to make meaningful difference in the statistics (z= -3.426, p<0.05). According the results of the study it was brought up that the majority of the students had a medium knowledge about AIDS and the source of this knowledge for majority of the samples (81%) were the public medias. The results of the study generally showed that for most of the students there is a low knowledge of AIDS. And their negative attitude toward the disease implicated the importance of public medias and modification of the attitude of public toward the disease.

Introduction & Instruction is one of the most effective factors contributing to learning. As a result instruction methods in use are worthy of some notice and contemporary instructors lay great emphasis on thinking-based methods of education. There is evidence that collaborative learning is more effective than individual learning, whereby, learners could achieve higher levels of thinking and that they could remember the information and details for longer periods of time. Therefore, this research was undergone with the purpose of making a comparitive analysis of the effect of individual learning and collaborative learning on the critical thinking of students. This research is a quasiexperimental study, the specimens of which were 38 freshmen of the nursing and midwifery college. To measure the degree of learning of each student, a progress test was administered after teaching a topic to the students and then randomly assigning them into two groups of collaborative learners and individual learners. The analysis of data was done by spss, a software, and by the application of an independent T-test. This study revealed a significant statistical difference between the average marks of these two groups. Further, a noticeable statistical difference was also observed in the higher levels of the cognitive domain of these two groups of learners. However, the difference in average of these two groups in lower levels of cognitive domain was not found to be statistically significant. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between collaborative learning and individual learning, and that the prior one is much more effective on the level of the critical thinking of students than the latter one.

Introduction & Working in poisonous and polluted area as such as anesthesia is apprehensive. So being aware of legal laws of the profession and having good economical and welfare management is necessary. This study was to determine the anesthesiologists, viewpoints about their absorption duty and the hardness of working conditions. ninety nine anesthesists were selected in different working shifts. Data collection tool was a questionnaire. K. Squire test shows that there is no meaning full relation between the hardness of working condition and duty at absorption with level of knowledge، sexuality and record of service. (P>0. 05) According to the results، most anesthetists were worried and discontented about their working conditions. It is suggested that there is a need to have a revision about law

Introduction & Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women & the second cause of mortality resulting from cancer among 40-44 years old women. According to the American cancer Association recommendation one of the effective secondary prevention for breast cancer is CBE. Giving information to the women regarding the chance of suffering from cancer, in such away that, it will not anxious them, will increase their cooperation. Therefore this study was hold in order to determine the effect of education in the importance of clinical breast examination in primary girl's school’s teachers attending to the clinical centers of Yasouj City for examination in two control & case groups, in which they were examined according to the age, marriage condition, educational level, previous family breast cancer, etc. variables. This is a semi – experimental study in which there were 200 teachers which were randomly divided in two groups of 100. One pamphlet regarding breast cancer, secondary prevention importance, early diagnosis, screening & CBE attendance was given to the case group. Time & place of examination was also given to both groups. Then number of teachers attending to the centers was determined after two months. Also to collect data, two parts questionaire including questions regarding personal charactristics, attending & unattending causes for CBE was given. Then, data was analysed with the help of S.P.S.S & descriptive statistics. Findings showed that the mean age of samples in control & case groups was 35.52 6.58& 33.11 6.05 respectively. other results showed that, in each control & case group, 9% of samples had breast hygienic problem & 91% had no problem in this respect. Also, 20% of case group samples were attending for CBE before educating them but, after giving education the number of attendance were 58%. Mean while, chisquare statistical test, showed significant relationship between attending after education in two control & case groups (p=0.00). other results has come in article in detail. Giving attention to the produced results, with educational programmes in large level, brcast problems can be diagnosed & disease progress can be prevented. Also, we can take positive step in increasing women’s knowledge & health behaviour in the society, becoming successful in continous performance & regular breast cancer screening programme.

Introduction & Documentation is one of vital and important aspect of nursing tasks. Nurse's documentation must be complete, accurate and timely. Incomplete documentation can lead to negative outcomes in treatment and lack of treatment. Goal of this study was assessment of documentation of information by nursing staff inpatient's files. This research was a descriptive study that was done on 150 inpatient's files in medical educational centers in Ardebil. Instrument of data collection was checklist that designed, for research objectives. Data were analyzed by SPSS program and results showed in statistical descriptive tables. There were not composite graphic charts 100% in the studied files. Seven forms from eight forms that must completed by nurse were standard. Average documentation nursing were in the admission and discharge summary sheet 25%, in the pre – operation care sheet for ward nurse 48% and for operation room nurse 9%. In the operation report sheet 69.3%. In the recovery room record for entrance items and Exit items 16.2% and 62% respectively. In the nurses note sheet rate of records was 96.3%, and in the vital signs control sheet 83.3%. Total average documentation nursing was 51.2%. This study showed that half of data documented by nursing staff. Seems lack of knowledges regard to items that must be documented by nurse in inpatient's files, being careless regard to importance of documentation, insufficiency of nursing and medical records management and defect in designing of forms could be influence factors on this condition.

Introduction & Contamination with enteral parasites is one of the important sanitary and social problems in most developing countries. The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the contamination rate in children between 1 – 6 with oxyure and giardia in kindergartens and welfare centers of Tehran in 2004. Purposive sampling method was used to select subjects from centers located in north east, north west, central, southeast and south west parts of the city in proportion with the population. Accordingly, 341 children (175 from kindergartens and 176 from welfare centers) were selected 81 girls and 95 boys as well as 78 girls and 97 boys formed the subjects from the two types of centers respectively. Data collection tools included a questionnaire responded by parents, a centrifuge, and a microscope. Content validity was used to validate the questionnaire and the other tools were calibrated by certified medical engineers. Sample of feces were collected over 3 days. Slide were observed by 3.2 and 10 lenses and feces samples were observed three times by directed method and formalin ether. Test results were documented in the related forms of each child. Data were then analyzed by SPSS software. showed that %30.2 of the boys were afflicted by oxyure and %33.8 of them had Giardia. These Figures were %22 and %36.4 in girls respectively.Discussion and Oxyure and giardia are common in children, which was verified by the findings of this study. Since the most important factor in transmission and dissemination of them is inappropriate personal and social sanitation, health education to increase the level of knowledge in families and trainers of kindorgartens and welfare centers and treatment of infected children to reduce the rate of contamination have an important role.

Introduction & Meconium passage occurs in 10-20% of all deliveries and in as many as 40% of post-term pregnancies. Previous studies have shown an association between meconium and maternal infection, Also, in the presence of meconium, enhanced bacterial growth and inhibition of neutrophil bactericidal activities has been reported. This study was to determine the rate of post cesarean infectious morbidity in patients with meconium–stained amniotic fluid compared to controls with a cross-sectional study design. We compare 95 pregnant women with meconium-stained amniotic fluid to 95 pregnant women without meconium-stained amniotic fluid for the development infections. Patients underwent cesarean section. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancy, infection prior to labor or antibiotic use within the 7 days prior to delivery, gestational diabet and history of diabet. Demographic variables, labor characterizes I, maternal infectious morbidity were analyzed using chi–square test. Meconium was assessed clinically as thin, moderate, or thick. Endometritis and other complications after delivery were diagnosed by standard definitions. During the study period, 190 patients met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. Patient's demographics, labor and delivery characteristics include: duration of ruptured membranes, number of vaginal examinations and body mass index also duration of surgery, type of incision were similar between two groups (P>0.05). The incidence of postpartum infection was also reduced (10.5% versus 6.4% P>0.05). Thick meconium had higher infection rates than clear amniotic fluid (8.4% versus 2.1%, P >0.05). Prophylactic antibiotics reduced rates of post cesarean infections, but the incidence of infection in patients with meconium-stained amniotic fluid was high, although the difference was statistically non significant, it may be clinically important.