نشریه پژوهش های بالینی دام های بزرگ
پیاپی 7 (تابستان 1388)

Influenza virus causes histopathological injuries in animals and human beings. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of influenza virus on respiratory tract in chickens infected with avian influenza virus, A/chicken/Iran/772/2000(H9N2). For this purpose, 20 SPF chickens at the age of 3 weeks were randomly assigned into two equal groups as treatment and control.  The treatment group was infected with 107.5EID50 titer of the virus intranasal and the control group was treated with saline normal in the same manner. After 72 hrs of the experiment, respiratory tissue specimens of the experimental animals were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. The prepared microscopic sections with the thickness of 5 micron were stained using H&E method. In comparison to the control group, there were significant mean difference of pathological injury in respiratory tract of the infected group (P<0.005). The results of this study indicate that Influenza virus serotype H9N2 A/chicken/Iran/772/2000(H9N2) is able to induce severe pathological injuries in respiratory tract of the infected chickens.

This study aims is to recognize some body organs of the Caspian miniature horse as a native Iranian breed. In this study, accessory sex glands of five adult Caspian miniature horses were studied by routine anatomical and histological methods. Anatomical study showed that accessory sex glands is similar to horse but its size is smaller. In histological study, structure of accessory sex glands was similar to horse but the number of secretory units was less than that of the horse. Difference in glands size and abundance of their secretory units indicated semen volume in Caspian miniature horse is lesser than ordinary horse. 

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important protozoan zoonotic diseases which causes diarrhea in calves. Among different species of cryptosporidium spp., C.parvum, which is found all over the world, has importance in the newly born calves. Feces of 80 calves fewer than one month age with diarrhea were examined by MZN (Modified Ziehl-Neelsen) method at this survey. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 37 cases (46.25%). The infestation rates among pure, mixed and native breeds were 48.8%, 44.1% and 33.3% respectively and among three separate age groups of calves, under 10 days old, 10-19 days old and 20-30 days old were determined 60%, 53.8% and 53.5%   respectively.

In this research, the impact of copper on Cyprinus carpio was assessed in laboratory conditions. At first, L50-96h amount of copper was calculated on finger-length and mature fish, resulting in determination of 0.27 and 2.3 mg/lit. Then, probable microscopic damages of gonad, liver and muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio, exposed to copper with concentration ranges of 2_6 mg/lit, were assessed. The cross sections were studied microscopically from histhopathological point of view.  The achieved results showed that when the liver was exposed to copper, fat degeneration, bleeding and hemorrhage would happen, as well as necrosis, invasion of lymphocytes and liver capsule inflation at higher concentration. Degeneration of the ovary and penetration of inflated cells in testis as well as homocydrin residue inside the testis and the increase of coagulated tissues were observed. No damage was observed in the muscles. In addition, the amount of copper bioaccumulation in liver, gonad and muscle tissues was determined with atomic absorption method at three sub lethal concentrations of copper (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/lit). Analytical results show minimum concentration of copper accumulation in muscles and maximum concentration of copper in the liver of Cyprinus carpio.

Vaccination at proper time is one of the main strategies to control Newcastle disease. The value of each vaccine depends on the level of antibody production after vaccination. The Levamisol hydrochloride seems to stimulate immune response after vaccination. In this study 225 one day old broiler chickens are divided into 5 groups and each group is separated in 3 repeat. Group1 is considered as control group (without drug administration). Group 2 received Levamisol hydrochloride 2mg/kg subcutaneously in the first day and this was repeated weekly for 6 weeks. Group 3 received 10mg/kg Levamisol hydrochloride each day orally from the first day for 6 weeks. Group 4 received levamisole hydrochloride 2mg/kg simultaneously with vaccine of Newcastle disease subcutaneously. Group 5 received 10mg/kg Levamisol hydrochloride orally after being vaccinated for 24 hours. Sampling was carried out 11 days after vaccination. The result shows that there is a significant difference in mean of antibody titer against ND virus and number of the blood lymphocytes between experimental and control group in stage 1 and 2 of vaccination, but there are no significant differences in stage 3 of vaccination. Administration of Levamisol hydrochloride did not influence feed conversion rate and the mean of body weight in any week of growing period. Therefore, it seems that administrating levamisole hydrochloride after vaccination can stimulate immune response to vaccine. However, using levamisole hydrochloride could help immunity system to produce antibody in the primary age.

One of the most important organs in musculo – skeletal system is tendons that operate bones and muscles movement. One of these tendons is superficial digital flexor tendon in forelimb of horse that structure examination and normal physical condition of this tendon is very important in clinical tests. Probable Injuries may happen to this tendon that the most critical sign is tendonitis that cause bow view in limb. The most incident site of damage is in middle metacarpal area that is B–level. Ultrasound is a valuable method in diagnosis of natural structures, tendonitis and other diseases of tendons. In ultrasonographic study of superficial digital flexor tendon in B metacarpus level of cross bred Arab horses, average of measurements in transverse view was 0.4215± 0.020 cm and in longitudinal view was 0.4300± 0.022 cm which adapt with Cuesta and co-worker 's study that says thickness of superficial digital flexor tendon is not more than 9 mm

In 2007, three Ardela Alba egretta carcasses were examined in department of parasitology, faculty of veterinary medicine at Azad University, Shahre-kord branch. In three cases, large numbers of nodules up to several millimeters in diameter were found in subcutaneous tissue. These cysts were placed into lactophenol solution for several hours. Then, these nodules were widened on a slide and examined under light microscope. Microscopic examination of samples were confirmed the Laminosiptes cysticola infectus in Ardela Alba egretta.

Gastroenteritis, which makes about 15% of food borne infections in such countries as the United States, commonly occurs followed by drinking contaminated water. Raw feedstuffs of animal origin, esp. meat and eggs, play an important role in the transmission of the disease. Considering the important role of eggs in the transmission of salmonellosis and the high consumption rate of eggs produced by small-scale local producers in the region, 100 eggs were acquired from street vendors in Urmia and examined at Urmia Islamic Azad University microbiology laboratory. The isolation of Salmonella only from the yolk was performed by using the methods described in Harrigan and BAM. Six out of 100 examined eggs (6%) showed Salmonella contamination. The contaminated samples were then undergone serotyping using a polyvalent antiserum which finally showed that all isolated Salmonellae were motile and belonged to serogroup D (S. enteritidis). According to the high rate of infection in the eggs and consequently occurrence of the disease in case of consumption, making the public aware of the consequences of consuming such products and avoiding consumption of unpasteurized food of animal origin is recommended.

Infection with Diplostomum spathaceum in 120 fishes (phytophage, common carp and Caras) in West Azerbaijan Hasanloo reservoir was evaluated from spring to winter in 2008. The results indicated that 70% of fish (84 fish) showed infection with this parasite which presents a high rate of infection in the fishes in this water resource. Comparing seasons reveals the highest infection rate of 96.7% in summer and the lowest rate of 46.7% in winter. The range of parasite number was between 1 and 259 with the mean of 28.63, standard deviation (S.D.) of 4.98. In addition, according to the statistical evaluations, there are significant differences between age and weight. The results show the increase in weight and age of fishes, and percentage of infection rate has increased too.

Several factors such as source of energy, nitrogen supply, rumen pH, passage rate, defaunating the rumen and mineral supply affect on microbial protein synthesis in rumen. Energy is the first limiting factor in microbial protein supply in the rumen. This study aims at measuring the microbial protein synthesis in Iranian buffalo's rumen. Simultaneously, it tries to study the various effects of concentration on the amount of microbial protein synthesis. Four Iranian male swamp buffalo with the average live body weight of 140±10 kg were used for this study. It has been experimented four diets consist of 0 % (all forage diet), 15%, 30% and 45% concentrate in a Latin square design. The results of this experiment indicated that increasing concentrate level in diet of swamp buffaloes affected the amount of PD excreted in urine. The amount of total purines derivatives excreted in urine were 14.54, 18.11, 21.59 and 24.55 mmol/day, microbial nitrogen synthesized were 38.76, 60.44, 81.48 and 99.43 g/day and microbial protein supply were 242.28, 377.74, 509.23 and 621.42 g/day respectively. The results of this experiment indicated that increasing the concentrate level in diet of swamp buffaloes grew the amount of microbial protein synthesized in rumen.