نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 19، پاییز 1388)

This paper presents a theoretical model for internalization of social capital dimensions for improving economic performance. Today a relatively new perspective has emerged in organizational theory by experts that an organization is a social group whose characteristic is efficiency and speed in knowledge transfer. They argue that organizations have extraordinary ability for knowledge creation and knowledge sharing which can create competitive advantage for them with regard to the role of social capital dimensions in the creation and sharing knowledge. This paper strives to present a model which shows if social capital dimensions improve, an organization will move toward knowledge oriented organization and will change into learning society which in turn internalizes social capital dimensions and as a result economic performance will improve. By doing this, this cycle will repeat and organization can gain a competitive advantage relative to other organizations.

Recognition and indication of opportunities in geopolitics of energy sphere (oil & gas) as a long term strategy of the consumer countries and from the other hand recognition of Iran and Russian capabilities as the biggest producers of oil and gas, have great influence on policy making and strategic plans of many countries in energy markets specially in central Asia and Caucasus. Because of that it is necessary to study the possibility of accessing and way of exploiting of opportunities in order to playing common role on behalf of Iran and Russia in geopolitics of energy in the region. Explaining the Iran and Russian position in energy sphere, this article is to study their common opportunities in the world and the region. On the other hand the possibilities of their common role in international organizations like OPEC, or the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) with regard to the current situation has been discussed. The authors trying to answer this question: "What kinds of influences have the capabilities of the two countries to play common role in geopolitics of energy of the region on the national interest of them?" To answer this question the geopolitical interactions of the two countries and the common opportunities of them and the other geopolitical spheres of other rival players has been studied.

Development can impress differently on identity as one of the main social problems, so we should consider this factor in development process. Although some theories emphasizes on the positive role of development on solidarity of identity, some others can influence negatively on cultural identity. The main question of this article is about negative impact of development on identity and discusses the impacts and causes of development on identity. Considering the models of endogenous and exogenous development and also the identity of exogenous development, the author argues that the models of exogenous development because of its heterogeneous values and cultures with cultural identity of importer country create identity challenges in development process and at last these challenges may engender identity crisis. The author means from development the economic one which is the purpose of other types of development. This article at last studies the reasons of not solving of identity challenges in development process of developing countries.

From a systemic perspective development of Islamic management as a behavioral system, in macro and micro levels requires to a three systemic dimensions of conceptual, structural and functional. These dimensions can exercise as a systemic development model of behavioral systems and create a basis for development of Islamic management, its management and assessment in the context of strategic approach with the proper leader. Explaining briefly the aforementioned model this article addressing the eight basic challenges of development and establishing Islamic management in different national and organizational levels. Then the main useful methods to solve these problems in current situation have been mentioned.

Social capital is one of the important concepts which added to economic analysis. But there is always controversial topic between economists about this question:" Does the social capital have elements of distinct capital economically?" most of them believe that the term "capital" in social capital is a metaphor and is not economically capital. This article studies the importance of this matter in today's economics and explains the different aspects of social capital from the perspective of economics. The results of this survey show that perhaps the social capital does not have all the elements of capital definition in economics but it has many of characteristics of that and has some differences with the other capitals. So the social capital can notice as one of the influential capitals in economic analysis.

Organizations are entering to the knowledge based economy. In this kind of economy knowledge is the main competitive advantage of organizations. This created the new research area in management. In this regard new rural management applying knowledge based economy have important influence on success and survival of the organizations and creating value in rural economy and increasing intrapreneurship in rural areas. Intrapreneurship as new phenomenon in economy has influential role in economic development of the states. To create dynamic and successful economy, we can provide necessary mechanism according to environmental limits to help intrapreneurs as engines of economy. In this matter the importance of rural development in promotion of the countries especially developing countries cannot be ignored. So the new rural management has important role in this regard.

The goals of this article are to study the social capital in Iran and its relations to development's elements especially social development according to documentary study and secondary analysis method. Recognition of this relation has been explained through presenting social anomies and unequal distribution of resources and the link between these elements to social capital. Studying of other theoretical and experimental researches in this topic shows that some social capital factors of the state are in low level and on the other hand the trend of some social anomies in recent years escalating. It seems that the increasing of these anomies have close relation to imbalances and inequalities in distribution of resources in the country. Increasing the poverty because of unequal distribution of resources, according to causal relations pave the way for social anomies and vulnerability. These problems which show the collapsing trend of social capital, sluggish the development trend especially social development of the country. To sum up, between the social capital and development process in the stage of existence of imbalances, inequalities, anomies, discriminations etc the development planning in distribution of resources has great role in creation and strengthening of social capital. After shaping the social capital elements like awareness, capability, trust and participation, this kind of social capital can play as a great variable in development programs and help them to be influential and induce cooperation and participation of people in them.

In recent situations of vocation sphere in which the sophistication is the dominant paradigm and the instability and variety are the main elements of this paradigm, organizations to solve the problems and challenges of the situation and to survive and success in competitive environment require to instrument which the knowledge management is the most important of them. Consulting engineers companies are the main scientific polar of building sphere in the country which their services are based on the knowledge of their employers and the knowledge is the main capital of them. So the proper and useful management of this capital is the main factor of success of these companies in competitive sphere of construction projects. This correlation survey is to study the way of impact of knowledge management on the competitive power of the consulting engineers companies. To do so, after studying the previous surveys in the matter and theoretical basis of the subject, the conceptual model of the survey has been design according to five elements in knowledge management and four elements for competitive power. Gathering data, two questionnaires with 24 questions for the evaluation of the knowledge management variable and 29 questions for the evaluation of the competitive power variable have been distributed among 42 consulting engineers companies. Analyzing questionnaire's data by the software and D. Summers Correlation coefficient show that there is correlation between independent variable (knowledge management) and dependant variable (competitive power, human resources management system, innovation technology management, customer orientation of market oriented and organizational function). At last the methods of this kind of impacts have been studied.

Information technology sphere is one of the human activity arenas toward development. The purpose of the activities in this sphere is the discovery of facts and identifying the rules and relations between phenomena. Thinking and processing current realities which exist in form of information, mankind discovers new facts and accordingly experiences them then with studying the result of experiences designs practical model and then implement it. In this article regarding to development definition, we present a definition of information technology and politics of technology for development. Then we mention the approaches, definitions and aspects of learning technology and the methods of increasing learning of technology in the society, and the role of information technology in all aspect of development and globalizations. At last the role of development in communications, strategies, politics of information technology and communications have been studied.

A review on foreign policy is one the major issue in the international relations field. In direction of undertakings access to twenty years outstanding document in the area of Iranian foreign policy, Iran with use of available potential & possibilities in the region and lean on probable scenario it can choose suitable passages and according to that it can manage the future changes. Subscription such as joining territories of Islamic countries in the region and to be centralized these countries and to be great and vast sources and the need of broad region countries to these sources and rich Islamic culture and young human being strength and so on are available faculty spots for region's countries? If they exploit them suitable they can control affairs, in otherwise these will cause more colonization.Divided of region's powers, supposed region's powers of twenty years outstanding included 6 countries such as: Iran, Turkey, Arabia, Pakistan, Egypt, and Israel.Islamic Republic of Iran through analysis of their cultural, economical, geographical and political situations and other competitors and examination of other available and influent dimensions in policy and function of supposed outstanding region's countries and promotion the specific and detective guidance’s and with active operation about foreign policy itself can create necessary background in direction to achieve higher power in the supposed region.