فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 132 (زمستان 1389)

The fast growth of urbanization in Iran has led to the emergence of new values in rural areas of the country; which subsequently has resulted in formation of new demands in these rural societies.The post war and post natural disaster reconstructions of the rural areas in the country have revealed that in most of the cases the academic knowledge is incongruent with the social, economical and cultural rural context. But unfortunately, these precocious experiences has never concluded in a framework that could make our design and planning more effective.On the other hand, the successful experiences of rehabilitation and renovation in the rural areas have proved that the effective rural design and planning can be reached only through interaction with inhabitants.In other words, the active presence of the rural inhabitants in the process of decision making,planning, designing and implementing is imperative. It is vital to consider that participation is the most crucial factor in rehabilitation and renovation of rural areas. The other key factors are utilization of vernacular knowledge and materials. In addition, training the rural inhabitants how to use their vernacular knowledge in a scientific way is our most important task as professionals.

Many factors should be studied before the design of a building. The usage and the users of a building are among them. The result of this study will determine for an architect; what is needed to be designed? Another factor which is very important to be focused on and be studied, is the site. A sensitive look to this factor and having a comprehensive survey about it, will help the architect to decide; how to design? In conclusion of these two questions he/she will be able to decide easier and better on his/her concepts. The latter includes many issues such as the formal condition of the site and its dimensions, climatic information, social and cultural specifications of the people living around the site, and so on. These cover many factors in different situations and various scales. Therefore, they could be effective in an architect’s decisions at different times of the design process in many issues, from a small scale to a higher level of the design.This article intends to focus on some sub titles of this subject, “site” and to explain issues such as: 1- The form and dimensions of the site, 2- Typology and geology of the land, 3- Natural and artificial elements existed on the site, 4- The natural environment of the site (climate, landscapes, views and …), 5- The physical conditions of the site (architectural context, road networks, access ways, general equipments and facilities, common buildings types, neighborhoods,…) 6- The social, cultural, economic, etc. specifications of the site, 7- The construction laws, architectural standards, building codes of the special place, and … will be discussed.

Village is a beautiful vision of social life and the origin of the first experience of human lifehistory.The simplicity of relations between villagers in one hand and their effort in the field of agricultural products, in other hand have resulted differences in terms of life style between them and the people in cities.Before creation of city, there was village. It means some people gathered together and lived close to each other as neighbourhood, in a distance that you can call each other naturaly, sharing happiness and sadness in their every day’s events; in wedding ceremony or celebration for a new baby and helped each other in the time of crisis.Village is kind of a result of mutual actions between human groups and space. There is a local relationship between villagers, which is the result of historical mutual actions that makes local and collective memory, then makes collective conscience and intelligence. In fact, the village is resultant of natural and man-made elements (things) that paves the way for inhabitant suitability with his society and makes people to accept their society. In village, there is economical, social and cultural relation between groups and geographical space. This relationship generates creative unity in the groups and separates this from other groups. Village gathering has spiritual power that dominates the members.When the layers are examined, the sign of regularity in people’s life can be find, and canobserve that rural communities, shrines and villages were constructed before cities, and cache, camps and caves created long before village and before all of them, there had been tendency to “collective life”.In fact this can be assumed that the creation of public spaces have been started from simple settlements in the first society using holy fire to gather around it, and with development of social relation and activities the spaces such as market, holy places and etc.were created. This article at first will examine the meaning of “public (communal) spaces”, and at the end the meaning and sample of “public (communal) spaces” in village or rural settlement will be presented.

How to visit and pay attention to the physical and environmental values and also relationship between rural inhabitants with these values that makes up cultural identity, and makes some imagination in the mind of every visitor, so the need for privacy, protection and revitalization of these constructions or natural values is significant.Privacy, relationship between spatial values and heritage and tourism in one hand, and on the other hand, conservation and revitalization is significant for these values in sustainabledevelopment. Residents, relevant public and private system and tourism are the main factors to determine privacy in the context of valuable rural texture’s role.Today, Rural Development Plans in the country have some aspects of legal and equitabledistribution of welfare services and infrastructure, while protection and revitalization of rural texture in this process do not consider as a significant matter and there are no experts to control them. Therefore, tourism industry could not find its own position in the country. All of these problems are caused by lack of technical knowledge and comprehensive planning with financial resources. The approach of this paper is to protect and revitalize the valuable buildings and rural texture to attract tourists through the potential capabilities among the heritage places for a sustainable development.

Administrative subject of thought, knowledge management and especially the guidance and leadership, it has been introduced along with the issue of human social life and even before. In recent decades, we have witnessed the transition from the government of rural areas towards processes of governance in which the boundaries between the state and civil society are blurred. Governments, private corporations, citizens and communities now work ‘in partnership’ with one another to design and implement policies of economic, social and environmental reform. For advocates of these new arrangements, governance is viewed as being more democratic than centralized forms of government since it provides increased opportunities for citizens to participate in the decision-making process. At the same time, however, other actors beyond the local level have also become increasingly influential in determining the future of rural spaces, thereby embedding rural citizens within new configurations of power relations. Considering thesuccessful experience of foreign countries in the area of management, in general, andspecifically rural management results in getting familiar with their capabilities in management and using their experiences in our rural management system. The purpose of this paper is studying rural management in china based on governance issues. The situation of rural management in china is considered during four time periods, which are determined by important historical events, and is evaluated using governance issues. In this article documental study conducted by using content analysis. The results indicate that in the three first time periods the rural management in china has been based on traditional principles, but after the second revolution in china, rural management and local governance has had remarkable achievements.Including the causes of rural socio-economic prosperity, increased participation in culturalvillages, increase civic participation and free elections in rural China.

Eco-tourism has long been considered a means of achieving economic and social development.More specifically, it has been widely promoted as an effective source of income andemployment, particularly in peripheral urban and rural areas where traditional agrarianindustries have declined. Eco-Tourism helps to develop the rural economy and, in particular, plays an important role in creating a value added commercial channel for local production. By integrating local products or cultural attributes into eco-tourism, rustic flavored of tourism has also helped to shape the emerging form of eco-tourism. Nevertheless, the scale of the tourism that is promoted in rural areas is diverse and varies in nature. Iran, benefiting from different ecosystems, and has a good tourist potential. The climatic variations combined with natural ecosystems and landscapes in Iran create unique natural scenery. Climate change and population growth and a number of established tourism destinations have also turned to eco-tourism in order to diversify their tourism products and markets, and to spread the benefits of tourism away from the coastal resorts into the hinter land. Qeshm Island is one of the largest Iranian island inthe Persian Gulf region which has a long warm and humid. The Qeshm island with its natural attractions, live corals (coral island), sandy beaches, Hara sea forest (mangroves), Tala wells, Banyan tree and many other interesting sites have created unique complex for tourism and Ecotourism, which is incomparable in Persian Gulf. This study focuses on the applying sustainable development thinking in the case of eco- tourism. The aim of this research is to present the environment management for ecotourism development in Qeshm Island.

The aim of this study is to evaluate macro policies of housing in pre-post revolution in Iran.Compare their strength, weakness, common and different points. The method of the study is historical-analytical. The issue of housing was not problematic before decade of 1950’s. After 1950’s the issue of housing has become problematic, due to the economic situation rotation in order to expand montage industries in the country, which can be addressed to deployment of slum in Inner and squatter settlements in outskirt of cities with increase in the density of residential units with low quality of housing. The housing policies also lead to immigration of villagers to urban areas and extrapolation growth. This situation has resulted that in the third National Development Plan (1964-68) the problem of housing was particulary considered. The statistic shows that every national plan in pre or post Islamic Revolution of Iran have its own weak and strength points, such as lack of essential and functional tools. This shortcoming causes a gap between objectives and functions in each era. The other problems in the housing program that we can encounter in each era are the generality of these programs. Therefore, proposing and plementaing of housing policies in the previous decades have shown inability of housing planning discipline which resulted from lack of comprehensive housing management disciplinein theoretical, experimental and implementation areas. So the following strategies can modify the problems of housing in some extend.1- To strengthen the comprehensive planning of housing, theoretically and the necessity of public participation in planning and implementation;2- Being aware of changes in different dimensions of housing with the use of GeographicalInformation System (GIS); 3- Optimum land management and preventing the land speculation;4- Using the religious teaching and learning such as endowment and using the endowment land to overcome the housing problems.

Emigration is one of the ancient geographical - population events which had resulted somechanges at the origin and destination structurally and operationally during the time with different goals and motivation of human societies.Emigration is an index of population pressure on the available resources in one place, but the attraction of immigrant reception of an area is related to the extent of availability of resources. In the past decades, due to economical and social changes in the country has resulted a severe emigration movements, and this situation have been more severe in some regions of the country.The major factors in emigration of rural to urban areas is employment and education. Theobjective of this study is to find out some of the reasons of Rural – Urban migration in sadegh abad village as a case study. The methodolagy has been carried out by selecting one simple random sample composed of 235 rural youth. It is worth mentioning that the example of the help and the Cochrane statistical relation to the size of the population of 606 with 95% confidence level and probability of error of 5 percent is defined.The research tool was questionary and its feasibility has been approved by some experts and specialist and its reliability has been calculated by using the Alfa- Kronbakh formula. To study the assumption and answering the research questions the Pearson and spearman coherence tests have been used. The results have shown that there is a meaningful relationship between emigration and employment, getting job security, better job and income, access to the recreation and educational facilities in the urban area.