مجله مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی
پیاپی 8 (بهار و تابستان 1388)

Fagus orientalis as a climatic specie is under climatic varying condition and changing climatic elements has a direct impact on its growth and distribution. The present study was conducted in the Asalem forest, Guilan province, located in north part of Iran. 180 sample discs were selected in terms of different three elevation level with respect to climatic data in 38 years duration. Results revealed that the growth trend with 7-10 years period were different with diameter class. The growth trends index had no conformity with temperature and rainfall at winter and autumn; however there were conformity with temperature index in small diameter class and with rainfall index in large diameter class in the season of spring and summer.

Today rural tourism has a key role in creating employment and economic activities of villagers; as a result there is a great tendency in thy world for investment in this industry. This matter causes rural activities diverse to increase by tourism. In our Country, Iran many villages with different attractions are visited in tourism seasons by many tourists too. Langaroud county villages with diverse natural attractions also attract many tourists from different parts of thy country from far and near, so we observe various kinds of rural tourism types in this county. This research is being done this respect and for the purpose of recognition of rural touring types within the boundary of the studied case. This research is practical from purpose point of view and analytical- descriptive from method point of view that is done by documental and field studies. The results of this research show that Langaroud county due to special geographical position has different types of rural tourism including:Costal tourism(chamkhale village),Jungle tourism(villages like Leilakouh, Moridan, Soloush, Malat and so on in connection with tea and rice farms landscape),Housing tourism and traditional texture and potential part that is called agricultural tourism

In this research, We accomplish the planning of rural Servical development from geography point of view in Tolam part of Somesara township. So, for answering to the main question of this research. we examin, Measure and recognize the effective element in service distribution due to receiving the best pattern.There is the deficit of service in district level especially in rural domain of Goorab. Distribution of services and their performance in district level is not pure. In the villages that are for from central System of village and under system of it, Especially in Goorab part (domain), the corner of easternnorth in Nokhale Akbari domain and eastern South in Lifshagard domain, There are the lack of services especially instructural services. On the other hand, the pattern of environmental servical distribution is not best in Tolam part. The local liables have most effect in determining the center of rural district. finally, the relationship between presentation of Services and the number of population Is very weak.- The proposed pattern for presentation services Is done according to environmental and geographical hierarchy. - So that Village in Small geographical division includes Small, very small, middle and large villages. In the larger division, rural System with central city of Tolam, is noticed as the largest geographical unit. The rural under System with centerality of Hendkhale and Tolam, and rural domains with centerality of Nokhale akhbari, Hendkhale, Nargestan in Henkhale, Lifshagrad, Tolam, Goorab in Lifshagard are located between these two units.

A lot of function and analyses in a Geographic Information System Software are adaptable to a trading model. It has led to the emergence of a new tendency as Geographic Information Service beside the current pattern of Geographic Information System. By this Pattern anyone without a Special knowledge in Geographic Information Systems can use analytical abilities of Software in Geographic Information Systems. The use of a distributed accounting pattern to create a correct and perfect Geographic Information Service is proposal. Also regarding the increasing Spread use of cell-phones the commercial use of these services to be used in cell-phones are particularly considered.

At present, tea is one of major and strategic crops in Iran. Cultivation of tea is only possible in the northern areas of Iran. According to statistic, about 32000 Ha of our country is under the cultivation of tea. Until now made tea produced in Iran can’t secure internal consumption. However, according to the cost of planting and harvesting in tea gardens, economically in compare with other crops has less interest. On the other hand, some affairs like insufficient tea factories and packing industries, low training level in the productivity system, not assigning appropriate cost for tea green leaf and made tea, the absence of suitable productivity system, the lack of unit administrator, irregular imports, not proper politisizing in the tea product part, not reasonable insurance, changing consumer taste and inappropriate tea marketing industry have been caused that investment out put rate measure in cultivation, also industry of tea are in short supply. In this project has been tried to recognize the problems of production, supply, demand and proper politicization; afterward the approaches to reach to predicable aims will become certain. The methods in this research were analytical, since they were discussed theoretical and historical dimensions. This project through participation discussion and research makes used of group knowledge experience; also in this way was considered the goals. Moreover, recognize problems, difficulties and made priority for performance.

Long-term annual or seasonal averages of climatic variables like temperature, has generally been used as indicator for the assessment of climate change. Accordingly, this paper is aimed to examine extreme temperature as indicative climatic variable in synoptic stations of Ahwaz located in Khozestan province during a 40 year period (1964- 2003) to determine recent climatic changes over the mentioned area. To achieve the aim, 6 indices of extreme temperature recommended by the internationally agreed WMO–CCL/CLIVAR list of over 50 climate change indices climate extremes were selected and calculated. The six indices are consist of cold nights, cold days, warm nights, hot days, summer days and diurnal temperature range. These indices describe cold extremes as well as warm extremes. Extreme temperature indices for this study are based on the 1st and 99th percentiles. According to the current climate condition, based on ARIMA model, 10 years prediction of mentioned indices also was made. The results of the research indicated that thermal conditions over the area are changing as indicated by a warming trend identified during the study period. The results also shown the marked negative trends for indices such as cold days, cold nights and diurnal temperature range over the region. While significant increases are detected in the annual number of hot days, warm nights and summer days. The output of ARIMA model confirmed consist warming trend for Ahwaz in the next 10 years (2004-2013).

The aim of this article is to identify and introduce the places, attractions and natural potenentiality due to attract echo tourists in the west of Guilan province in order to promote occupations and and development of this area by using of descriptive and analytical method, library studies, and filed observation based upon the maps of topography 1:50000 geology and 1:100000 and air maps and satellite pictures has been done. One of the tourism forms which is developed in recent century is the echo tourism. Because of being the beautiful natural landscapes (Alborz and Talesh mountains, thick mantle of vegetation, Caspian sea, Anzali Talab and etc …), about sixty five percent of tourists in the national scale and regional area travel to Guilan province. This basin has stretched about 3600 hektares. It is a mountainous area with an average sea level about 1500 m having cold and mild climate with high humidity and an annually rainfall about 1400 mm.The study results showed that because of the mechanism of elements and process of inside and outside of landscape beauties such as the too steep cliffs (around Genzakhavarr, khilga …), plenty of springs (Arde, Zendanesh and etc…), deep valleys covered with thick vegetation (around Barzakhou and Sadarasar …) mountainous waterfalls along the rivers (Miyanrood, Pargam, Khijadara…), concave and convex mountain slopes coverd with plant vegetation and pasture land (Shafarood, Beren, Dashtdaman…), high mountains and rather high mountain (1000 – 2700 m) and the country side areas (Arde, vaske, Dashtdaman, Zendaneh, Beren), the thick forest with rare species of plants (Rashestanhay – e - Lamir) and interesting and pleasure views of countryside (Roshandeh, Almas, ardah, Zendaneh and Dashtdaman), the mild summer and snowy winter, altogether have provided fascinating scenes for tourists particularly for echo tourists.Apart from natural potentiality, locating the areas of this basin along the Sento (Fuman – Miyaneh) the being connection route of Anzali – Astara from the end of basin as the man made made features can increase the potentiality of this territory being studies to attract the enough tourists.

In this research, first the concepts of the climate changes phenomenon are investigated regarding to their statistical features. Also for better understanding of the concepts of the climate changes phenomenon, it s been analyzed minimum and maximum absolute temperature and temperature mean of Rasht station. For achieving this aim, we collected a forty¬¬¬¬-eight year information(1956-2003) of the above mentioned station, next using some statistical analyses and determining equations with applying Spss and Excel software, it has been demonstrated that the rate of the minimum absolute temperature has been increased during four seasons and the temperature mean and absolute minimum in the early of the period(up to 1980) is less than 1980 to 2003.The seasonal graphs of the minimum absolute temperature show that the fluctuation of the minimum absolute temperature in seasons has been decreased from the first periods(1956-1980) to the second periods(1980-2003) also the intensity of the minimum absolute temperature has been reduced and the minimum absolute temperature include on increasing procedure. It s been predicted that the minimum absolute temperature of Rasht station will be increased in spring (5.47), summer(5.6), fall(5.02) and winter (2.75) than the early of the period. Climatically time displacing is being clear within seasons and the cultivated calendar is changing.

Hotel management is a branch of tourism industry, and is classified as one of the service activities in the marketing issues. In contrast to the goods, services are invisible and intangible in nature. Owing to this fact, customer satisfaction is a tough issue to achieve. The present article includes a survey of 30 hotel managers in Guilan province on how to provide customer satisfaction and classify its dimensions, and through utilizing the analysis of hierarchy process (AHP), and Expert Choice soft ware, pair comparisons for customer satisfaction were done, and the dimensions are compared and prioritized through eight elements associating the service marketing including price, product, distribution, promotion, processing, physical evidence, personnel and productivity.The “price” factor among the elements associating the hotel management marketing gained the highest priority to provide customer satisfaction. The logicality of the priority setting in the aforementioned eight elements was confirmed by the hotel managers and the customers, and the order of the other priorities was set respectively as the personnel, product, promotion, distribution, processing, physical evidence, and productivity.

Tourism plays an important role in the economy of the societies. Recognizing the accurate and deep dimensions of various tourism attractions is the key factor to the improvement of the tourism market. Tourism industry, within the last decades, has grown up with an increasing growth rate, and is a considerable source of income for a number of both developed and developing countries. Based on this, the following research is performed through a survey method. The population under study included managers and administrative decision makers in economic, social and cultural sectors connected to the tourism industry in Guilan which is characterized through cluster sampling. The measure to evaluate the face validity of the expert opinion in the tourism industry was a questionnaire. To delineate the reliability factor, a Cronbach Alpha coefficient was used. A coefficient of 871% is indicative of high reliability and capacity of the measure. Then, the data collected were analyzed by applying the SPSS software. One of the major findings of the research is that the ecotourism can be used as the main effective approach to improve and develop the industry with regard to the cultural and social situations in the country. Among the geographical attractions, the sea and its coasts have had the highest influence in attracting the tourists to Guilan province.