مجله مطالعات ناتوانی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Iran’s national health system annually spends great amounts of money on drug supplies. The general objective of the present research was to study the application of the smart card in the management of hemophilic patients’ drug consumption in Tehran’s Medical Services Insurance Organization (MSIO).

This research is a correlation study that was conducted in the year 2010 in Tehran. The populations under study were the hemophilic patients insured by Tehran’s MSIO. Data were collected by census through the field method; the researcher directly accessed the documents and data transfer forms. The following data were analyzed before and after application of the smart card using T-Test and F-Test: the average per capita of drug consumption، drug validity and drug prescriptions. SPSS 16 Software was used for data analysis.

There were significant associations between ‘application of the smart card during the years 2007 and 2008 (before & after application) ’ and ‘the dose of drug consumption (p<0. 005) ’، ‘drug validity (p<0. 005) ’، and ‘drug prescriptions (p<0. 001) ’.

Although a long time has not passed since the application of the smart card in Iran’s health system particularly the MSIO as a custodian organization، it has resulted in improvement of drug consumption management for special patients.

The present study was carried out to compare the learning effect of Fernald''s multi-sensory approach and Sina’s approach on improving reading skills in bilingual students with reading disorders who were studying in the second and third grade of elementary school in Urmia. An experimental study with a control group of pre–test post–test design was conducted. A sample comprising 48 dyslexic students were selected randomly from all second and third grade bilingual & dyslexic students of Urmia. Since the Wechsler''s Intelligence Test and reading test were carried out، the sample was randomly divided into one experimental and one control group. These two experimental groups were randomly assigned to individual training for 3 months of fifteen 45–minute sessions using Fernald''s multi–sensory approach and Sina’s approach. The reading errors of these three groups were compared in pre–test and post–test using the analysis of covariance. A significant difference was observed in these two grades between the two dependent variables (reduction in the number of errors، reduction in substitution errors، reduction in word deletions، increase in reading speed، increase in reading comprehension) and independent variables (Fernald''s multi–sensory approach and Sina’s approach). Holding the variable of intelligence constant، Sina’s teaching method caused an increase in reading comprehension and a decrease in word deletion errors in second graders. Fernald''s multi–sensory approach caused a reduction in the number of errors and a decrease in substitution errors in bilingual dyslexic students. In third graders the application of Sina’s approach caused an increase in reading comprehension، increase in reading speed and a reduction in substitution error. Application of Fernald''s method caused a reduction in the number of errors and a reduction in word deletion in these students. Bearing in mind the favorable effects observed in the application of these two teaching methods، teachers can apply these two methods to improve their students'' reading skills.

This research investigated the role of achievement goals orientation and shyness in help-avoidance behavior in ninth grade students of the math–physics branch. In this cross-sectional study 150 ninth grade students (87 girls and 63 boys) from the math–physics branch of Varamin Township’s high schools were selected through stratified random sampling. All of them completed the (Elliot-McGregor) achievement goals orientation questionnaire، the (Zimbardo) shyness questionnaire and (Ryan–Pintrich) help-seeking questionnaire. Data were analyzed by stepwise regression. The findings showed that shyness and performance–avoidance goal orientation have positive and significant associations with help–avoidance behavior (p<0. 01). Together، shyness and avoidance goal orientation predicted 20 percent of the variance in help–avoidance behavior. However، shyness made the greatest contribution to prediction of help–avoidance behavior. The results highlight the importance of motivational–social (achievement goals orientation) and personality (shyness) variables in help–avoidance behavior.

This study was carried out to understand the views and experiences of non-governmental organization (NGO) managers on barriers to NGO activities in Tehran. The phenomenological study was conducted qualitatively. Ten NGO managers for the disabled in Tehran were selected through purposive sampling and in-depth interviews were conducted with them. Data collection and analysis were done with the Colaizzi method. The results of the study were classified according to the managers’ statements. Nine subthemes were extracted from the main theme ‘intra-organizational attitudes، knowledge and skills’، which included: Poor teamwork skills، low level of average education، lack of adequate communications with academic centers، lack of adequate scientific information، belief in dependence on financial resources، belief in working only for supplying basic needs، conflicting claims of members، irritability and vulnerability. Weakness in knowledge، attitudes and skills of NGO members in Tehran is a serious obstacle to their activities. Therefore improving cultural activities، education and awareness for the disabled، especially NGO members can enhance and facilitate their activities.

Given the increasing rate of heart disease، heart attacks and subsequently heart surgeries، cardiac rehabilitation has become more necessary than before. Cardiac rehabilitation takes place in three phases: from the hospital to the home –in order to improve patients’ capabilities; changes in lifestyle، and improving quality of life after cardiac events. Different specialties are involved in this process. Coordination between team members is the most important factor affecting the program’s success. Nurses have an important role in this process; in addition to performing necessary measures، they play the role of the team coordinator as well.

Beggary is a commom phenomenon in many urban areas that has unpleasant social implications. This study attempted to demonstrate an image of beggary and its forms in Iran and to explain it. This study relied on secondary analysis of data collected on beggars in 2007–2010 in Iran. Moreover، meta-analysis of some of the most important studies conducted in Iran during the years 1991–2008 was also done. According to the results most of the beggars (approximately 68%) are male. The proportion of beggars younger than 20 years has increased in recent years. However، most of them are 40 and above. Furthermore، the proportion of illiterate groups has greatly decreased and has fallen from 80. 7% in 1991 to 28. 1% in 2007. Single beggars have also increased in number، although the majority of beggars are still married. The percentage of disabled beggars has also decreased، though many of them use disability as a means of gaining sympathy. In general، beggary is still a male phenomenon in Iran، the main causes of which are poverty and unemployment. Thus creating job opportunities for men is very important، given that usually beggars are married، not single. The rise in numbers of un-maimed beggars is another indication that poverty & unemployment encourage beggary. Nevertheless، it should be noted that some beggars see begging as a lucrative profession، and therefore are not willing to abandon it easily and even feign disability to increase their income.

One of the problems that has existed for a long time is urinary incontinence. Currently many people in the world are affected with this problem and are suffering from it. Hence it is normal that these people should have special religious concerns in various fields such as: their bodily sanctification، the cleanness of their clothes، preserving their ablution and performing their obligatory and voluntary prayers، touching Holy names and Quranic verses، participating in the Congregational Prayer and Friday prayers، becoming a pilgrim and peforming its rites، Tawaf and Tawaf prayer، etc. By referring to relevant traditions and verdicts of current and earlier sources of imitation، we have tried to briefly explain the duties of one who has urinary incontinence. The fundamentals that are seriously considered by traditions and fatwas are: 1) the theme of the Quranic verse “Allah does not impose upon any soul a duty but to the extent of its ability”، [2 AL-BAQARA: 286]; 2) the rule that doing the things that are easy and feasible are not exempted because of those that are difficult or impossible. Anyhow، an incontinent person has heavier duties compared to healthy people. It is a kind of calamity that exists in the world and if the one who suffers from this problem has patience and does his/her duties very well، Allah will reward him/her boundlessly.