مجله مطالعات ناتوانی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (شهریور 1402)

 Women play a major role in the economic activities of society. Ruminants are repetitive, persistent, reversible, and uncontrollable, revolving around a normal subject. These thoughts involuntarily enter the level of consciousness and divert attention from the main themes. Because of the problems and pressure that working women suffer, rumination in these people may develop, and its persistence prevents problem–solving and increases negative feelings. Researchers believe that cognitive self–awareness negatively affects a person's mental health and mental engagement, especially when accompanied by anxiety about being in the company of others, which leads to persistent and exacerbated depression. Researches show less rumination among working people, on the other hand, more cognitive awareness about colleagues and the work environment. This research compared and evaluated the rumination and metacognitive beliefs in working women and homemakers' groups.

 The research method was descriptive and causal–comparative. The statistical population comprised all homemakers and working women living in Yazd City, Iran, in 1400. The research sample consisted of 200 women selected by convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were not receiving training related to self–awareness, reducing disturbing thoughts, and not participating in counseling sessions while conducting the research. The exclusion criterion was an unwillingness to participate in the study. The research instruments were Rumination Scale (Nolen–Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) and Metacognitions Questionnaire) Wells & Cartwright–Hatton, 2004). In the descriptive statistics section of the research, mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage were calculated. The independent t test was used in the inferential statistics section. The software used in the research was SPSS, and a significance level of 0.05 was considered for all tests.

 The results showed a significant difference between the two groups of working women and housewives regarding rumination (p<0.001). But regarding metacognitive beliefs, no significant difference was observed between the two groups (p=0.631).

 According to the research findings, women's employment can help them be less involved in disturbing thoughts and ruminations and have more mental health.

Children with learning disabilities are the largest group of children in special education. One of the disorders associated with learning disabilities is Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children with learning disabilities and ADHD have behavioral problems, poor social competence, and low academic achievement. Managing parent–child interaction is the first line of treatment in many pediatric disorders. Behavioral therapies in terms of parent–child relationships seem to be essential in treating learning disabilities. In this treatment, correcting the child's behavior occurs in the home's natural environment and is run by the parents who interact with the child the most. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Barkley's positive parenting method on improving parents' mental wellbeing, children's social competence, and academic performance and reducing behavioral problems of secondary elementary school students with learning disabilities comorbid with ADHD.

The present quasi–experimental study has a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all male and female students of the fourth, fifth, or sixth grades of government educational centers for learning disabilities in the fourth district of Tehran City, Iran, and their parents in the 2019–2020 academic year. Among them, 70 children were selected using the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (1991) and the Learning Disability Evaluation Scale (McCarney and Arthaud, 2007) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the secondary screening, 30 qualified volunteers were included in the study using a clinical interview with parents. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 students in each group). The inclusion criteria were having the main and predominant diagnosis of learning disabilities and hyperactivity, studying in the fourth, fifth, or sixth grades, agreeing to participate in the research, and providing written consent. The exclusion criteria were suffering from severe medical disease, absence in two educational program sessions, and participation in other educational programs. The participants in the pretest and posttest stages completed Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) (Watson et al. 1988) for assessing mental wellbeing, Social Emotional Competence Questionnaire (Zhou & Ee, 2012), and Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991). Students' GPAs (grade point average) of the previous semester were used to measure academic performance. During the intervention, the experimental group received Barkley's parenting program (Barkley, 1998) in 8 90–minute sessions for two months. But no intervention was provided for the control group. To analyze the obtained data, the Chi–square test and univariate covariance analysis were performed using SPSS version 24. For all tests, α was set at 0.001.

The results showed that, in the experimental group, Barkley's positive parenting training was effective in increasing the mental wellbeing of parents (p=0.002), social competence (p=0.001), academic performance (p=0.001) of children and reducing behavioral problems (p=0.001) of children. Also, the effect size of parents' mental wellbeing, social competence, behavioral problems, and students' academic performance was obtained as 0.94, 0.53, 0.95, and 0.82, respectively, indicating the terrific effect of Barclay's parenting training on the research variables.

Based on the findings of the present study, Barkley's positive parenting training improved parents' mental wellbeing, social competence, and academic performance f children while decreasing the behavioral problems of students with learning disabilities and ADHD.

Suicidal ideation is one of adolescents' major mental health problems. Understanding how to commit suicide and its prediction and prevention are among the major mental health challenges. Suicide could be associated with impulsivity. Today, impulsivity is ideologically conceptualized. In other words, impulsivity is associated with a lack of cognitive inhibition and a decision–making process that is imperfect in individuals. The inability to regulate emotion properly and efficiently seems to be one of the factors influencing suicidal tendencies. Emotional regulation is the internal and external processes responsible for evaluating, modulating, and monitoring emotional reactions to achieve the desired goals. Since the rate of suicide has increased significantly in recent years among young people and adolescents, we investigated the prediction of suicidal ideation based on impulsivity and emotion regulation.

The present study was cross–sectional and correlational. The study's statistical population included all adolescents living in Yasuj City, Iran, in 2020. The study participants included 380 adolescents who were selected using cluster sampling. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being teenagers (12–18 years old), living in Yasuj City, having full consent to participate in the plan, and not using drugs and psychotropic drugs. The exclusion criterion was the incomplete completion of the questionnaires. To collect the data, Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (Beck et al., 1991), Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (Barrat et al., 1997), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross, 1999) were used. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 24 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed significant negative relationships between impulsivity and suicide (r=–0.56, p<0.001) and emotion regulation and suicide (r=–0.50, p<0.001). In addition, the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that impulsivity (β=–0.45, p<0.001) and emotion regulation (β=–0.37, p<0.001) significantly predicted the tendency to suicide.

According to the results, adolescents with poor emotion regulation and impulse control skills are more prone to suicide. Conversely, adolescents with emotion regulation and impulse control skills are less prone to suicide. Therefore, studying emotion regulation and impulse control is effective in counseling and treating suicidal ideation.

Academic achievement is one of the most important criteria for students' ability to complete their education. Among the variables related to students' academic achievement are social acceptance and a sense of belonging at school. Social acceptance is a personality trait that arises during the healthy development of human beings, which includes accepting circumstances, being accountable, and taking on the tasks required of the individual. A sense of belonging at school contributes to the student's academic progress. Active participation in school activities affects students' learning and motivation. A low sense of belonging at school leads to academic failure and eventually drop out. This study aimed to determine the relationship between academic achievement and social acceptance by mediating school belonging in the 10th–grade male students in District 2 of Qazvin City, Iran.

The current research was of the correlational and path analysis type. The statistical population of this study comprised all male students of the 10th grade studying in district two schools of Qazvin in the academic year of 2019–2020 (N=738). Hooman (2007) emphasized that the criterion for determining the sample size in the structural equation modeling is 10–15 people for each obvious variable, and at least 200 people are enough. So, in the present study, a sample size of 200 students was selected by multi–stage cluster random sampling. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 10th–grade male student of district 2 of Qazvin City, and answering all the questions in the questionnaires. The exclusion criterion was not fully answering all the questions of the research questionnaire. Sense of Belonging to School Questionnaire (Barry et al., 2004), Social Acceptance Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960), and Academic Achievement Questionnaire (Saatchi, 2010) were used to collect study data. Data inferential analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation and path analysis with LISREL version 10.2 and SPSS version 24 software. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests.

The relationships between social acceptance and academic achievement (r=0.28), social acceptance and a sense of belonging at school (r=0.23), and academic achievement and a sense of belonging at school (r=0.38) were significant (p<0.05). Path coefficients between social acceptance and academic achievement (p=0.004, β=0.139), between social acceptance and a sense of belonging at school (p=0.009, β=0.381), and between a feeling of belonging to the school and academic achievement (p=0.001, β=0.222) were direct and significant. Also, an indirect and significant relationship was observed between social acceptance and academic achievement through the mediation of a sense of belonging at school (p=0.011, β=0.085). The proposed research model fit well based on various indicators (RMSEA=0.001, GFI=0.999, CFI=0.999, TLI=0.999).

Based on the research findings, social acceptance has a positive relationship with academic achievement and a sense of belonging at school, which mediates between social acceptance and academic achievement.

Pregnancy plays a decisive role in the characteristics of the postpartum period. During pregnancy, mothers are concerned about many issues, such as fetal health, childbirth difficulties, fitness, efficient infant care, and likely changes in interpersonal, social, and occupational relationships. These concerns can have long–term effects on personality traits, temperament, and psychological abilities. This study investigated the relationship between these concerns during pregnancy and infants' temperament to help prevent postpartum problems.

This was an ex post facto research (causal–comparative) study, and the statistical population included pregnant women referring to three pregnancy care centers in Qom City, Iran, during 2016–2017. The sample included 57 volunteer mothers in the last trimester of pregnancy. An available sampling method was used in this study. The participants were studied from the previous three months of pregnancy to six months after the infant's birth. Firstly, mothers filled out the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PDQ) (Alderdice and Lynn, 2011), which examines various maternal concerns about labor and the baby, worries about weight, body image, emotions, and relationships. The samples completed this questionnaire during pregnancy. Based on their scores in the pregnancy concerns questionnaire, mothers were classified into two groups: normal and high levels of distressed mothers. After the birth of newborns from the third month, the newborns' temperament was evaluated using the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ–R) (Rothbart & Gartstein, 2003), which measures three main factors of temperament: openness, negative affectivity, and regulation. Mothers filled out the forms, and the obtained data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression methods in SPSS software. Also, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

According to the research findings, a positive and significant correlation was observed between maternal pregnancy distress and the infant's temperament (r=0.41, p≤0.01). There was also a positive and significant correlation between maternal distress pregnancy and infant negative affectivity (r=0.41, p≤0.1). On the other hand, maternal concerns during pregnancy were not positively and significantly related to the happiness and adaptability /regulation of the infant.

The results of this study showed that high levels of distress in pregnant mothers are directly related to the negative affectivity of the baby, and these concerns during pregnancy can predict an infant's temperament. Therefore, it seems necessary for pregnant mothers to be aware of the factors that make them worry about fetal health and the individual and social consequences of having a positive and better interaction with their baby.

One of the most important disorders in children and adolescents is conduct disorder which has negative educational, behavioral, and social consequences. Among the variables that can be associated with behavioral disorders in adolescence are early maladaptive schemas. Another variable affecting behavior disorder is difficulty in regulating emotion. Impaired emotion regulation is key to individual functioning and adolescent social development. Because maladaptive schemas form the core self-concept of individuals, they can make individuals vulnerable to a range of shortcomings and problems if they have inconsistent content. Also, adolescents with behavioral problems are unaware of adaptive strategies and appropriate patterns of cognitive emotion regulation and cause social harm. So, the present study investigated the role of maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation in predicting adolescent behavior disorder.

The present study was conducted by a correlational descriptive method. The statistical population included all adolescents with adolescent behavioral disorders in Hamadan City, Iran, in 2018-19. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table, 300 adolescents referring to psychological clinics in Hamadan were selected based on the available sampling method. The inclusion criteria were being 11-18 years old adolescents with conduct disorder, based on obtaining a score of 3 or more on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach & Rescolar, 2001) and observing adolescent behavior during the clinical interview. The exclusion criterion was an unwillingness to complete the questionnaires. Subjects answered the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young, 1998), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz and Roemer, 2004), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach & Rescolar, 2001). Data analysis was done using descriptive (frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis) in SPSS version 22 and following the test assumptions. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results showed significant relationships between maladaptive schemas (p<0.01, r=0.513) and difficulty in regulating emotions (p<0.01, r=0.589) with adolescent conduct disorder. Prediction of adolescent conduct disorder based on maladaptive schemas (β=0.237, p<0.001) and difficulty in emotion regulation (β=0.134, p<0.001) was significant. Also, maladaptive schemas explained 0.292, and difficulty in emotion regulation explained 0.383 of the variance of adolescent conduct disorder.

According to the results, maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation can predict adolescent conduct disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder in Hamedan City.

Intelligence and creativity are two fundumental epistemological structures that largely determine the cultural richness of our species. In today's complex world, smart and creative people with novel ideas and divergent thinking are among the most valuable assets in any society and nation. Any attempt to include creativity assessment in gifted programs is complex and controversial. Examining the personality characteristics of students with outstanding talent and intelligence is one of the areas of interest for experts and psychologists. Vitality in the family is another factor that pushes children and teenagers more and more towards creativity. Various studies have examined several factors that play a role in the mental health and popularity of intelligent adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to model the spiritual vitality of parents in relation to creativity with the mediating role of personality traits of gifted girls.

Due to its descriptive–analytical nature, the present research method was presented in the form of structural equation modeling. The study’s statistical population comprised all high school students in Sampad girls' schools in districts 6 and 13 of Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year 2020–2021 with their parents. They were selected as a sample group using the available sampling method. The inclusion criteria for gifted girls were as follows: studying in the secondary level of Sampad schools, being considered as a gifted student in the intelligence test in the academic record, living with their own parents, not suffering from a specific physical disease or psychological disorder, and not being under psychological or special drug treatment. Also, the inclusion criteria for parents of gifted girls were as follows: not being divorced, having at least a diploma level of education, not suffering from a specific physical disease or psychological disorder, and not undergoing psychological or special drug treatment. The exclusion criterion was lack of cooperation in completing the questionnaires. To collect data, Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (Torrance, 2013), Afrooz Spiritual Vitality Questionnaire (Afrooz, 2016) and HEXACO Personality Traits Questionnaire (De Vries et al., 2013) were used. The Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data via SPSS software version 24 and AMOS version 24. The significance level of all tests was 0.05.

Examining the direct path coefficients between different paths showed that spiritual vitality had significant direct effects on personality traits (p=0.018, Beta=0.44) and personality traits on creativity (p=0.047, Beta=0.29). But spiritual vitality lacked a direct effect on creativity (p=0.188, Beta=0.1). The indirect effect of spiritual vitality on creativity with the mediating role of personality traits was significant (p=0.002, Beta=0.129). Considering that most of the fit indices (CMIN/df=2.029, GFI=0.956, NFI=0.918, RMSEA=0.057) were within the permissible range, the collected data were suitable with the proposed research model.

Based on the research findings, the personality characteristics of gifted students mediate the relationship between parents' spiritual vitality and students' creativity. Also, the pattern of structural relationships of parents' spiritual vitality in relation to creativity with the mediating role of gifted children's personality traits has an acceptable fit.

Obesity results from complex interactions of environment, genetic factors, and human behavior. Studies of families, adopted children, and twins have shown that 45%–75% of changes in body mass index (BMI) between individuals are due to genetic factors. The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene is a single exon and expresses a protein receptor containing 323 amino acids. Mutations in this gene cause partial or complete loss of function of this receptor, and by disrupting the energy homeostasis system, it is the most common cause of monogenic obesity and an important component of polygenic obesity. Studies on the effect of exercise and dietary supplements on the expression of hypothalamic genes involved in appetite and obesity are limited. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training with stevia supplementation on the expression of genes (POMC and MC4R) involved in hypothalamic axis metabolism in obese male Wistar rats.

In the present experimental study, 25 adult Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups. Four groups underwent a high–calorie diet to gain weight; one group followed a normal diet. The groups were as follows: exercise–obese, stevia supplement–obese, exercise and stevia supplement–obese, obese, and control. The supplement groups received stevia at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight of rats 5 days a week for 8 weeks. The training program consisted of walking on a treadmill with an intensity of 50% to 70% oxygen consumption, which started at 15 m/min in the first week and reached a speed of 22 m/min in the eighth week. Also, in the first and last 5 minutes, walking at a speed of 10 m/min was performed to warm up and cool down, respectively. Finally, the mice were anesthetized using a combination of 70 to 30 ketamine and xylazine (the injection rate was one large syringe/100 g body weight). Tissue sampling was performed in under 90 s. Tissue was cast into microtube shield RNA after selection. Immediately after the mRNAs were fixed, they were transferred into liquid nitrogen at –180°C and sent to the laboratory. It was placed in the laboratory at –80°C, and the genes were extracted. Data were analyzed using 1–way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD post hoc test by SPSS software version 19 at a significance level of 0.05.

The ANOVA showed no significant difference between the studied groups in the MC4R gene (p=0.684). But a significant difference was observed in the POMC gene (p=0.031). Based on the results of the LSD post hoc test, there was a significant difference in POMC gene expression between the obese group and the control group (p=0.003) and between the obese group and the stevia plus exercise group (p=0.015).

Based on the findings of this study, endurance training and stevia supplementation increased the expression of genes (POMC and MC4R) involved in hypothalamic axis metabolism and subsequently decreased appetite.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by frequent and spontaneous seizures that are poorly controlled with current medications. This disease can occur in any age, race, and social class. One of the psychosomatic diseases that can occur in patients with epilepsy is somatization symptom disorder. The factors affecting somatization symptoms in these patients may include alexithymia, childhood trauma, and perceived social support. In psychology, the occurrence of any phenomenon is associated with several factors; perhaps anxiety, depression, and stress are among the factors that can directly or indirectly affect the relationship between physical symptoms and alexithymia, childhood trauma, and perceived social support. So, this study aimed to provide a structural model of physical symptoms based on alexithymia, childhood trauma, and perceived social support with the mediation of depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with epilepsy.

This study was descriptive in terms of its application and correlational in terms of method. A total of 260 required subjects were estimated for this study. In this research, there were 7 paths, 3 covariance errors, 11 indicator errors, 2 endogenous errors of mediating variables, and 3 subscales of mediating variables. Thus, there are 26 parameters, and 10 subjects were needed for each parameter. We used simple random sampling; the samples were selected by lottery from the list of patients who are members of the Iranian Epilepsy Association. The inclusion criteria were as follows: informed consent, the right to withdraw from the continuation of the research, and the ability to read and write. The exclusion criterion was not completing the questions of the research questionnaires. The research tools included the Patient Health Questionnaire (Kroenke et al., 2002), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (Bagby et al., 1994), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale- Short Form (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. In the descriptive statistics section, the lowest and highest scores, mean, and standard deviation were calculated. In the inferential statistics section, the Pearson correlation coefficient, tolerance coefficient, variance inflation, and structural equation modeling were performed. SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 26 software were used in this research. The significance level for all tests was set at 0.05.

Results showed that the sum of squared multiple correlations (R2) for the variable of physical symptoms was equal to 0.69. This value indicates that emotional dyslexia, childhood trauma, perceived social support, depression, anxiety, and stress explain 69% of the variance of physical symptoms in people with epilepsy. The total path coefficient between alexithymia and physical symptoms was positive and significant (p=0.001, β=0.381), and the total path coefficient between childhood trauma and physical symptoms was also positive and significant (p=0.001, β=0.269). The path coefficient between perceived social support and physical symptoms was negative and significant (p=0.001, β=-0.276). The direct path coefficient between depression, anxiety, and stress with physical symptoms was positive and significant (p=0.002, β=0.356). The indirect path coefficient between alexithymia and physical symptoms was positive and significant (p=0.001, β=0.174), and the indirect path coefficient between childhood trauma and physical symptoms was positive and significant (p=0.004, β=0.103). The indirect path coefficient between perceived social support and physical symptoms was negative and significant (p=0.043, β=-0.078). The fit indices were all acceptable (χ2/df =2.31, CFI=0.956, GFI=0.919, AGFI=0.877, RMSEA=0.071).

According to the results, alexithymia, childhood trauma, and perceived social support have a significant relationship with physical symptoms. On the other hand, the mediating role of depression, anxiety, and stress in the relationship between alexithymia, childhood trauma, and perceived social support with physical symptoms is confirmed.

One of the variables influencing cyberspace orientation is emotions, which are associated with a wide range of problems. Psychological disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are regarded as disorders in cognitive–emotional function in which affected people cannot convey their experiences as feelings and perceptions that symbolize and express emotions. One of the most determining dimensions in people's tendency to cyberspace is the level of cognition and metacognition. Metacognition is also among the variables related to students' academic success and their academic processes. Considering the importance of students' academic success and their high tendency towards cyberspace and the negative effects of this problem, we developed a model of cyberspace orientation based on state metacognition mediated by positive and negative academic emotions in gifted female students in Ghaemshahr, Babol, and Sari cities, Iran.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and cross–sectional correlational in terms of the methodology using structural equation modeling. The study's statistical population comprised all gifted female students of the senior high schools in Ghaemshahr, Babol, and Sari cities in 2018–2019. According to the number of observed variables (17 observed variables in the model) and allocation of 15 samples for each variable, and considering the possibility of incomplete questionnaires, 350 people were selected as the sample size in an accessible manner. The inclusion criteria were as follows: lacking physical, movement, and vision disorders, not having speech disorders, and common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety (by referring to the student's file and getting help from the school psychologist). Dissatisfaction with participating in the research was considered as the exclusion criterion. Data collection tools were Cyberspace Questionnaire (Kalantari & Jafari, 2016), Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (Pekrun et al., 2011), and State Metacognition Questionnaire (O'Neill & Abedi, 1996). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation test, and structural equation modeling in SPSS version 19 and AMOS version 23 software. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results showed that state metacognition had a direct and significant effect on positive (p<0.001, β=0.94) and negative emotions (p<0.001, β=–0.19). Positive (p=0.001, β=–0.27) and negative emotions (p=0.002, β=0.16) directly and significantly affected the tendency toward cyberspace. State metacognition with the mediation of positive and negative emotions had an indirect and significant effect on the tendency to cyberspace (p=0.001, β=–0.29). State metacognition (p=0.001, β=–0.29), positive emotions (p=0.001, β=–0.27), and negative emotions (p=0.002, β=0.16) had significant total effects on the trend toward cyberspace. Examining the goodness of fit indices of the model revealed that the proposed model had a good fit with the data (χ2/df=2.421, RMSEA=0.038, GFI=0.973, NFI=0.971, CFI=0.996).

Based on the study findings, state metacognition and positive and negative academic emotions are very important variables that affect adolescents' tendency to cyberspace, and state metacognition mediated by positive and negative academic emotions can be a good model to explain the tendency of gifted female students to cyberspace.

The learners' interactions in the educational environment are usually identified as an important factor and fundamental resource in expressing emotional experiences, including self–handicapping. Academic self–handicapping is a less–known strategy used to justify failure. Some factors like metacognitive beliefs and perfectionism are related to this factor. Metacognition is a multi–aspect concept that refers to psychological structures, event knowledge, and procedures involved in the control and explanation. Perfectionism refers to self–destructive thoughts and behaviors that aim to direct goals toward becoming extreme and unreal. The concept of goal orientation indicates a coherent pattern of the person's beliefs, attributions, and emotions that leads people to have different tendencies to the situations. The present research was conducted to determine the role of metacognitive beliefs and perfectionism in predicting academic self–handicapping by mediating goal orientation in senior high school students in Urmia City, Iran.

This correlational study has a descriptive–analytical design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the senior high school students in Urmia, totaling 30984. Of them, 827 students were selected by randomized cluster sampling method. The sample was selected from 69 male schools and 77 female schools. The data collection tools included Self–handicapping Scale (Midgley et al., 1996), Goal Orientation Questionnaire (Midgley et al., 1998), Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ–30) (Wells & Cartwright–Hatton, 2004), and Perfectionism Questionnaire (Hewitt & Flett, 1991). The present study used the mean and standard deviation to summarize and describe the data. The structural equation modeling method, specifically the bootstrap method, was used to investigate goal orientation's mediating role. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software at a significant level of 0.05.

The results showed that without the intervention of the mediating variable of goal orientation, the direct path coefficients between metacognitive beliefs (p=0.023, β=0.49) and perfectionism (p=0.006, β=0.58) were significant with academic self–handicapping. The results showed that goal orientation had a mediating effect on the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and students' academic self–handicapping (p=0.005, β=0.248). Also, goal orientation had a mediating effect on the relationship between perfectionism and students' academic self–handicapping (p=0.009, β=–0.488). The goodness of fit indices indicated the appropriate fit of the research model (GFI=0.929, CFI=0.939, NFI=0.914, RMSEA=0.051).

According to the findings, the intervention of the mediating variable of goal orientation, metacognitive beliefs, and perfectionism has significant effects on the academic self–handicapping of students.

In Iran, women more than men suffer from depressive and anxiety disorders. Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depression disorder (MDD) is the most common form of comorbidity involving depression and anxiety. One of the essential problems of this comorbidity is more symptom severity in comparison to MDD and GAD alone, and this might lead to higher illness severity and chronicity. Common interventions for GAD and MDD are cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), transdiagnostic psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. However, these two disorders are typically treated separately, and there is a dearth of information on tackling them in comorbid conditions. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of CBT, transdiagnostic psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy on depressive and anxiety symptoms in women with comorbid MDD and GAD.

In this study, a single case study using multiple baseline design with follow–up was implemented. Individual baseline acted as control periods. Following individual baseline, treatments were delivered weekly, with each treatment session lasting up to 50 min. On completion of treatments, the patients were followed up for 1 and 3 months. Six women with comorbid MDD and GAD who came for treatment to counseling centers and psychiatrist's office in Marivan City, Iran from the beginning to the end of autumn 2019, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned in three treatment groups. All patients met the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM–5) criteria for MDD and GAD. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having signs and symptoms of both disorders (MDD and GAD), being older than 18 years, and having consent to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria were unwillingness to continue the treatment, not completing the research questionnaires, and identifying any new disorder at each stage of the treatment. The study measures included Beck Depression Inventory (BDI–II) (Beck et al., 1996) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck & Steer, 1990). CBT and transdiagnostic psychotherapy consisted of 12 sessions, one session per week. Pharmacotherapy, consisted of a combination of Alprazolam and Sertraline presented. The obtained data were analyzed with reliable change index (RCI) and recovery percentage. Leeds reliable change indicator software was used to calculate the reliable change index.

Results showed that symptoms of depression and anxiety significantly were reduced by all three treatments. Improvements of patient's anxiety were 57% in CBT, 50% in transdiagnostic, and 63% in pharmacotherapy. According to Blanchard and Schwarz's (1988) criteria, the recovery percentage of all patients was higher than 50. Therefore, the improvements in anxiety symptoms have been significant in all six patients. Also, the RCI was higher than the Z value (1.96), so with 95% confidence, we can say that the improvement was due to therapeutic interventions. In the follow–up phase, improvements in anxiety were maintained and improvement percentage of CBT, transdiagnostic, and pharmacotherapy were 50%, 51%, and 60%, respectively. Based on results, improvements in depression symptoms for CBT, transdiagnostic, and pharmacotherapy were 64%, 55%, and 56%, respectively. These results were maintained in the follow–up phase at 57%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. As seen, all improvement percentages in the intervention and follow–up phase were above 50 and therefore, based on Blanchard and Schwarz's criteria, these results were clinically significant. The RCI was greater than 1.96, in the intervention and follow–up phases indicating that improvements in depression symptoms were statistically significant.

Although all three treatments caused significant improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms, pharmacotherapy was slightly more effective in treating anxiety and CBT was slightly more effective in treating depression. Based on these results, when treating comorbid GAD and MDD, if the symptoms of anxiety are more severe, pharmacotherapy is preferred and if the symptoms of depression are more severe, CBT is preferred.

High blood pressure is one of the most common chronic diseases and the world's third leading cause of death. More than one in five adults worldwide have high blood pressure. Primary hypertension is thought to be caused by psychological and physiological factors. Psychophysiological factors include rumination, emotion regulation, and psychosomatic symptoms. Metacognitive therapy is an emerging therapy that emphasizes reducing ineffective cognitive processes and facilitating metacognitive processing instead of focusing on the content of thinking. The main goal of metacognitive therapy is to enable patients to interact with their thoughts differently, develop flexible metacognitive control and awareness, and prevent processing through worry, rumination, and threatening feminism. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on mental rumination, emotion regulation, and psychological symptoms of female patients with high blood pressure in the health care clinic of the northwestern oil industry.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest with a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population was all female patients with hypertension referred to the northwestern oil industry health clinic in 2020. From the above population, 30 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The inclusion criteria include satisfaction with participating in group meetings, no substance abuse, and minimum diploma education. The age range was 40–55 years, and the exclusion criteria were the absence of more than two sessions in the experimental group and non–participation and cooperation during the sessions. The experimental group underwent metacognitive therapy for 10 sessions, and the control group received no intervention. Measuring instruments were Ruminative Response Scale (Nolen–Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991), Psychosomatic Complaints Scale (Takata & Sakata, 2004), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). Data analysis using descriptive statistics indicators, including mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including the Chi–square test, independent t test, and analysis of variance with repeated measurements, was done in SPSS software version 22. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The results showed that in the experimental group compared to the control group, the mean scores of the variables of non–acceptance of emotions, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotional strategies, psychosomatic symptoms, and mental rumination in the posttest and follow–up stages were significantly lower than the pretest (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the mean scores of the follow–up and posttest stages in the mentioned variables, indicating the intervention's continued effectiveness in the follow–up stage (p>0.05).

According to the findings, metacognitive therapy through strategies such as practicing disconnected mindfulness, delaying mental rumination, examining positive beliefs, continuing to challenge positive beliefs, and identifying negative beliefs reduces the difficulty in regulating emotion and rumination and psychosomatic symptoms.

Today, psychological distress is one of the most common disorders in the general population, associated with a decreased quality of life at the individual level. In addition, it harms people's performance and negative attitudes toward the environment, others, and even themselves. It may appear with a range of psycho–physiological and behavioral symptoms such as depression, stress, anxiety, disturbance, neurosis, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunction, physical pain, and inability to regulate emotion. The present study was conducted to develop a structural model of the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress with the mediating role of psychological well–being among man prisoner clients.

The present study was correlational and used structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study consisted of all male prisoners in the vocational training and occupational therapy camp of Chenaran City located in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, in 2020. According to Klein (1998), the acceptable number of samples for correlational studies in large populations is between 15 to 20 people for each variable. Considering at least 15 people for each variable is an optimal rule in structural equations that follow multivariate regression. Accordingly, since we have 14 observed variables (5 subscales of metacognitive beliefs, 3 subscales of psychological distress, and 6 subscales of psychological wellbeing), considering 20 people for each observed variable, the minimum sample size was 280. However, due to the characteristics of the study sample, the high probability of the sample dropout, and the existence of incomplete questionnaires, this number increased to 350 people. Sampling was done by convenience method and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were as follows: prisoners having symptoms of psychological distress based on a psychiatrist's diagnosis; having knowledge and insight about their underlying problems and feeling the need for low medical intervention (based on prisoner's feedback and psychiatrist's diagnosis); willingness to participate in research. The exclusion criteria were as follows: lack of chronic medical problems, use of psychiatric and psychotropic drugs, history of hospitalization in psychiatric hospitals, and use of psychological interventions. After receiving the clinical history of the prisoners by the researcher, the questionnaires were administered to the prisoners. In this study, participants answered the short form of the Wales Metacognition Questionnaire (1997), Lovibond and Lovibond Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (1995), and Ryff Psychological Wellbeing Questionnaire (short form) (1989). In addition, questions related to age, marital status and education were used to obtain demographic information. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS–25 and AMOS–24 statistical software programs, and the significance level of the tests in this study was considered 0.05.

The results showed that the direct path coefficient between metacognitive beliefs and psychological wellbeing was negative and significant (p=0.002; β=–0.273), and the direct path coefficient between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress was positive and significant (p=0.001; β=0.300). The direct coefficient of psychological wellbeing on psychological distress is also negative and significant (p=0.002; β=–0.504). The coefficient of the indirect effect of metacognitive beliefs on psychological distress is also positive and significant (p=0.001; β=0.138). The goodness of model fit index showed that psychological wellbeing mediated the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress (CFI=0.95; RMSEA=0.06).

Based on the study results, psychological wellbeing mediates the structural relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress. Therefore, these findings can be used by prison managers and officials, as well as they can also be effective in promoting mental health and reducing the psychological distress of prisoners.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a chronic and debilitating disease, affects different aspects of a person's life. Besides the physical aspects of this disease, patients diagnosed with AIDS, are faced with psycho–emotional stresses, such as anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction, impaired daily functioning, psychosocial stress, and psycho–existential stress. Most patients report low life expectancy, often accompanied by more physical and mental problems. Psychological well–being and psychological flexibility are two other important factors in the life of patients with chronic disorders. One of the modern treatments drawing therapists' attention in the last decade is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ACT in improving psychological well–being, life expectancy, and psychological flexibility in HIV–infected individuals.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of women and men suffering from AIDS with an active file in Tehran Blood Transfusion Organization in 2018 and were eligible to enter the study. The inclusion criteria were having an active file as an HIV patient, having an age range of 18–45 years, lacking history of psychiatric disorders, not using psychiatric drugs, not undergoing psychological treatment in the past six months, and not being a drug or alcohol addict. On the other hand, patients skipping more than two treatment sessions were excluded. Thirty–four cases were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of acceptance and commitment therapy (n=17) and control (n=17). While conducting the research, two people from the intervention group and two from the control group were excluded due to their unwillingness to continue the sessions and the absence of more than two sessions. Finally, the data obtained from 30 subjects were analyzed. The participants were evaluated at three intervals: before the intervention, after the intervention, and follow–up (three months after the intervention). Participants were assessed with the Psychological Well–being Scale (Ryff, 1995), Life Expectancy Scale (Schneider et al., 1991), and Acceptance and Action–II Questionnaire (Bond et al., 2011). To analyze the data, in addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage), an analysis of variance and repeated measures were performed. For comparing qualitative variables (i.e., education and marital status) between the groups, the Chi–square test used SPSS version 20 for data analysis. The significance level of statistical tests was 0.05.

The results showed significant differences between the scores of the stages (pretest, posttest, and follow–up) in the two groups (intervention and control) in the variables of life expectancy, psychological flexibility, and psychological well–being (p<0.001). A significant difference was observed in the variables of life expectancy and psychological flexibility, and psychological well–being between the three time points (p<0.001). Also, the general examination of the difference between the two groups showed a significant difference between the groups in the variables of psychological well–being (p<0.001), life expectancy (p<0.001), and psychological flexibility (p=0.029).

Based on the study results, ACT improves psychological well–being, life expectancy, and psychological flexibility in HIV–infected individuals. Therefore, therapists are recommended to utilize this treatment method to mitigate the psychological problems of these patients.

Undoubtedly, the birth and presence of an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) child in any family is an unpleasant and challenging event and prevents the performing of the parent's normal functions. Mothers of children with special needs, especially ASD, experience more psychological problems. There is much evidence that mothers of these children experience higher levels of general anxiety than mothers of other exceptional children. Frustration and deprivation due to the child's abnormality cause isolation, disinterest in relating to the environment, low self-esteem, a feeling of worthlessness, and low parenting self-efficacy. Eventually, this situation causes depression and endangers the mother's mental health. The present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy with coping strategies training on increasing self-esteem and parenting self-efficacy in mothers of ASD children.

The quasi-experimental study has a pretest-posttest and follow-up design with a control group. The study population consisted of all mothers whose children were treated and educated in ASD education centers in Booshehr City, Iran. In total, 30 willing and volunteered to participate in the study were selected and randomly assigned to three groups (acceptance and commitment therapy, coping strategies training, and control group, each group was 10 people). The experimental groups participated in 8 sessions once a week for eight continuous weeks, while the control group did not receive treatment. The inclusion criteria included not having severe physical illness and maternal psychosis, having a child with ASD being treated and studying in one of the educational centers for children with autism, and having at least primary education for mothers. The exclusion criteria were the symptoms of mental disorder during the training session, and receiving psychiatric treatment and, having a history of receiving cognitive-behavioral training, absence from two or more sessions in the intervention program. The instruments for gathering required data consisted of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Parenting Self-Efficacy Scale (Dumka et al., 1996). The obtained data were analyzed at the level of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measure analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test) at the significant level of 0.05 in SPSS version 16 software.

Results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy and coping strategies training significantly improved mothers' self-esteem and parenting self-efficacy in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p<0.001). The effect of both interventions was significant from the pretest to the posttest (p<0.001) and from the pretest to follow-up (p<0.001). But it was not significant from the posttest to the follow-up (p>0.05). Also, no significant difference was observed between the average scores of the experimental groups in the variables of self-esteem (p=0.668) and parenting self-efficacy (p=0.056).

According to the study findings, both interventions are effective in increasing self-esteem and parenting self-efficacy, and there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two interventions. Therefore, therapists can use these two therapeutic and educational approaches, especially acceptance and commitment therapy, a new wave of cognitive-behavioral treatments.

Trichotillomania (hair–pulling disorder) is a psychological disorder whose treatment is one of the most challenging clinical and mental health issues. Despite various physical and social problems, especially psychological problems such as high anxiety and low self–esteem in people with trichotillomania, it is less commonly diagnosed and treated. Prevalence studies showed that about 1% of the total population and more than 10% of the student population suffer from trichotillomania, which was higher among female students. Therefore, due to the shortage of experimental and theoretical research in this field, as well as the occurrence of psychological problems in students and their lack of development in adulthood, the present study compared the effect of aversion therapy and hypnotherapy on reducing symptoms and increasing the self–esteem of students with trichotillomania (hair–pulling disorder).

The present research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all students who had been referred to counselling centers and the psychological clinic of the Education Department of Bilesvar County to solve their trichotillomania disorder in 2018–2019. Of whom, 45 eligible volunteers were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups (aversion therapy and hypnotherapy) and one control group (Each group of 15 individuals). The inclusion criteria were as follows: a psychiatrist's diagnosis of trichotillomania disorder based on the DSM–5 criteria, the age range of 10 to 18 years, attendance at all meetings, and not receiving psychological treatments at least one month before the intervention. The exclusion criteria were not attending meetings or receiving any other intervention and unwillingness to continue treatment. One experimental group received aversion therapy in 6 sessions, and the other received hypnotherapy in 8 sessions. The Coopersmith Self–Esteem Questionnaire (Coopersmith, 1967) and the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair–Pulling Scale (Keuthen et al., 1995) were used for data collection. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) and inferential statistics (1–way analysis of variance, Chi–square test, Tukey's test, and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance) in SPSS version 16. The significance level of statistical tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that by controlling the effects of the pretest, the impact of the groups was significant, and the mean scores of the hair–pulling variable in the two experimental groups (hypnotherapy and aversion therapy) were significantly lower in the posttest compared to the control group (p=0.013). Also, the mean scores of the self–esteem variable in the two experimental groups (hypnotherapy and aversion therapy) increased significantly in the posttest compared to the control group (p=0.021). In the paired comparison of the studied groups, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of the variables of hair pulling and self–esteem between the experimental groups with the control group (p<0.001). Also, a significant difference was observed between the experimental groups' average scores of the mentioned variables (p<0.001).

Based on research findings, aversion therapy and hypnotherapy are effective in reducing trichotillomania symptoms and increasing the self–esteem of students with trichotillomania. However, hypnotherapy is more effective in reducing trichotillomania symptoms (focused and automatic) and increasing self–esteem than aversion therapy.

In recent years, with the appearance of new lifestyles, the family has been subjected to various disturbances. The increasing collapse of marital ties has become one of the devastating challenges of family life in our country. Attitudes towards infidelity can play a significant role in couples' tendency toward marital infidelity and divorce. Marital infidelity potentially disrupts couples' relationships and causes numerous disorders and psychological problems between individuals. Marital infidelity potentially disrupts couples' relationships and causes multiple disorders and psychological problems between individuals. Accordingly, appropriate interventions to reduce its negative effects seem very important. Thus, this study aimed to compare the impact of solution–focused therapy (SFT) and emotionally–focused therapy (EFT) on attitudes toward marital infidelity in married.

The present quasi–experimental study has a single–subject in a multiple baseline design. The statistical population included all couples referred to counseling centers in Bushehr City, Iran, in 2019. From this population, 8 couples (16 men and women in total) entered the study by voluntary sampling method, and couples were randomly assigned to two gorups: solution–focused therapy (4 couples) and emotionally–focused therapy (4 couples). The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a positive attitude towards marital infidelity based on the Attitudes Toward Infidelity Scale (ATIS) (Whatley, 2008) obtaining a score higher than 48, lacking a mental disorder confirmed by a clinical psychologist through an interview, lacking drug or alcohol addiction, no personality disorders, holding at least a diploma, being at least 20 years and at most 40 years old, living at least 3 years and at most 10 years of cohabitation at the time of research. The exclusion criteria were as follows: unwillingness to cooperate, not doing homework, participating in other programs simultaneously, and not participating in treatment sessions. Eight solution–focused therapy based and 10 emotionally–focused therapy sessions were each held for 90 minutes for both treatment groups. The data collection tool was the Attitudes Toward Infidelity Scale (ATIS) (Whatley, 2008). For statistical analysis of data and scores obtained from evaluations in three stages of baseline, treatment, and a two–month follow–up, the visual drawing method, reliable change index (RCI), and recovery percentage formula were used.

The decreasing trend of marital infidelity attitude scores in the follow–up stage compared to the early stages and treatment in both groups showed the effectiveness of solution–focused therapy and emotionally–focused therapy on the marital infidelity attitude of the studied individuals. The results also showed that emotionally–focused therapy, with 38.12%, was more successful in reducing attitudes toward marital infidelity than solution–focused therapy, with 23.22%.

Based on the study findings, solution–focused and emotionally–focused therapies reduced attitudes toward marital infidelity in married individuals. However, emotionally–focused therapy was more successful in lowering attitudes toward marital infidelity in married people than solution–focused therapy.

The family, as the first institution of society and the oldest natural nucleus, has existed in all human societies since the beginning of history, and human beings have not been able to find a replacement for it. This issue shows the constant presence of this social institution and its necessity. Marriage is the basis of family formation, and the opposite end is divorce. Divorce leads to personal, family, and social breakdown and negatively affects women more than men. Marital conflict is a continuous and significant disagreement between two spouses reported by at least one of them, and its continuation can cause problems in married life. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of an educational program based on emotional divorce in reducing marital conflict between couples referring to counseling centers.

The method of the present study was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all couples referred to counseling centers to receive counseling services in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019–2020. Among the eligible volunteers, 40 were selected and randomly placed in two groups of 20 experimental and control. The inclusion criteria were as follows: women applying for divorce with a file centered on marital conflict, volunteering to participate in the research, having a job, having at least three years of marriage, having a child, being literate in reading and writing, not suffering from psychological disorders and chronic physical diseases, and not participating in other counseling and therapy groups at the same time. The exclusion criteria were the absence of more than two sessions in the treatment protocol and the unwillingness to continue cooperation in training sessions. The experimental group received 10 sessions of a 1.5–hour training program based on emotional divorce, but no intervention was provided for the control group. Data were obtained using the Couples Conflict Questionnaire (Sanai Zaker, 2000) before and after the implementation of the educational program based on emotional divorce. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including t test of two independent samples to compare the age of two groups and multivariate analysis of covariance and univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS version 23. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results showed that the educational program based on emotional divorce was effective in reducing the components of marital conflicts, including reduction of cooperation (p<0.001), reduction of sexual relations (p<0.001), emotional reactions (p<0.001), getting children's support (p<0.001), individual relationship with relatives (p<0.001), family relationship with spouse's relatives and friends (p<0.001), and separating financial affairs from each other (p<0.001) in couples of the experimental group referring to counseling centers. According to the Eta square, 31%, 31.3%, 28.6%, 39.9%, 34.1%, 35%, and 43.8% of the changes in the components of cooperation reduction, sexual relationship reduction, emotional reactions, getting children's support, individual relationship with relatives, family relationship with spouse's relatives and friends, and separation of financial affairs from each other, respectively resulted from subjects' participation in the educational program based on emotional divorce.

According to the findings, using an emotional divorce program as an effective intervention effectively reduces marital conflict. Therefore, this program can empower couples who refer to counseling centers to reduce marital conflicts.

The concept of academic self–handicapping is considered a common psychological trauma among learners of educational systems. Achieving educational goals, maintaining, promoting, and improving the mental health of school and university students are among the goals of every education system. Therefore, identifying problems and variables related to these factors is of critical value. People face many tasks and goals with varying levels of difficulty, reflecting their chances of success or failure and their beliefs. Experiences often play a key role in determining the motivation for doing tasks, future goals, and people’s willingness to face new tasks in a phenomenon called self–handicapping, which has a major role in this respect. The present study aims to explain the mediating role of emotional self–regulation and goal orientation in high school students' attributional style and academic self–handicapping.

This descriptive–correlational research was conducted using a structural equation modeling on senior high school students of Shahed schools of Yasouj City, Iran, in the academic year of 2018–2019. According to officials of the Education Department, the study population was estimated to be 640 people, of which 280 were selected through a multi–stage cluster random sampling method. Some answers were excluded due to outliers and incomplete questionnaires, and the data of 259 students (130 males and 129 females) were analyzed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being the child of a veteran and a martyr, being a Shahed school student, and having consent to fill out research questionnaires. The exclusion criteria were as follows: not completing the questionnaires, and being data outliers, for example, choosing only one option in the questionnaires. Research tools were Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ) (Elliot & McGregor, 2001), Academic Self–Handicapping Scale (ASHS) (Schwinger & Steinmeister Plasterer, 2011), Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) (Peterson et al., 1982), and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) (Bouffard et al., 1995). Data were analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling at an error level of 0.05 in SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 24 software.

Results showed the direct effect of attributional styles on academic self–handicapping (β=–0.23, p<0.001), achievement goal orientation (β=0.39, p<0.001), and self–regulation (β=0.44, p<0.001) was significant. Also, the direct effects of achievement goal orientation (p<0.001, β=–0.20) and self–regulation (p<0.001, β=–0.23) on academic self–handicapping were significant. The indirect effect of attributional styles through the achievement goal orientation (p < 0.001, β = –0.078) and the indirect impact of attributional styles through self–regulation (p<0.001, β=–0.10) on academic self–handicapping was significant. In addition, the research model had a good fit with the collected data (RMSEA=0.025, GFI=0.98, NFI=0.98, CFI=0.99, χ2/df=1.15).

Based on the research results, attributional styles with the mediating role of self–regulation and achievement goal orientation can be a good model for explaining academic self–handicapping. So, it is possible to improve the performance of students.

Dissatisfaction with sex can lead to serious relationship problems. As marital commitment increases, spouses' lives become more flexible, and couples have more peace and mental health. Intimacy is one of the basic needs in a couple’s relationship, and at the same time, it brings happiness to every spouse. For the first time, Wincze et al. introduced evidence–based comprehensive treatment approach called sexual problem–solving therapy. The Islamic approach to this treatment method seeks to create a positive attitude about sexual behavior, a sense of satisfaction, pleasure, physical, and psychological vitality more than the relationship between husband and wife. The strengthening of this attitude prevents many sexual problems in couples. So, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness and durability of problem–oriented couple therapy based on an Islamic approach to sexual issues, marital intimacy, and marital commitment in couples referring to counseling centers in Sanandaj City, Iran.

The present research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included couples referring to Sanandaj counseling centers from September 2018 to September 2019. Among them, 32 volunteered men and women were included in the study by purposive sampling. After homogenization based on demographic variables, they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (each consisting of 16 couples). The sample size was estimated based on previous studies and considering the maximum standard deviation of 10, α=0.05, and 95% test power. The inclusion criteria were as follows: couples who did not suffer from chronic psycho–personality disorders and did not participate in psychological and psychiatric interventions simultaneously, had lived together for at least one year, missed more than two sessions in treatment sessions, and experienced stress. Major events due to unforeseen events, such as the death of a first–degree relative or divorce, were also considered as criteria for excluding participants from the study. Assessment tools included Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (Snell et al., 1993), Marital Commitment Questionnaire (Adams & Jones, 1997), and Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (Thompson & Walker, 1983). The sexual problem–solving couple therapy protocol based on the Islamic approach was performed by a trained instructor for the experimental group, but the control group did not receive training in this area. This Islamic approach was administered in eight 90–minute sessions once a week for two months based on the training package of Ahmadian et al. (2018). To describe the data, tables, central indices, and dispersion indices such as mean and standard deviation were calculated. The variance analysis method with repeated measurement and Bonferroni post hoc test were employed for data analysis using SPSS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

According to the significance of the group effect, the results indicated that the trend of the average score changes from pretest to posttest and follow–up in the experimental group was significantly different from the control group (p<0.05). Regarding the variables of sexual issues, marital intimacy, and marital commitment, the differences between the pretest and posttest stages (p<0.001) and between the pretest and follow–up stages (p<0.001) were significant. Also, the effectiveness of the intervention in the follow–up phase was permanent for the variables of sexual issues (p=0.560) and marital intimacy (p=0.018). Still, for the marital commitment variable, it did not last (p<0.001).

Based on the study finding, sexual problem–oriented couple therapy based on an Islamic approach is effective in improving sexual issues, marital intimacy, and marital commitment in couples, and this effectiveness in sexual issues and marital intimacy is permanent (after three months).

The phenomenon of math disorders is an important educational problem. The expected incompetence in mathematics hinders academic performance or activities of daily living, and the resulting problems go beyond disorders related to any sensory or neurological impairment. The risk of expressive language and mixed language disorders is higher in children with math disorders than in other children, leading to anxiety and academic failure. On the other hand, one of the reasons for students' failure in various exams is high anxiety. They have been unable to regulate their emotions, and all of these factors ultimately lead to the lack of development of these children. As achievable capabilities, executive functions can affect the emotional self–regulation ability and control of test anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of executive function training in regulating excitement and test anxiety in female students with math learning disabilities.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprised all female students with learning disabilities referred to the Rehabilitation Training Center for Special Learning Disabilities in Islamabad Gharb City, Kermanshah Province, Iran, in 2019. They had learning disabilities in mathematics based on their counseling and psychological records. Their number was 112. Among the female students with math disorders, 30 eligible students were selected by available sampling method. Then, they were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The inclusion criteria were being a girl, having normal intelligence, and having a math disorder. The exclusion criteria were low intelligence score, learning disability, and not attending all sessions. For collecting data, we used Iran Mathematical Test Key–Math (Mohammadesmaeil and Hooman 2002), the Affective Style Questionnaire (Hofmann and Kashdan, 2010), and Test Anxiety Inventory (Abolghasemi, 1996). The intervention group received "executive function training" for 10 weeks. During this period, the control group did not receive any intervention. After the end of the intervention, the relevant training course was held in the same center as the control group. The research data were analyzed with descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t test, Fisher exact test, multivariate and univariate covariance analysis) at a significance level 0.05 in SPSS version 24.

The results showed that executive functions training had a significant effect on improving emotional self–regulation ability (p<0.001) and reducing test anxiety (p=0.002) of students with math learning disabilities in the experimental group.

Teaching executive functions in schools is very effective in solving problems of emotional self–regulation ability and reducing test anxiety of students with math learning disabilities, and its use is recommended to teachers and school counselors.

Elderly people, in addition to the biological and physiological changes that occur in their body, with important life events such as the death of family or friends, relocation and withdrawal from daily activities, and changes in social relationships and economic problems are faced. Given the above facts, older people's mental health is one of the most fundamental variables under study in the last decade. It needs comprehensive research to prevent, treat, and increase psychological well–being in health. Many psychological variables may be effective in creating and improving older people's mental health. Among these cases, we can mention inconsistent schemas and perfectionism. This study investigated the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and negative perfectionism with general health in older people of Anzali Port, Iran.

The present study was analytical–correlational. The statistical population of this study comprised all elderly people living in a nursing home under the auspices of the Welfare of Anzali Port. Upon inquiry from the Welfare Office, their number was estimated at 211 people. Of them, a sample of 92 people (43 women and 49 men) was selected by the available sampling method. The reason for choosing 92 people was the lack of cooperation of other elderly people. To conduct the research, after the necessary coordination with the staff and the head of the care center for the elderly in Anzali Port, Young Schema Questionnaire (Young & Brown, 1998), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Frost et al., 1990), and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) were provided to the elderly, and they were asked to carefully study the questions and choose the most appropriate answer and not leave the question unanswered as much as possible. The data were analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, lowest score, highest score, frequency, and frequency percentage) and inferential statistics, including the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression test at a significance level of 0.01 in SPSS version 27 software.

The analysis showed a significant inverse relationship between early maladaptive schemas and general health (p<0.001, r=–0.845). There was also a significant and inverse relationship between negative perfectionism and general health (p<0.001, r =–0.868). Also, the pattern of the effect of early maladaptive schemas (p<0.001, β=–0.393) and negative perfectionism (p<0.001, β=–0.538) on mental health was significant. Adjusted R2 was equal to 0.79, which showed that early maladaptive schemas and negative perfectionism predicted 79% of the variance in general health.

According to the findings of this study, early maladaptive schemas and negative perfectionism play a significant role in reducing the general health of older people.

Life satisfaction, happiness, and psychological well–being, along with the quality of interpersonal relationships and interpersonal differences, contribute to the joys and life satisfaction of students. Some researchers believe that a child's early experiences with their parents and how to satisfy their psychological and emotional needs, and their parents and their interactions with each other, shape a person's personality structure and behavioral patterns for later periods. Incorrect behavioral patterns of parents affect the child's cognition and perception and influence their ideas and beliefs about themselves and others. The dynamism of behavior and institutionalization in children's perception is affected by the vitality and spiritual expansion at home and school. This study aimed to determine the communication model of the effect of the family emotional atmosphere on happiness with the mediating role of the teacher–student interface of fourth– and fifth–grade elementary school students.

The method of this research was analytic correlational with structural equations. The study's statistical population was 1879 fourth– and fifth–grade elementary school students living in District 2 of Sari City, Mazandaran Province, Iran. They studied in this District's schools in the academic year 2020–2021. The study sample included 319 male students selected by multi–stage cluster random sampling. In this sampling, first, Sari was divided into 2 districts, then District 2 was selected, and out of 35 public schools in this area, 8 schools were randomly selected. Of the schools, two classes (fourth and fourth) from each school and all students in those classes were chosen to complete the research questionnaires. Data were gathered via the Family Emotional Climate Scale (Hilburn, 1994), the Teacher–Student Interaction Questionnaire (Wubbels & Levy, 1993), and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Hills & Argyle, 2002). The Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling method were used to analyze the data in SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that the family emotional atmosphere had a positive, direct, and significant effect on the teacher–student relationship (β=0.65, p<0.001). The family emotional atmosphere had a positive, direct, and significant impact on happiness (β=0.38, p<0.001), and the teacher–student relationship had a positive, direct, and significant effect on happiness (β=0.51, p<0.001). The indirect effect of the family emotional atmosphere on happiness was significant (β=0.33, p<0.001). The goodness of fit indices supported the good fit of the model to the collected data (RMSEA=0.06, AGFI=0.97, GFI=0.94, CFI=0.94).

Based on the results, the family emotional atmosphere, while having a direct and significant effect on students' happiness, indirectly improves their happiness by increasing the teacher–student relationship.

A learning disability is a defect generally affecting academic performance and progress in skills such as reading and writing. Learning disability problems manifest usually asymmetrically in different areas, such as information processing, motor coordination patterns, drawing shapes, and writing. A learning disability is a chronic incapacity that affects the development of multiple basic functions, including academic, psychological, and neuropsychological. Neuropsychological deficits are observed in poor accuracy, visual–auditory attention, motor coordination, executive functions, and non–verbal memory. The academic problems affect reading comprehension, reasoning in math, arithmetic calculations, and writing. A learning disability is a neurological disorder that affects one or more of the main psychological processes involved in learning.

Our research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design including three experimental groups. The statistical population comprised all female students of the second and third grades of Chalus City, Iran, who had learning disabilities based on the Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (Willcutt et al., 2011). A total of 43 qualified volunteer students were selected using random sampling and were divided into 3 experimental groups: vision (14 students), virtual reality (15 students), and motor (14 students). The inclusion criteria were as follows: female students of second– and third–grade elementary school students and residents in Chalus City. The exclusion criteria were as follows: a history of illness, failure to comply with research rules, and not participating in training. Writing Performance Test (Fallahchai, 1995) was used to measure the writing skills of the subjects. An analysis of covariance was used to check the effectiveness of exercises and the differences between research groups in the posttest. The LSD post hoc test was used to examine the groups in pairs. Next, to explore the changes within the group from the pretest to the posttest, the paired t test was used. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS software version 26 at a significance level of 0.05.

After controlling for the effect of the pretest, the covariance analysis showed a significant difference between the three experimental groups in the average writing skill in the posttest (p<0.001). The results of the LSD post hoc test showed that the vision training group obtained higher scores in the writing skill in the posttest compared to the other two groups (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in writing skills in the posttest between the two virtual and moving reality groups (p=0.459). The paired t test results showed that all three training groups significantly obtained higher scores in the posttest in writing skills compared to the pretest (p<0.001).

Based on the research results, game–based interventions can be used to improve writing skills. Vision games are also more effective than other interventions used in the study.

Previous research has reported executive function impairments an underlying deficit in developing depressive symptoms in depressed individuals. However, the relationship between executive function impairments and depression has remained inconclusive. Although many studies have found significant deficits associated with major depressive disorder on neuropsychological measures of executive functions, others have not, potentially due to the severity of depression, which is not considered an essential factor in executive function deficits. Also, one of the reasons for disagreement is the lack of objective diagnostic criteria for the severity of depression in these patients. Previous research has considered the clinical status of depressed patients an essential criterion in the severity of the disorder. Given these conditions, the present study compared the executive functions of inhibition, shifting, and updating information in inpatient, outpatient, and subclinical depressed patients and the control groups.

The study method was causal–comparative. All samples were selected by available sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the statistical population of depressed patients admitted to Shahid Beheshti Psychiatric Hospital in Zanjan City, Iran, in 2020–2021, 46 patients were selected. A total of 68 people were selected from the statistical population of depressed outpatients referred to the outpatient clinic in 2020–2021. From the statistical population of Zanjan in 2020–2021, 65 people were selected for the subclinical group and 66 people for the control group. Research assessment tools included the Beck Depression Inventory–II (Beck et al., 1996), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–5 (First et al., 2016), the Computerized version of the Stroop Color–Word Test (Stroop, 1935), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Grant & Berg, 1948), and the N–Back Test (Kirchner, 1958). The data of this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean & standard deviation). Also, in the inferential statistics section, the Chi–square test, The Kruskal–Wallis test, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), 1–way analysis of covariance (ANOVA), and LSD post hoc test were used. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS software version 23.

The multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the studied groups in the components of executive functions (p<0.001). The ANOVA showed that the groups of depressed outpatients (p=0.008) and depressed inpatients (p<0.001) had a significant difference from the control group in the "incongruent response time" as an inhibition measurement index. However, no significant difference was found between the subclinical depressed and control groups (p=0.125). Also, in the paired comparison between all three depressed groups, there was a significant difference (p<0.001). Still, no significant difference was found between the outpatient and the inpatient depressed groups (p=0.062). There was a significant difference between all depressed groups and the control group in the "number of categories completed" and "perseverative error" as shifting measurement indices (p<0.05). Also, there were significant differences in the paired comparisons between all three groups of depressed people (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the subclinical and outpatient groups (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between the inpatient depressed group and the control group regarding the "correct answer" and "average response time" as indices of evaluation of updating (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the subclinical and outpatient depressed groups with the control group (p>0.05). Also, in the paired comparison between all three groups of depressed people, the inpatient depressed group showed a significant difference with the subclinical and outpatient depressed groups in the "correct answer" and "average response time" (p<0.05). A significant difference was also found in the "correct answer" between subclinical and outpatient depressed groups (p=0.034).

According to the study findings, depressed groups show weaker performance in all three components of executive functions compared to the control group. Also, in addition to the fact that executive functions are damaged in depressed people, in people with more severe symptoms of depression, executive functions are significantly weaker.

Today, adolescent women and girls live in a complex and challenging world compared to the past due to social, geographical, cultural, and economic evolution, and consequently, their social needs and desires have changed. Adolescence is one of the most influential and important stages in a person's life. It is associated with psychological and physical changes. One of the prevalent and high–risk behaviors, which is more prevalent in adolescence, is self–harming. This behavior can have numerous psychological and physical consequences for individuals and society; most people do not approve of it. This study aimed to determine the pattern of social skills, communication, and controlling emotion with self–harm in women aged 25–20, considering the mediating role of depression and experience of violence.

The method of the present study was descriptive–analytical using structural equation modeling. The statistical population comprised all women aged 20–25 years living in Karaj City, Iran, in 2020. Of whom 350 were enrolled in the study by purposeful sampling according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After a complete and clear explanation of the study objectives and procedure and observing ethical considerations such as confidentiality of samples' information and names, the researcher asked the participants to answer the questionnaires carefully. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having normal intelligence, willingness and informed consent to cooperate and participate in research, and having self–harm behaviors at a significant level based on Self–Harm Inventory results (Sansone & Sansone, 2010). The exclusion criterion was not answering the questions accurately. To collect data, we used Self–Harm Inventory (Sansone & Sansone, 2010), Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996), the Teenagers Social Skills Inventory (Inderbitzen & Foster, 1992), Emotion Control Questionnaire (Roger & Najarian, 1989), and Violence against Women Inventory (Haj–Yahia, 2003). The proposed model was evaluated by structural equation modeling using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software at a significance level 0.05. The bootstrap method was used to analyze the intermediate relationships.

Results showed that social skills (p<0.001, β=–0.450) and emotional control (p=0.003, β=–0.183) had direct and negative effects on self–harm. Also, depression (p<0.001, β=0.440) and the experience of violence (p<0.001, β=0.372) had positive and direct effects on self–harm. The indirect effects of social skills on self–harm with the mediating role of depression and experience of violence were –0.244 and –0.2812, respectively (p<0.001). The indirect effects of emotional control on self–harm with the mediating role of depression and experience of violence were –0.1628 (p<0.001) and –0.0962 (p=0.003), respectively. In addition, good fit indices supported the optimal fit of the model with the collected data (PCFI=0.545, PNFI=0.530, χ2/df=2.82, RMSEA=0.072, IFI=0.908, CFI=0.907 and GFI=0.911).

Based on the results of the present study, it is possible to identify some predictive conditions of self–harming behaviors in women. By strengthening social skills and emotion control, it is possible to reduce self–harming behaviors in women, and depression and the experience of violence weaken this relationship. Considering these conditions, measures can be taken to reduce self–harming behaviors in women.

Research evidence suggests that mothers of physically disabled children suffer more from social and psychological problems and are less likely to benefit from proper health and well–being. An issue more frequently encountered by the mothers of physically–disabled children is the feelings of embarrassment and shame compared to their counterparts with healthy children. In addition, they experience high anxiety levels. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a non–medical treatment method for reducing stress and psychotherapy. Instead of changing cognition, this treatment attempts to increase the psychological relationship of individuals with their thoughts and feelings. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ACT on the social anxiety and internal shame of mothers with physically–disabled children.

This study was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The study's statistical population comprised all mothers with physically–disabled children living in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. Of them, 36 mothers were selected by convenience sampling technique and randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups (each group with 18 persons). The research method followed the necessary coordination with the authorities of the clinic and the Welfare Organization of Tehran City, Iran. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a physically–disabled child, willingness to participate in therapeutic intervention sessions, and having at least a diploma. The exclusion criteria included having more than one disabled child and taking pills related to mental illnesses. The data collection instruments were Internalized Shame Scale (Cook, 1993) and Social Anxiety Scale (Conner et al., 2000). ACT was performed in 8 sessions of 90 minutes in the experimental group. However, no intervention was applied to the control group. Immediately after the completion of the experimental intervention, the intervention was provided to the control group. Finally, an analysis of covariance was performed to assess the presented therapy's effectiveness in SPSS version 23. The data analysis was conducted at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean±SD internal shame score of the experimental group was 49.23±9.74, which decreased to 38.77±8.54 at the posttest. Furthermore, the mean±SD value of social anxiety decreased from 42.90±9.56 at the pretest to 31.12±8.75 at the posttest. Moreover, ANCOVA data revealed that after eliminating the effect of the pretest, the mean scores of the posttest of internal shame (p<0.001) and social anxiety (p<0.001) between the two groups were statistically significant.

According to the findings, ACT can be used for mothers of children with physical disability and effectively reduces mothers' internal shame and social anxiety.

One of the crucial aspects of human development stands out as socialization. People who cannot establish and maintain satisfactory relationships with others and, as a result, have difficulty fulfilling the "need to belong," may experience a sense of deprivation, manifesting as "loneliness." The concept of loneliness goes beyond age, gender, well–being, economic status, or race. It is a global issue associated with the lives of all people. Given that women make up half of society's population and their essential role, especially in the mental and physical growth of children, the leaders of tomorrow's community, it is advisable to conduct qualitative research to investigate the consequences of women's loneliness deeply. Therefore, the present study aimed to qualitatively investigate the consequences of women's loneliness living in Shiraz City, Iran.

The research method was qualitative, using the Grounded Theory strategy based on the Strauss and Corbin (1990) approach. The sampling method was purposive. The statistical population consisted of married, divorced, and single women aged 30–55 living in Shiraz in 2018–2019. The studied sample consisted of 98 persons, including 85 married, divorced, and unmarried women aged 30–55 and 13 experts in Counseling and Psychology. The inclusion criteria for participant women were willingness to interview, cooperation in conducting the research, and having a score greater than 50 on the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, 1996). Data collection on research was conducted through in–depth semi–structured face–to–face interviews. The researcher decided to obtain extensive and comprehensive information on the phenomenon of loneliness from diverse people from different places and backgrounds, including educational centers, hospitals, university professors, housewives, public and private jobs, and spiritual/religious places with education backgrounds spanning from diploma to doctorate. The interviews were held over 6 months. Each interview lasted between 10 and 35 minutes, with an average of 22 minutes. Data analysis included open coding from which the concepts and subcategories were derived, axial coding from which the causal relationships between the main categories were obtained, and selective coding from which the core category of the function of women's loneliness was obtained. Data collection was done until reaching theoretical data saturation. To check the reliability of the research, the agreement coefficient was checked with one of the experts on the interviews, and the agreement coefficient was 96%.

The results were compiled in 21 concepts, 10 subcategories, and 4 main categories. In the main category of physical harm, the subcategories were getting sick, sleep and eating disorders, and the concepts were crying and shedding, physical problems, insomnia, and anorexia. In the main category of psychological trauma, the subcategories were unfavorable mental states, dissatisfaction, mild depression, and decreased motivation, and the concepts were lack of happiness and satisfaction, carelessness, monotony in life, lack of motivation and hope, loss of self–confidence, disability in doing things, low energy levels, isolation, depression, and mental disorders. In the main category of family vulnerability, the subcategories were inappropriate marriage, feeling more loneliness, and infidelity, and the concepts were infidelity and sexual affairs. In the main category of individual growth, the subcategories were behavioral growth and cognitive development, and the concepts were having a goal, more effort, helping oneself, knowing oneself, and giving oneself value. Thus, the consequences of women's loneliness can be related to the main categories of physical harm, psychological trauma, family vulnerability, and personal development.

According to the findings, loneliness leads to many problems, including physical injury, psychological trauma, and family problems. Identifying these consequences plays an essential role in preventing these irreparable problems. Thus, awareness of women's loneliness function and its consequences is the basis for planning to educate and promote individual and family health.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting the patients' physical conditions and limiting their activities. Patients with MS are more intolerant of uncertainty than the general population. This construct includes beliefs about anxiety, negative orientation towards the problem, and avoidant coping style. Psychological helplessness is another psychological problem that manifests itself in people with inflammation. Psychological helplessness refers to a specific distress and emotional state that people may experience temporarily or permanently in response to the pressures and problems of life. Emotional self–regulation is one of the strategies to deal with psychological problems caused by chronic diseases, specifically multiple sclerosis. People with MS experience more problems in emotional regulation than healthy people, which predicts lower quality of life. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on psychological helplessness, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotional self–regulation in women with MS referred to the MS Society of Tehran City, Iran.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprised women with MS referred to the MS Society of Tehran in 2017 for counseling and treatment. The number of these people was 4816. Thus, according to the list provided by the Tehran MS Society to the researcher, 357 people entered the study voluntarily. The required number of samples was calculated based on similar studies, considering the effect size of 0.40, confidence level of 0.95, test power of 0.80, and the rate of loss of 10% for each group of 15 people. The inclusion criteria include women aged 20 to 45 years, with minimum diploma education, who have suffered from MS for at least one year, and whose illness was diagnosed by a qualified physician, with the results of diagnostic tests such as MRI in the case of MS Confirmed. Also, people whose disease had reached a severe stage or those absent from the intervention sessions for more than three sessions were excluded from the study process. The study participants responded to the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) (Freeston et al., 1994), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and Emotional Self–Regulation Questionnaire (Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010) in the pretest and posttest phases. The schema therapy group received group intervention in 8 sessions of 45 minutes, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Centrality and dispersion indices such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. The independent t test and univariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. The mentioned statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 24 software. The significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The results showed that schema therapy reduces the variable components of psychological helplessness, including stress, anxiety, and depression (p<0.001), relieving the variable components of uncertainty intolerance, including the stressfulness of indecision, the inability to take action, the negativity of unexpected events and their avoidance, and uncertainty about The future (p<0.001), and the increasing of emotional self–regulation variable components, including secrecy, compromise and tolerance (p<0.001) in the women of the experimental group with MS.

Based on the research findings, schema therapy effectively reduces psychological helplessness and uncertainty intolerance and increases the emotional self–regulation of women with MS. This treatment can improve the psychological problems of patients with MS.

Pregnancy and childbirth are evolutionary stages in a woman's life. Because not every woman is emotionally balanced, she may react differently to pregnancy and childbirth. The experience of women in this period profoundly affects their children and families and had long–term effects on society. Fear and poor knowledge cause anxiety in expectant mothers and increase the secretion of stress hormones in mothers. It is necessary to help pregnant women to solve pregnancy–related problems by recognizing the factors affecting anxiety, psychological wellbeing, marital satisfaction, and maternal and neonatal outcomes of these individuals. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) on anxiety, psychological wellbeing, and marital satisfaction of first–time pregnant women.

This applied quasi–experimental research employed a pretest–posttest and follow–up design with a control group. The study's statistical population consisted of all first–time pregnant women 20–35 years old at 20–24 weeks of gestation. They were referred to Tehran health centers, Tehran City, Iran, for monthly pregnancy examinations in 2019, and their Beck anxiety score according to the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1991) was moderate (higher than 20). The study sample comprised 30 people, including the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The inclusion criteria were as follows: being Iranian, aged 20–35 years, being first–time pregnant (according to the statements of the participants), being in the 20th to 24th week of pregnancy (based on the documents in the medical file), having literacy, being singleton pregnant, lacking a history of abortion or intrauterine death and infertility (based on the documents in the medical file), not having pregnancy problems (blood pressure, bleeding, diabetes, thyroid diseases, placenta previa, fetal anomalies) (based on the documents in the medical record), lacking any accidents during the last 6 months (according to the statements of the participants), not having addiction (based on the documents in the medical record), and not receiving treatment due to psychiatric disorders (based on the documents in the medical record). The exclusion criteria included not following the group's rules in the first meeting and being absent for more than two sessions. The study data were obtained using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1991), Ryff Psychological Wellbeing Scale (Ryff & Keyes, 1995), and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Fowers & Olson, 1989). Group training was administered to the CBT for 8 weekly 90–minute sessions. The obtained data were analyzed with descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (variance analysis with repeated measurements and Bonferroni post hoc test) using the SPSS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The results showed that in the variables of anxiety, psychological wellbeing, and marital satisfaction, analysis of variance for the time factor (p<0.001), the group factor (p<0.001), and the interaction between group and time (p<0.001) were significant. In the experimental group, the scores of anxiety, psychological wellbeing, and marital satisfaction variables in the posttest and follow–up stages were significantly different from the pretest stage (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in the mentioned variables between the posttest and follow–up stages, indicating that the CBT effect remained constant until the follow–up stage (p>0.05).

Based on the findings of this study, CBT was effective in anxiety, psychological wellbeing, and neonatal marital satisfaction of first–time pregnant women. This method can be used to improve the mental health problems of expectant mothers.

Rapid emotional, physical, and social changes of adolescence are critical factors in building and establishing one’s personality. Most adolescents are challenged by family, community, and relatives. These pressures may push adolescents toward risky behaviors in the decision–making phase. One of the most critical issues in this period is self–harming behaviors. These behaviors are often associated with emotional problems. Another variable with its potential role as a mediating variable on deliberate self–harming behaviors was affective control, meaning a proper skill on how and where to recognize and express emotions properly. The present study aimed to establish a relationship model of self–harming behaviors and family functioning, considering the mediating role of affective control in 15–18 years old girls living in Fooman City, Iran.

The current research employed an analytical–correlational design using the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population included all female senior students (n=1340 according to the Education Department of Fooman) studying in the secondary high school of Fooman in the academic year 2018–2019. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being 15 to 18 years old, willing to participate in research, and having non–divorced parents. The estimated number of samples for the present study was 303. Considering the possible dropout, 393 subjects were selected by multi–stage clusters. The study data were collected via the Self–Harm Inventory (Sansone et al., 1998), Affective Control Scale (Williams et al., 1997), and Family Assessment Device (Epstein et al., 1983). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling) were performed in SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.01.

In the path from family functioning to affective control, the total standard effect coefficient (p=0.001, β=0.751) and the direct standard effect coefficient (p=0.001, β=0.751), in the path from family functioning to self–harming behaviors, the total standard effect coefficient (p=0.002, β=0.522), direct standard effect coefficient (p=0.001, β=0.734), and indirect effect coefficient (p=0.010, β=–0.212) and in the path of affective control to self–harming behaviors, the total standard effect coefficient (p=0.013, β=–0.283) and the direct standard effect coefficient (p=0.015, β=0.283) were estimated. In addition, according to the indicators of the proposed research model, the collected data had an acceptable fit (CFI=0.975, GFI=0.971, AGFI=0.957, TLI=0.968, IFI=0.975, NFI=0.908, RMSEA=0.029).

According to the study results, affective control mediates the relationship between family functioning and self–harming behaviors in adolescent girls.

Nowadays, social media has gained a crucial role in human life. Creating social branding stands out as one of the main concerns of people with disabilities. The media, especially social media, must assume different responsibilities towards people with disabilities. Informing, educating, and entertaining people with disabilities, as well as informing other sections of society about the low quality of life of people with disabilities, are among the most important missions of any media. Social networks have contributed to the integration of people with disabilities in society. Access to social networks has become easy for the public in recent decades. Therefore, it seems logical to investigate the role of social media in improving and promoting the individual and social life conditions of people with disabilities. This research aims to examine the way of representation of people with disabilities in social networks in improving their living conditions.

The research method was qualitative, and the main research tool was the in–depth and semi–structured interview. Iranian media elites were targeted for interviews. In this research, media elites are defined as persons with at least 10 years of experience in this field or who have a master's degree and higher university studies with fewer experiences. Eleven experts were selected for the interview. We used the triangulation technique and the "labeling" theory to validate the research. Triple coding (category, subcategory, code) was used to analyze the content of in–depth and semi–structured interviews.

The findings of this research uncovered 3 categories and 6 subcategories: the category of identifying and classifying the needs of disabled people (with the subcategories of public information, using social networks to share and reflect the activities of people with disabilities), improving the level of social communication of people with disabilities through virtual space (with the subcategories of teaching people with disabilities and society to create positive mutual interaction, and developing communication between people with disabilities and other people) and creating social branding (with the subcategories of creating a group in virtual space by people with disabilities and creating a channel in virtual space by people with disabilities).

According to the results of the research, the use of virtual space, especially social networks, can improve the social level of the lives of people with disabilities.

People employ an internal process to make decisions, a decision–making style. Attribution is the process people use to link events and behaviors to their underlying factors. When humans fail at something, they attribute that failure to reasons and justify it over the lack of control. Optimistic people attribute failure to external, unstable, and other reasons. Dedicated and pessimistic people attribute the cause of failure to inner, stable, and general attributes. In auditing, the effect of these characteristics on judgment, decision–making, and the type of auditor's report and its impact on the decisions of clients of auditor services is essential. So, this study investigated the relationship between attributional styles and the inability to make decisions in auditors working in audit firms and the audit organization.

The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive correlational in terms of method. The statistical population included all auditors working in auditing firms and the auditing organization in 2019. Using the available sampling method, 310 auditors were selected as a study sample. The measurement tools were the Attributional Style Questionnaire (Peterson et al., 1982) and the General Decision–Making Styles Questionnaire (Scott & Bruce, 1995). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient) in SPSS version 22.

The results showed a negative and significant relationship between the subscales of decision–making inability and attributional styles in the subscales of stability/instability (positive), internal/external (negative), stability/instability (negative), and general/specific (negative) (p <0.01). The highest correlation coefficients were between rational decision–making style and internal/external subscale (negative) (–0.868) and between intuitive decision–making and general/specific subscale (–0.848). There was a positive and significant relationship between the subscales of inability to make decisions and attributional styles in the internal/external (positive) and general/specific (positive) subscales (p<0.01).

Based on the current research findings, there is a significant relationship between attribution styles and the inability to make decisions. It seems necessary to empower decision–making and proper thinking to reduce auditors' problems.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders in both primary care and clinical medicine. The existence of psychological distress in many people with social anxiety disorder has been confirmed. Symptoms of psychological distress include decreased concentration, restlessness, impaired intelligence, sleep disorders, isolation and loneliness, lethargy and weakness. Evidence has shown that people with social anxiety disorder have higher levels of mental disorders, such as depression, stress, and anxiety, than others. In addition, psychological distress is a strong predictor, stimulus, and motivator for exacerbating social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common psychological disorders and the third most common mental disorder among the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion–focused therapy in reducing the fear of negative evaluation and psychological distress in people with social anxiety disorder.

The study method was quasi–experimental, using a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprised all female clients with social anxiety disorder referring to private counseling centers and university counseling centers in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. The samples were selected using convenience sampling. To conduct the research a call was made to conduct research in private and public counseling centers. Then, the Social Phobia Inventory (Connor et al., 2000) was completed by the clients of counseling centers in Tehran. Among the respondents, 16 volunteered women with a higher score than the cut–off point of this questionnaire were included in the study. In addition, the Structural Clinical Interview for Axis I Disorders (SCID–I) (First et al., 1997) was performed on all individuals. Finally, based on the questionnaire and interview results, 16 women entered the intervention process after fulfilling the research conditions and meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups (emotion–focused therapy) and control group. The inclusion criteria were a score of 19 or higher on the Social Phobia Inventory, a diagnosis of social anxiety based on Structural Clinical Interview for Axis I Disorders (SCID–I), an age range of 18–40 years, and not using any psychiatric medication. The experimental group participated in ten 90–minute sessions (one session per week) in emotion–focused therapy training sessions. During this, the control group did not receive any intervention and resumed their regular daily routine. The research instruments included the Negative Evaluation Fear Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate covariance analysis) in SPSS version 22. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The findings showed that emotion–focused therapy was effective in reducing negative evaluation (p<0.001) and psychological distress (p<0.001) and its components: depression (p<0.001), stress (p<0.001), and anxiety (p<0.001).

Based on these results, emotion–focused therapy training in people with social anxiety disorder reduces fear of negative evaluation and psychological distress and provides a basis for improving the symptoms of social anxiety disorder.

It was argued that the major systems of the human brain influence behavior and cause personality differences among individuals. The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) are related to avoidance and approach behaviors. In the previous decade, it was assumed that individual differences in these systems could lead to a broad spectrum of psychological disorders. For instance, it was asserted that reducing the experience, such as anxiety and failure to provide a proper response to threatening conditions, will result in low behavioral inhibition and a normal behavioral activation system. In contrast, high behavioral activation and normal behavioral inhibition system results in intensive impulsivity and anxiety. Such findings suggest that the study of high and low behavioral activation/inhibition may assist us in gaining a better grasp of the processes that underpin emotional responses. This study compared emotion regulation strategies in students with high and low behavioral inhibition/activation systems.

The present study was a causal –comparative study. The statistical population consisted of 20 –35 years old students of Tehran University, Tehran City, Iran, who were studying in the academic year 2020 –2021. In the first stage, 320 students from 5 faculties were selected by cluster random sampling, and two questionnaires on behavioral inhibition/activation systems (Carver and White, 1994) and Emotion Regulation Strategies (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2001) were distributed among them. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire is composed of 9 conceptually distinct subscales. The BIS/BAS scale includes 24 items and 4 scales, in which 7 items were concerned with BIS and 13 with BAS. Four items of this scale were neutral. The incomplete questionnaires and the questionnaires of students with a history of referring to a psychiatrist or taking psychiatric medicines were excluded.
Ultimately, according to the inclusion criteria, 260 students were selected. Also, 32.3% (n=85) of the primary sample (n=260) were male, and 67.3% (n=175) were females. Students' raw scores were converted to Z scores. Based on the Z scores, 4 groups were selected by targeted sampling in the behavioral inhibition/activation systems questionnaire (n=72, each group was 18 people). Individuals with a standard Z score on the Behavioral Activation Scale above 1.5 and whose standard Z score on the Behavioral Inhibition Scale was less than 0.5 were chosen as the high behavioral activation group. Individuals were selected as the high behavioral inhibition group whose standard Z score on the behavioral inhibition scale was above 1.5, and their standard Z score on the behavioral activation scale was less than 0.5. Individuals were selected as the low behavioral activation group whose standard Z score on the behavioral activation scale was below –1.5 and their standard Z score on the behavioral inhibition scale was more than –0.5. Individuals were selected as the low behavioral inhibition group whose standard Z score on the behavioral inhibition scale was below –1.5 and their standard Z score on the behavioral activation scale was more than –0.5. Multivariate analysis of variance compared 4 groups in 9 emotion regulation strategies at a significance level 0.05 using SPSS software version 24.

The multivariate analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were employed to clarify differences between groups. Results showed significant differences between the groups in 5 strategies: acceptance (F3,65=2.78, p=0.048, ηр²=0.11), rumination (F3,65=3.98, p=0.011, ηр²=0.15), reappraisal (F3, 65=4.07, p=0.010, ηр²=0.15), catastrophizing (F3,65=7.67, p=0.000, ηр²=0.26), and blaming others (F3,65=5.70, p=0.002, ηр²=0.20). To understand which group shows significant differences, the Tukey post hoc test was done for 5 emotion regulation strategies: acceptance (HBIS>HBAS, p=0.037), rumination (HBIS>LBIS, p=0.007), reappraisal (LBIS>HBIS, p=0.012), catastrophizing (HBAS>LBIS, p=0.006), (HBIS>LBIS, p<0.001), and blaming others (HBAS>LBIS, p=0.014), (HBIS>LBIS, p=0.001). According to the results, the high behavioral inhibition group used the rumination strategy significantly more often than the low behavioral inhibition group. Regarding the acceptance strategy, the high behavioral inhibition group used this strategy significantly more often than the high behavioral activation system. We argued that findings about acceptance are contradictory. Acceptance might be adaptive in certain situations and might depend on the type of the studied mood. Also, the low behavioral inhibition group used the reappraisal strategy more often than the high behavioral inhibition group. Besides, the three groups had a significant difference in catastrophizing and blaming others strategies. Results indicated that high behavioral activation and high behavioral inhibition groups used the catastrophizing and blaming others strategy significantly more often than the low behavioral inhibition group.

The study findings suggest that high and low behavioral inhibition/activation systems play an important role in selecting emotion regulation strategies. The type of emotion regulation strategies is appropriate to the personality traits that dominate the individual and can be considered a factor in emotional dysregulation.

The family serves as the fundamental unit for the preservation and maintenance of human emotions, relationships, intellectual standards, and high values. It also functions as a suitable stable kinship and community, a place for cultivating thoughts and morality. In addition to caring for and educating their children, the duty of parents, especially mothers, stands out to create a calm environment with healthy relationships between family members and to grow independence in their children, even those with disabilities such as mental retardation, blindness, deafness, and so on. Many researchers believe mothers of exceptional children are more depressed than mothers of typical children, unable to control their anger towards their children. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of therapy based on the quality of life (QoL) in improving the psychological wellbeing and happiness of mothers with exceptional children.

This quasi–experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of mothers with exceptional children living in Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. The statistical sample consisted of 31 mothers who volunteered and qualified to enter the research. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=16) and the control group (n=15). The inclusion criteria were as follows: not using other psychological and psychotherapy services simultaneously with the research, lacking psychiatric disorders, not taking psychiatric drugs, and not receiving other group counseling during the research period. The exclusion criteria were as follows: not being satisfied with continuing to participate in the research, absenting more than two sessions in training sessions, and being unable to carry out the training session plans. The study data were collected by Ryff's Psychological Well–Being Scale (RPWBS) (Ryff, 1989) and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Argyl et al., 1989). Only the participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions of treatment based on improving their quality of life (Frisch, 2006). The research data were analyzed in descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate covariance analysis) using SPSS version 22. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that after removing the effect of the pretest, the therapy based on the QoL was effective in improving psychological wellbeing (p<0.001) and happiness (p<0.001) in mothers of exceptional children in the experimental group. According to the Eta squared, the average increase of each of the variables of psychological wellbeing and happiness was 71% and 74%, respectively, due to the intervention of this therapy.

Based on the present study, therapy based on the QoL effectively improves mothers' psychological wellbeing and happiness with exceptional children. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use this therapeutic intervention to improve the psychological wellbeing and happiness of mothers with exceptional children.

Vaginismus disorder is one of the sexual dysfunctions in women. In addition to suffering from emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety, women with vaginismus struggle with avoidant emotional regulation strategies, such as alexithymia and suppression of emotions, leading to aggravation of their symptoms and pain. Sexual activity has a decisive role in human health, and it seems that training in sexual skills can increase the quality of marital relationships. Considering the crucial role of psychological factors in vaginismus, as well as the positive effects of sexual skills training, treating patients with vaginismus using effective treatment approaches is necessary. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of sexual skills training on sexual function and emotional dysfunction in women with vaginismus.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included all women with vaginismus in Tehran City, Iran, who were referred to the sexual health center affiliated with Imam Khomeini Hospital from April to June 2019. By available sampling method, 30 women with vaginismus were selected and randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having vaginismus, being married for more than one year, having upper secondary education, being between 20 and 35 years old, lacking a history of neurological and mental illness and history of hospitalization, not taking substance abuse, being able to attend group therapy sessions and being willing to cooperate. The exclusion criteria for the experimental group were as follows: absence from attending intervention sessions for more than two sessions and unwillingness to continue attending intervention sessions. The study instruments included the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 1994) and the Female Sexual Function Index (Rosen et al., 2000). The experimental group underwent sexual skills training for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Centrality and dispersion indices such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the obtained data. Variance analysis with repeated measurements, Bonferroni post hoc test, and independent t test were used for data analysis in SPSS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that the effects of time (p<0.001), group (p<0.001), and time × group interaction (p<0.001) on the variables of sexual function and alexithymia were significant. In the experimental group, sexual skills training significantly improved sexual function (p<0.001) and alexithymia (p<0.001) in the posttest and follow–up stages compared to the pretest, and this effect continued until the follow–up stage for variables of sexual function (p=0.105) and alexithymia (p=0.804).

Based on the findings of the study, sexual skills training is efficacious in improving sexual function and alexithymia in women with vaginismus.

The type and method of education with the parent's parenting style are the main elements and dynamic and influential processes within the family, whose effects and consequences on children's mental health and social behavior have been considered. Several variables affect parenting: biological factors, personality characteristics of parents, child characteristics, and contextual effects, including social aspects, family background, socioeconomic status, and culture. Therefore, parents' parenting methods and their influencing factors are key research topics. Knowing these influencing factors on parenting styles leads to learning about families and their influence from these factors. Despite much research, no standardized Persian or foreign scale was found to measure the factors influencing parenting in a multidimensional way, which examines all the mentioned dimensions. Therefore, the present study was conducted to design and investigate the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Parenting Questionnaire.

The current research design was descriptive–analytical and of the tool construction and development. The statistical population of the research comprised parents with preschool children in Shahrood City, Iran, in 2022. A total of 352 parents were selected using the available sampling method. Five psychologists were used to check the content validity with the Delphi method. The Lawshe index (content validity ratio) was used to evaluate the content validity, and 10 end users of the questionnaire were used to check the face validity. Then, to check the validity of the structure, the exploratory factor analysis method was used, and to check reliability, the Cronbach alpha coefficient and test–retest method were used. The inclusion criteria were as follows: parents have children, children live with their parents, no history of psychiatric disorder, informed consent to participate in research, and not participating in individual counseling sessions outside therapy sessions. The exclusion criterion was non–participation. In the present study, the exploratory method and factor analysis of principal components using the varimax rotation method was used to examine the factor structure of the Multidimensional Parenting Questionnaire. Because the Multidimensional Parenting Questionnaire was designed for the first time in Iran and until now, factor analysis has not been done, the present study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the questionnaire. In factor analysis, factor loadings greater than 0.411 were considered. In this research, eigenvalues were used to determine the number of factors that make up the Multidimensional Parenting Questionnaire. The Multidimensional Parenting Questionnaire with 37 questions is graded on a 5–point Likert scale from completely disagree (1) to completely agree (5). The range of subjects' scores is from 37 to 185. Data analysis was done with SPSS software version 24 at a significance level 0.05.

The results of the qualitative content validity examination led to the elimination of 18 items, and a questionnaire with 37 items was prepared. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the Multidimensional Parenting Questionnaire consists of 12 factors, which explains 81.3% of the variance. The Cronbach α of the factors of this questionnaire were obtained for childhood injury as 0.74, for parents' religious orientation as 0.71, for economic status as 0.75, for father's role as 0.81, for guilt as 0.89, for personality trait as 0.76, for marital conflicts as 0.77, for parenting perception as 0.75, for parents' responsiveness as 0.80, for physical problems as 0.73, for relatives' involvement as 0.74, and for parents' expectations as 0.77.

Based on the findings of this research, the Multidimensional Parenting Questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool and can be considered in research and counseling departments.

The natural development of children follows a predictable pattern. However, there are situations in which problems arise in this process, and the child does not go through the stages of normal growth. Developmental coordination disorder is one of the most important disorders that a significant percentage of children face. Developmental coordination disorder is used to explain problems in the development of motor skills. Many methods and factors can affect and improve the overall development of children with developmental coordination disorder, especially motor development. Today, nonlinear teaching methods have improved children's learning speed by creating variety, manipulation, and noticeable changes in the way of presenting exercises and games. So, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of manipulating task constraints by nonlinear training methods on learning basic ball skills in children with developmental coordination disorder.

The method of current research was quasi–experimental. The statistical population included 5–to7–year–old girls with growth coordination disorder in Mashhad City, Iran, in 2022. The participants were 30 girls aged 5 to 7 years who were eligible volunteers with developmental coordination disorder, who were purposefully identified through Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ–7) (Wilson et al., 2009) and Movement Assessment Battery for Children–2 (MABC–2) (Henderson et al., 2007) included in the study and randomly divided into two groups of 15 people including; 1) nonlinear training and 2) Linear training (control). To evaluate ball skills in both groups in the pretest and posttest, we used the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD–3) (Ulrich, 2017). The ecological task analysis method was used to manipulate the task constraints and design the training program using the nonlinear training method. In this method, the researcher first determines the main components of the task and the effect on the task's difficulty level; by manipulating and applying noticeable changes, the task's difficulty level was adjusted according to the individual characteristics of children with developmental coordination disorder. Thus, the presented exercises were designed from easy to advanced level so that the training interventions cover all the desired movement skills. According to the group program, the subjects implemented the desired program and interventions for 4 weeks and three sessions of 60 minutes each week. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics including covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. SPSS version 24 software was used for data analysis. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results show the effect of the training intervention of manipulation of task constraints by nonlinear training method on the variable of ball skills (p<0.001) and the subtests of two–handed hitting the ball (p<0.001), one–handed dribbling (p < 0.001), two–handed catching (p<0.001), kicking the ball (p<0.001), and throwing from below (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the sub–tests of throwing over the shoulder (p=0.180) and forehand (p=0.241).

Based on the research findings, manipulation of task constraints by nonlinear training method affects learning the basic motor skills of children with developmental coordination disorder. By using this educational approach, instructors can challenge the learner to work harder towards new coordinated patterns and help learners use internal unconscious processes to create the ability to produce functional patterns in people.

Family plays an important role in children's and society's mental health. Family is always exposed to many harms, one of which is divorce. Divorce can affect children and make them vulnerable to physical, mental, and social health problems, personality disorders, malnutrition, physical illness, and delinquent behaviors. Art therapy is one of these intervention methods to increase children's adaptation to parental divorce. Art therapy is a field that emerged from two areas of psychology and visual arts. Today, the divorce rate is increasing worldwide; the same trend can be seen in Iran. The rise in the divorce rate shows increased social harm related to this phenomenon. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group art therapy on adjustment to divorce among girls whose parents divorced.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a 1–month follow–up design with a control group. The study population comprised all girls aged 9 to 12 years whose parents had been divorced for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 2 years in Khorramabad City, Iran. A sample of 22 volunteered girls with divorced parents referred to counseling centers under the supervision of the Welfare Organization was selected by a non–random sampling method and then randomly replaced into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in group art therapy sessions (12 sessions), but the control group did not receive any treatment. The Children's Belief about Parental Divorce Scale (Kurdek and Berg, 1987) has been used to measure children's adjustment to parental divorce. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean & standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test) in SPSS 24 at the significance level 0.05.

The results indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the subscales of adjustment to parental divorce (peer abandonment and avoidance, fear of abandonment, hope of return, paternal blame, maternal blame, and self–blame) and overall score (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between the mean score of the pretest in all subscales (except paternal blame) and the overall score of adjustment to divorce with the posttest and follow–up (p<0.05). But the posttest score was not significantly different from the follow–up, which shows the stability of the effectiveness of the art therapy intervention over time (p>0.05).

According to the findings, group art therapy is useful and effective in increasing adaptation to parental divorce in children.

The impact of focus on the performance and learning of motor skills has received much attention in recent years. Researchers and educators believe that the type of focus can have an almost immediate effect on performance. This means that during the performance, the accuracy and quality of the performer's movement are associated with his focus. In the center of internal attention, the person focuses on the movements of his body. In external attention, the person focuses on the effect that movement has on the environment. Several studies have focused on the internal and external factors through executive instructions and others through feedback to study the impact of internal and external focus on the implementation and learning of skills. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of external and internal attention on learning simple volleyball serve in deaf students.

This research was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design with two experimental groups. The study population was deaf female students of Farzaneh High School in Kerman City, Iran. According to Morgan's table, 27 eligible students to study and volunteer entered the study. They were randomly divided into one control and two experimental groups based on the type of focus (internal and external attention). They were beginners in the task and unfamiliar with the simple volleyball serves, aged 15 to 20 years. After performing the pretest, which included 20 volleyball serves without attention instructions, the two groups practiced for three consecutive sessions, each lasting 60 minutes. The first group received external attention instruction exercises, and the second group internal attention instruction and, after 48 hours, participated in the retention test, which included 20 simple serves. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance and post hoc LSD test) at a significance level of α=0.05 using SPSS software.

The findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pretest on the performance variable of the students, there was a significant difference between the three groups in terms of the performance of the students (p=0.029). There was a significant difference between the posttest performance of students in the control group and the external attention and internal attention groups (p=0.031 and p=0.022, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed between the external and internal attention groups (p=0.860).

Based on the study findings, internal and external attention act similarly, and both are effective in improving the learning of deaf students. So, it is suggested that educators focus learners' attention not on body movement but on the result to improve both the form and the outcome.

Schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder (BID) are chronic mental illnesses. Schizophrenia usually presents with hallucinations and delusions, mostly auditory hallucinations, sometimes commanding the patient. On the other hand, bipolar disorder, which used to be classified in the class of mood disorders and is now defined as a separate class, sometimes appears with psychotic symptoms, hallucinations, and delusions. This issue makes them very similar to psychotic patients, including schizophrenia, as they sometimes have similar signs and symptoms. Thus, it isn't easy to differentiate between them. This research started with the hypothesis that patients suffering from any disorder have specific psychological structures and demands. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia patients from bipolar I disorder using early maladaptive schemas.

The method of this research was causal–comparative. The study's statistical population comprised patients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder who were hospitalized in the Ibn Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Shiraz City, Iran, from 2017 to 2018; the psychiatrists of that center diagnosed the mentioned disorders. The inclusion criteria included having a minimum education higher than the first grade of guidance school, willingness to participate in the research, and no comorbidity of the mentioned disorders with other disorders, such as substance abuse in the examined patients. Data were collected from two groups, including 60 men admitted to Ibn Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Shiraz. Thirty cases with bipolar I disorder and 30 with schizophrenia were randomly selected. Young Schema Questionnaire (Young & Brown, 1998) with 75 items was used. The questionnaire sheets were scored by the Excel file programmed for scoring. Then the scores obtained for each case were submitted to the statistical software for analysis. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed using SPSS–26 software. The significance level for all tests was α=0.05.

The findings of the study showed that there were significant differences between patients with schizophrenia disorder and patients with bipolar I disorder in dependency/incompetence (p=0.018), failure (p=0.041), self–sacrifice (p=0.022), and autocracy (entitlement) schemas (p=0.007).

According to the study results, patients with schizophrenia have dependency/incompetence and failure schemas. Also, people with bipolar I disorder have schemas of self–sacrifice and autocracy (entitlement). These results can be used as a criterion for differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder.

Major depressive disorder is a common and severe mental illness. Clinical research suggests that individuals with a major depressive disorder are cognitively inflexible, exhibiting ruminative, rigid, and automatic thoughts within a negative schema. Because major depressive disorder leads to disability of people and a disease burden on society, it is necessary to investigate effective treatments. Several psychological interventions have been implemented in people with major depressive disorder, such as cognitive behavioral and schema therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most evidence–based psychological interventions for treating major depressive disorder. The foundation of cognitive behavioral therapy is to reform dysfunctional emotions, thoughts, and actions. In addition, schema therapy is another promising approach to treating depression. Therefore, the present study aims to compare the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy on cognitive flexibility and negative automatic thoughts in patients with major depressive disorder.

The present study was a three–group randomized clinical trial study (with a pretest, posttest, and follow–up design with a control group). The statistical population included all patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder in the Entekhabe No and Aryaz clinics in Tehran City, Iran, during the spring and summer of 2022. A total of 45 eligible volunteer patients were included in the study by the convenience sampling method. They were randomly allocated to two intervention and one control groups (15 people in each group). Patients in the first intervention group received 10 sessions (two sessions per week, each session lasting 90 minutes) of schema therapy. Patients in the second intervention group had 12 sessions (two sessions per week, each lasting for 60 minutes) of cognitive behavioral therapy. However, the control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection tools included the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) (Dennis and Vander Wal, 2010) and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ–30) (Hollon and Kendall, 1980). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency indices, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Fisher exact test, 1–way analysis of variance, analysis of variance with repeated measurements, and Tukey post hoc test) in SPSS 24 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the variance analysis of cognitive flexibility and negative automatic thoughts were significant in terms of time effect (p<0.001), group effect (p<0.001), and interaction effect of time and group (p<0.001). In the posttest and follow–up stages, there was a significant difference between the intervention groups and the control group in the variables of cognitive flexibility (p<0.001) and negative automatic thoughts (p<0.001). In the posttest, a significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy in reducing the scores of negative automatic thoughts (p<0.001) and increasing the scores of cognitive flexibility (p=0.013); as a result, cognitive behavioral therapy was more effective. In the follow–up, cognitive behavioral therapy, compared to schema therapy, was more effective in reducing the scores of negative automatic thoughts (p=0.009). However, no significant difference was seen between the intervention groups in increasing cognitive flexibility (p=0.101).

According to the findings, schema therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are effective in increasing cognitive flexibility and reducing negative automatic thoughts of patients, but cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective than schema therapy. As a result, both approaches can be used to increase cognitive flexibility and reduce the negative automatic thoughts of patients with major depressive disorder.

Special learning disorder is one of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders that has severely affected the lives of many children worldwide. From an anthropological perspective, a particular problem related to learning disorder is the ability to learn and the need of students to acquire the ability to learn with the aim of learning, which is called the love of learning. Several researchers have also shown that the grade of enthusiasm for school and interest in the education of students with learning disabilities is lower than that of normal students. Since learning disorders often lead to changes in neurological and cognitive processes, one of the interventions based on the neurological principles of learning and education is brain–centered learning. So, the current research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of brain–based learning training in improving student's love of learning with special learning disabilities.

This research was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included 5800 male students with learning disabilities studying in the elementary schools of Rasht City, Iran, in the academic year 2022–2023. A total of 30 were recruited by the available sampling method after meeting the inclusion criteria and divided into two groups of 15 students: experimental and control. Also, according to the Wechsler IQ test, the children had normal intelligence. In addition, the two groups were homogenized in terms of gender (subjects in both groups were boys), IQ (with an IQ of 95–120), parents' education, and the socioeconomic status of the family, and not suffering from other psychological and behavioral or emotional disorders such as attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The tools used in this research were the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–IV (Wechsler, 2003), the Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (CLDQ) (Willcutt et al., 2011), and the Love of Learning Questionnaire (McFarlane, 2003). The brain–based learning training package was implemented during 8 sessions of 60 minutes only for the experimental group. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS26 software at two levels of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (univariate covariance analysis). The significance level of statistical tests was considered to be 0.05.

The effect of training on the love of learning in the experimental group was significant after removing the pretest effect (p=0.002), and 29.5% of the changes in the love of learning in the posttest were explained by receiving training.

Based on the findings of brain–based learning training, the love of learning is improved in students with learning disability. Therefore, it is recommended to use brain–based learning in schools and specialized clinics for exceptional children.

Depression is a persistent condition that shares many similarities with other psychological and medical issues. Persistent depressive disorder is characterized by a consistently low mood lasting for most of the day and occurring on most days for a period of two years. Among psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence of about 17%, the highest lifetime prevalence. Persistent depressive disorder has a gender prevalence, with women experiencing symptoms 1.5 to 3 times more often than men. Married women are more likely to experience depression due to issues that arise in their married life compared to other individuals. Some common issues include sexual behavior disorders, difficulties with communication, emotional expression disorders, and alexithymia, the inability to identify and express emotions. Schema therapy is one of the most effective methods of psychotherapy available. Based on schema-based research, it seems that people with major depressive disorder have inconsistent schemas that lead to exacerbation of depression symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on alexithymia, dysfunctional communication beliefs and sexual intimacy in married women with persistent depressive disorder.

The study has a pretest-posttest and follow-up design, with both experimental and control groups. The study's statistical population included all married women suffering from persistent depressive disorder in Tehran in 2023, of which 40 eligible people were included in the study with a targeted sampling method. The inclusion criteria in this study included being between 20 and 50 years old, having the ability to reading and writing, and living together for 2 to 15 years. Exclusion criteria were not participating in more than two treatment sessions, unwillingness to continue participating in the research, and simultaneous use of psychiatric drugs during the study. The sample was randomly assigned into two schema therapy groups (20 people) and a control group (20 people). Schema therapy was implemented according to the protocol of Yang (2003) during 12 sessions for the experimental groups. The tools used in this research include the Toronto Alexithymia Questionnaire (Bagby, Parker Taylor, 1994), the Communication beliefs questionnaire by Romans and de Board (1995) and the sexual intimacy Scale Bagarozzi marital intimacy needs questionnaire (1997). The research data were analyzed with the help of variance analysis with repeated measurement considering the significance level of 0.05.

The results of repeated measurements analysis of variance showed that the effect of schema therapy on all three variables of alexithymia (p=0.011), dysfunctional communication beliefs (p=0.015) and sexual intimacy (p=0.01) is significant. Examining the average of the variables in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up shows that schema therapy has reduced alexithymia and dysfunctional communication beliefs in the post-test and increased sexual intimacy in married women with persistent depressive disorder. Also, this research showed that the effects of schema therapy were stable over time in the three-month follow-up period.

The schema therapy approach in women suffering from persistent depression improved their marital relationship by identifying schemas, coping styles and mindsets. This approach improves individuals' ability to handle high-pressure situations, tackle challenges, and manage daily tasks. Schema therapy has effectively improved alexithymia, dysfunctional marital communication beliefs, and sexual intimacy in women with persistent depressive disorder. This approach can be considered a viable strategy in addressing women's issues, particularly in married women dealing with depressive disorder. This therapeutic method aims to enhance the quality of a couple's relationship by addressing and resolving their issues.

Social adjustment is about an individual's ability to display competent social behavior and adapt to their immediate social setting. Metacognition refers to an individual's beliefs about their cognition and involves monitoring, controlling, and interpreting their thoughts. A thinking style is a characteristic way of processing information, including how one obtains knowledge, organizes thoughts, and forms views and opinions. Commitment is the extent to which individuals adhere to and invest in identity–relevant choices. This study aimed to analyze the social adjustment of second–grade high school boys based on their metacognitive beliefs and thinking styles, focusing on commitment as a mediator. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The current study was analytical research, and correlative was based on structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population included all second–grade high school boys’ students in Robat Karim of Tehran province in the 2020–21 academic year. Due to the situation caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and its continuation, the questionnaires were distributed virtually and through a link in the class groups of selected students after obtaining various permits. A random multi–stage cluster sampling method was used to select the sample group. The sample size was 390 students who responded in the online form to the Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS) (Sinha & Singh, 1993), Function Dimension of Thinking Styles Inventory (Sternberg & Wagner, 1992), Meta–Cognitions Questionnaire–Adolescent (MCQ–A) (Cartwright–Hatton et al., 2004) and Identity dimension of Identity Style Inventory (ISI) (Brzonsky, 1992). In order to analyze the collected data, SPSS version 24 software was used to check descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficient and AMOS version 24 was used for the structural equation model. The significance level was 0.05.

Results showed that the direct effect of metacognitive beliefs on social adjustment was insignificant (β=–0.105, p=0.256). However, this relationship was significantly seen when the dimension of commitment in identity in identity was used as a mediator in the model (β=0.351, p=0.001). The direct effect of the three functions of thinking style on social adjustment was insignificant (β=0.110, p=0.285). However, three functions of thinking style had significant indirect effects on social adjustment when the dimension of commitment in identity was used as a mediator in the model (β=0.172, p=0.035). The estimated values for fit indices were RMSEA=0.030, CFI=0.96, IFI=0.91, NFI=0.96, GFI=0.96 and CMIN/df=1.91, which the model's fitness confirmed.

According to the results, boys' thinking styles, metacognitive beliefs, and commitment to identity play important roles in their social adjustment. The commitment to identity acts as a mediator in all these relationships.

The family is the only natural, irreplaceable, and eternal institution of human beings, established by a sacred marriage covenant between a man and a woman. Children are a gift and trust for the family. Every family may face many challenges in their lifetime. One of these challenges is the birth of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For parents, the challenges of caring for a child with ASD may affect their relationship with their spouse and reduce marital satisfaction. According to research findings, marital satisfaction can be a protective factor for families and help them to cope with the challenges of raising a child with ASD. In addition, marital satisfaction has been shown to affect children's health. This study investigated the factors influencing marital satisfaction in parents with ASD children.

The present study was a systematic review, and its approach was based on collecting, classifying, and summarizing the findings of scientific–research articles related to marital satisfaction in families with ASD children, which were taken from internal and external databases during 1980–2021. For this purpose, the "satisfaction," "marriage," and "child with autism spectrum disorder" keywords were considered. Internal databases included SIDs, and external databases included CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Medline, Embase, Informit, ProQuest, Sage Journals, AMED, PubMed, OT Seeker, and Google Scholar. The search was conducted in English with the above keywords. Eighty–seven articles were selected in the initial search, but 54 were deleted due to their inconsistency with the ASD subject. Subsequently, 3 articles were deleted due to duplication in several databases, and 7 articles due to review. Finally, 22 articles were selected. The inclusion criteria included studies with the keywords searched directly for marital satisfaction in parents of children with ASD and original articles published in English in prestigious journals from 1980 to 1921. The exclusion criteria were articles that could not be accessed in full, as well as articles that were reviewed.

In the present study, according to a review of 22 studies conducted in the field of children with ASD and their families during 32 years of research and study in this field, it was concluded that a total of 8 groups of components affecting marital satisfaction in the parents of ASD children. We collected and analyzed these components and examined them in 8 groups: 1) child characteristics such as age, gender, and cognitive function, 2) severity of autism spectrum symptoms, 3) challenging behaviors, 4) sociodemographic and family characteristics, 5) parent characteristics such as age and gender, 6) parental stress and psychological well–being, 7) parental personality, resources cognitive and coping strategies, and 8) strategies to maintain marital satisfaction.

Based on the general findings of this systematic review, couples with children with ASD are less likely to have marital satisfaction compared to couples with children without disabilities; Therefore, couples with children with ASD need social support to maintain the satisfaction of their marriage.

The main element of quality of life is wellness, defined as the quality of life-related to health. Therefore, health does not only include estimating the amount and severity of the disease but also includes having good conditions and suitable quality of life. Achieving a satisfying and successful life will not be possible without paying attention to the issue of burnout in married life and trying to fix or reduce it. In this regard, it seems that the components of positive psychology, such as psychological capital, psychological stability, and wellness, as well as the relationship of these variables with married life, identifying this relationship and how to exploit it, have an important effect on the quality of life of couples. Therefore, this research was conducted to structurally model wellness based on psychological capital and psychological stability with the mediation of marital burnout.

The research method was analytical and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research included the students at Tehran Azad University, center branch in the academic year 2020–2021, and the sampling method was available. To select the sample size in modeling research, 15 people are needed for each obvious variable, and based on the 16 obvious variables, at least 240 people were needed. However, due to the dropout and the possibility of not completing all the questions of the questionnaires by the participants and predicting the lack of access to students due to the restrictions of the coronavirus, 540 questionnaires were distributed, of which 517 questionnaires were completely completed and could be analyzed. The inclusion criteria included students of Tehran Azad University over 18 years of age, having a marriage history of more than two years, subjects not suffering from a specific physical disease or psychological disorder, and not undergoing psychological treatment or special medication. The exclusion criterion was non–cooperation in completing the questionnaires. To collect data, the Five Factor Wellness Inventory (Myers & Sweeney, 2005), the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (Clough et al., 2002), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), and the Marital Burnout Scale (Pines, 1996) were used. This research used descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the structural equation modeling were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and AMOS software version 24. The significance level of all tests was considered 0.05.

Examining the coefficients of the direct path between different paths showed that psychological capital with marital burnout (p<0.001, β=–0.45), psychological capital with wellness (p=0.001, β=0.14), marital burnout with wellness (p<0.001, β=–0.27), psychological stability with marital burnout (p<0.001, β=–0.58) and psychological stability with wellness (p<0.001, β=0.51), had significant direct relationships. Also, the indirect effect of psychological capital on wellness with the mediating role of marital burnout (p=0.001, β=0.23) and the indirect effect of psychological stability on wellness with the mediating role of marital burnout (p=0.001, β=0.29) was significant. The goodness of fit indices supported the good fit of the model with the collected data (χ2/df=2.834, GFI=0.956, NFI=0.913, CFI=0.932, AGFI=0.902, RMSEA=0.078).

Based on the research results, a person's reactions to his environment and his partner and his evaluation of these relationships can affect the success and understanding of emotions related to marital relationships. As a result, marital burnout is considered a bridge between personality traits such as psychological capital and psychological stability with people's health, and its changes affect the relationship between personality traits and wellness.

Significant communication impairments and restricted and repetitive behavioral patterns characterize individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Beyond these core deficits, motor difficulty has also been regarded as a significant feature of ASD. Physical interventions are influential in improving social skills and ASD symptoms. A less prescriptive approach, such as analogy learning, has been suggested by motor–learning scientists. Analogies help learn a new concept by relating it to a similar one. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of skill learning through analogy learning and explicit learning on the javelin–throwing performance of individuals with autism spectrum disorder and compared the two methods' effectiveness.

This study was semi–experimental with a pre–test and post–test design and two experimental and one control group. The related ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the relevant University and the Iran Autism Center. Written consent was obtained from the participant’s parents. In total, 36 individuals (15 to 30 years old) with ASD from the Iranian Autism Association were selected by the convenience sampling method from Iran Autism Centre. Individuals with ASD, after meeting the entering criteria of the study, were assigned to one of the three groups of analogy learning (n=12), explicit learning (n=12), and control group (n=12). Inclusion criteria were aged 15–30 years; ASD diagnosis based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition; IQ over 50 based on the participant’s record; ability to follow instructions with the assistance of the researcher; no formal javelin training experience, the ASD diagnosis for each participant by an experienced physician. Exclusion criteria were comorbidity, cognitive disorder, learning disorder, severe sensory problem, vision problems and movement limitation. The study conducted in an indoor gymnasium. The experimental group participants attended four training sessions corresponding to their group, and the control group only participated in the measurement phases. Each session consisted of 3 blocks of 15 trials separated by 2 min of rest. Data analysis was done using ANOVA with repeated measures, one–way ANOVA and Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests in SPSS version 21. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results showed that the effect of time during the training sessions from the pre–test stage to the transfer stage was significant (p<0.001); Also, the effect of the group was significant, which showed the difference in the performance of the groups regardless of the measurement stage (p<0.001). The interactive effect of the group and measurement stages was also significant, which indicated the different trends of changes in the groups in different stages (p<0.001). The comparison of the groups in the transfer phase revealed that the analogy learning group performed better compared to the explicit learning group and the control group (p<0.001), and the explicit learning group performed better compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Considering the characteristics of people with autism spectrum disorder, to learn new motor skills, analogy learning can bring more benefits for these people.

Mothers are vulnerable to divorce and may face a range of challenges that negatively impact their mental health. These may include heightened levels of anxiety, stress, and depression. Mothers have a greater influence on children's development due to spending more time with them; Therefore, the stress of the mother has an impact on her interaction with the child. Divorced mothers face unique challenges, including increased risk of exhaustion and emotional distress, due to the added responsibilities of taking care of children, managing household affairs, and overseeing their children's education; Therefore, mothers feel that they are not enough to take care of their children and for this reason, they feel unworthy. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the effective parenting model on the parent–child relationship and parental sense of competence in divorced mothers.

This study was semi–experimental and was conducted with a pre–test–post–test design with two control and experimental groups. The statistical population of this research included divorced mothers with teenage children who referred to counselling and psychology centers in Tehran. Among the statistical population, 30 qualified volunteers were randomly entered into the study and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (each group includes 15 people). The criteria for entering participants to the research include: being a divorced mother; having a teenage child; having at least a diploma level of education; not participating in other therapeutic interventions at the same time. Exclusion criteria were absenteeism more than out of three sessions and non–observance of group therapy rules. Both groups completed the Parent–Child Relationship Scale (Fine et al., 1983) and Parental Sense of Competence Scale (Gibaud–Wallston & Wandersman, 1978) in the pre–test and post–test stages. The effective parenting training program was implemented in the experimental group as a 90–minute session and every session once a week, But the control group did not receive any treatment plan. Data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics of frequency, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics, analysis of covariance was used. Data analysis was done in SPSS software version 24, and the significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in the variables of the parent–child relationship (positive emotions, hate and loss of role, identity and communication) (p<0.001) and parental sense of competence (p<0.001) between the experimental and control groups in the post–test, after removing the effect of the pre–test; Also, effective parenting training was able to increase positive emotions by 41%, identity by 86%, communication by 69%, and hate and loss of role by 63%. Also, effective parenting training increased the parental sense of competence by 79%.

This research showed that teaching the efficient parenting model to divorced mothers is suitable for improving the parent–child relationship and increasing the parental sense of competence.

According to previous research, several psychological interventions effectively improve feelings of loneliness, negative body image, and sensitivity to rejection in women applying for cosmetic surgery. Women who are constantly concerned about their appearance in their community create a culture about appearance that is reinforced and modeled by the norms and expectations in society. These experiences shape and reflect individual behaviors and attitudes about their body image and that of others. Dissatisfaction caused by this inconsistency leads to high depression, anxiety, and low self–esteem, ultimately damaging the person's mental health. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and therapy based on self–compassion on feelings of loneliness, negative body image and sensitivity to rejection in women applying for cosmetic surgery.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design, two experimental and one control group. The statistical population included all women who referred to cosmetic clinics for cosmetic surgery in Tehran in 2019, and 45 women (3 groups of 15) were selected as a research sample using the available sampling method and by simple random method in Two intervention groups of schema therapy and therapy based on self–compassion and a control group were divided. First, the meeting announcement and initial registration conditions were informed to the clients, and then through the preliminary interview, women applying for cosmetic surgery were selected (according to the entry and exit criteria). The criteria for participating in the study included the desire to perform cosmetic surgery, having at least a diploma, being in the age range of 25–45 years, a history of performing at least two cosmetic procedures, informed consent of the subject to participate in the research, and obtaining written consent. Exclusion criteria are having mental disorders requiring immediate treatment (such as psychotic symptoms and substance dependence) and severe physical, motor and sensory disorders, absence of subjects for more than two sessions in training sessions, receiving any other type of training by the subjects during the intervention period and receiving any drug treatment. Moreover, psychotherapy was in the intervention period. For one experimental group, schema therapy training was implemented during eight weekly two–hour sessions; for the other experimental group, therapy based on self–compassion was implemented during eight weekly two–hour sessions. Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire (Cash, 1990), UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1978) and Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Downey and Feldman, 1996) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and statistical software SPSS version 22. The significance level for all tests was 0.05. The research data analysis was done on two levels of descriptive statistics (prevalence, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics using analysis of variance, chi–square test, analysis of covariance, and post hoc Bonferroni test by SPSS version 22 software.

The results showed that after removing the effect of the pre–test, there was a significant difference between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the post–test in the variables of feelings of loneliness (p=0.002), negative body image (p=0.005) and sensitivity to rejection (p=0.005). Therapy based on self–compassion was more effective in reducing sensitivity to rejection compared to schema therapy (p=0.017); However, no significant difference was observed in the variables of feeling of loneliness (p=0.635) and negative body image (p=0.404) between the two treatment methods.

According to the results of the research, there is no significant difference in improving the feeling of loneliness and negative body image between the two interventions of schema therapy and therapy based on self–compassion; But in the variable of sensitivity to rejection, the effectiveness of therapy based on self–compassion is more than schema therapy.

The Iranian deaf people use sign language in their interactions, a natural language that uses linguistic tools for encoding different concepts. There needs to be more evidence about the history of sign language in Iran, and few studies have been done so far. The sign language of Iran has been variously named by both hearing and deaf users, commonly called Zaban Eshareh Irani (ZEI). This research aimed to investigate the construction of possession in Iranian deaf sign language (Tehrani variant).

The research method in this research was qualitative and content analysis type. The study was descriptive (qualitative) and was based on the theoretical framework of the cross-linguistic research of Zashen & Pernis (2008), entitled Sign Language Typology: Possession and Existentials. The research participants, selected based on the purposeful sampling method, included seven congenitally profoundly deaf adults (4 women and three men) living in Tehran who had hearing aids and were 35-40 years old. All except one individual were employed, while the remaining was a student. Everyone in the group possessed literacy skills, ranging from diploma holders to PhD students in linguistics. They were introduced to sign language from an early age and regularly used the Tehrani variant of Iranian sign language in the family and social settings. All of these subjects could understand the spoken Persian language and understand and express it in writing. An interpreter and a sign language consultant were present at all stages of the research. The main method of data collection in this research was "observation" In order to collect data, the language behaviors of the signers during the presentation of linguistic stimuli were observed and video recorded. Linguistic stimuli (4 games and some pictures) of research were designed to not depend on culture and have a simple implementation method. Also, a targeted watching of films in Iranian sign language was carried out to obtain more spontaneous data. These data can be found in virtual social media such as Telegram and Instagram. About 120 minutes of Iranian Sign Language (Tehrani variant) were obtained for analysis. The data were entered into the ELAN software program for analysis.

The data analysis showed that in Iranian sign language (Tehrani variant), possession marking can be seen as nominal and predictive possession (have & belong). This language uses personal and common pronouns in possessiveness without gender distinction. In this language, there are no special paradigms of possessive pronouns. Iranian sign language (Tehrani variant) does not use the obvious possession marking in the nominal possessive. The dominant word order in nominal possession is possessed-possessor (except in the relationship between part and whole). The Have-construction has the word order of possessor-possessum-predict, and the belong-construction has the order of possessum-Male-possessor-predict (the relative verbs can be omitted). In Iranian sign language, existential particles are used in the concept of possession. However, signs whose original meaning is related to "taking" or "grabbing" are not used for possession. Predicative quantifier/modifier construction could be found in Iranian sign language. Some further information is given about the possessed item, such as its quantity or some adjectival information; there is no overt sign expressing the possessive relationship. Also, being alienable, inalienable, animate, inanimate, concrete or abstract possession does not make a difference in the main construction of nominal possession and the have-construction, which is opposed to the belong- constructions, Because belong-construction are not used for kinship words ( (such as one's children), abstract concepts (such as time) or diseases and body parts. Spatial marking in possessive and existential constructions and possessive NPs were seen in different forms in this language.

In general, this research showed that Iranian Deaf sign language (Tehrani variant) has its grammatical structure in possession and can be recognized as a natural language. The results of the present study will be helpful for language planning, compiling textbooks and teaching sign language, linguistic research and presentation or explanation of linguistic theories. It is also helpful in expanding the scope of sign language linguistics in the fields of possession.

Exercise and physical activity are one of the most effective methods of preventing middle–aged disorders, which causes the middle–aged period to be postponed and the middle–aged to enjoy more health and vitality. During middle age, especially in women, preventive measures that can reduce the incidence of various diseases, such as diseases related to the musculoskeletal system, can improve the quality of life of this group. During this period, taking measures to improve health and prevent disability also guarantees mental health. Different training environments each have their own advantages and disadvantages and middle age is one of the sensitive periods of human life. Different sports in different environments each have their own advantage. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the comparison of physical activity in different sports environments on the general health and lifestyle of middle–aged Women in Yazd.

This study was of semi–experimental and applied, where the statistical samples were selected by using the available targeted method and randomly divided into two experimental groups and control group. The statistical population of this study was formed by middle–aged women of Yazd city in 2021. The 120 middle–aged Women with an age range of 35 to 60 years in three experimental groups, including 30 in the sports club group, 30 in the morning sports group, and 30 in the water sports group, and a control group of 30 who did not do any physical activity, were investigated. The criteria for the participants to enter the research were being female, being between the ages of 35 and 60 years old, without having a specific disease or abnormality, and the criteria for leaving were not cooperating. In this research, to check the general health of the samples, the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hiller, 1979) was used. Also, to check the lifestyle, Health Promotion Lifestyle Questionnaire (Walker & Hill–Polerecky, 1996), was used. After collecting the data, the one–way ANOVA test and LSD Post hoc test were used to analyze the data. All data analysis was done by using the SPSS version 25 software. The significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05

The results showed that the general health (p=0.033) and lifestyle (p<0.001) of middle–aged women who exercised in different environments were significantly different from each other. There was a significant difference in general health between the morning exercise group with the water sports group (p<0.001) and the gym group (p=0.012); But no significant difference was observed between the gym group and water sports group (p=0.078); There was a significant difference in lifestyle between the morning exercise group with the water sports group (p<0.001) and the gym group (p<0.001); But no significant difference was observed between the gym group and the water sports group (p=0.064); Also, there was a significant difference between the control group and each of the experimental groups in the variables of general health and lifestyle (p<0.001).

According to the results of the study, exercising in various sports environments increases the level of general health and improves the lifestyle of middle–aged women; Especially morning exercise have more influence on lifestyle and general health than other environments.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is one of the most common personality disorders in psychiatric situations. Emotional regulation plays a significant role in these patients. Emotion regulation refers to a person's ability to understand and accept his emotional experiences and behave in a healthy strategy to control unpleasant emotions when necessary. As one of the components of emotion regulation, the reappraisal strategy is a prediction–oriented strategy by which people change the emotional effect of that situation in a similar situation. Also, the expressive suppression component of emotion regulation is a response–oriented strategy used entirely in suppressing the expression of emotion. Many researchers were always trying to prove how different psychotherapies affect the reduction of BPD symptoms. Transference–focused psychotherapy (TFP) is one of the most effective treatments for borderline personality disorder. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of transference–focused psychotherapy on emotional regulation in patients with borderline personality disorder.

This study was a semi–experimental, single–subject A–B–A design. Among the clients with BPD who referred to the Sirjan psychotherapy and counseling clinic (Hadi) in the latter part of 2020 and early part of 2021, three persons (qualified volunteers) were selected by available sampling through a clinical interview, performing Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI–III) (Million, 1994) and the Personality Organization Questionnaire (Kernberg, 2002). Three qualified volunteers diagnosed with borderline personality disorder were selected as subjects. After they met the research conditions, individuals entered the treatment process for twelve months and a four–month follow–up period. Inclusion criteria were: having the diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder; Willingness to cooperate to receive counseling intervention and agreeing to the goals and conditions of the treatment; Obtaining written consent from the subject to participate in the research; Having third middle school; Placement in the age range between 18 and 50 years; having cognitive ability appropriate to the treatment; not receiving psychotherapy services at least in the last two months; Not using psychiatric drugs and not abusing or depending on substances for at least three months before entering the study. Data were collected using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) in three stages baseline, treatment and follow–up in 16 months. Statistical analysis of the data was done using indexes of visual analysis, recovery percentage, effect size and reliable change.

The results of the recovery percentage index in the treatment and follow–up stages, were respectively, for expressive suppression strategy in the first client (23.99 and 49.32), the second client (25.00 and 49.30) and the third client (32.72 and 55.88) and were for reappraisal strategy in the first client (74.32 and 143.24), the second client (58.72 and 119.77) and the third client (50.00 and 92.45). This indicated an increase in the recovery percentage index during treatment and follow–up. All results of the reliable change index in the treatment and follow–up stages were greater than 1.96, and Cohen's effect size was above the average, indicating the treatment's effectiveness and maintenance.

According to the results, the twelve months of transference–focused psychotherapy could effectively increase the reappraisal strategy and decrease the expressive suppression strategy in borderline personality disorder patients. In order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of treatment, it is imperative to conduct further research and delve deeper into its various dimensions.

Considering the increase in the elderly population and the phenomenon of aging in the world population, understanding the quality solutions to improve the elderly lives seems to be essential. The proper design of architectural and urban spaces are among the most important components that can play an important role in improving the quality and quantity of comfort for the elderly in the society. For this reason, architects and urban designers need a fundamental revision of their principles of architecture and urban planning. With an age of more than 1000 years, the historical city of Masouleh is one of the limited living spaces in Iran, which has been able to provide a suitable platform for its elderly people, who constitute more than half of the population of this city. This research aims to review the components of the city that is desirable for the elderly with a case study of the historical city of Masouleh was conducted.

The present study implemented a qualitative approach to study the samples. The historical city of Masouleh has 564 buildings, out of which the statistical population of 151 buildings was investigated in the research by dividing to five neighborhoods of Khanebar, Masjedbar, Keshesar, Asadmahleh, Reihanehbar and Bazar. In order to analyze the spatial elements of Masouleh architecture, based on field studies, 151 building maps were taken and drawn by AutoCAD 2023 software. Sound Meter Pro 2.6.7 software was used to analyze the amount of noise pollution in Masouleh neighborhoods at different hours of the day and night. Also, in order to analyze the amount of light received in the interior spaces of the Masouleh buildings, 3D models of the Masouleh residential buildings were first drawn by 3D Max 2023 software. Afterwards, based on the 30–year climate data of the historical city of Masouleh, which was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Guilan Province, the amount of light received was simulated by Vilox Dilat Visualizer 3 software. In the last step, the components of the desirable city for the elderly were introduced in the historical city of Masouleh.

Findings showed that the effective factors in creating a desirable city for the elderly from the perspective of the historical city of Masouleh were identified in the form of the following: creating a city with an urban garden model, eliminating noise pollution, increasing social interactions and vitality, increasing economic participation and welfare stability, urban image stability; peace stability, proper access to the buildings and flexible spatial layout, creation of interactive spaces, light passages and increased protection.

Based on the findings of this research, the effective components in creating a desirable city for the elderly from the perspective of the historical city of Masuleh are explained in increasing green environments per capita, the increase of social and economic interactions, flexible architecture, protection of the urban image, and historical and identity dimensions.

Virtual social networks consist of sites where users can share their interests, thoughts and activities with other people. Among the users of virtual networks, teenagers may be extremely attracted to its use. Therefore, considering the negative consequences of addiction to virtual networks and because addiction to virtual networks is a new disorder, its treatment methods have not yet expanded much, but research has shown that cognitive behavioral therapy for users who are obsessed with Virtual network use is effective. In cognitive behavioral therapy, a well–known treatment method, it is assumed that thoughts determine emotions, and by controlling ineffective thoughts and managing behavior, the amount of dependence on virtual networks can be reduced. Therefore, the research aimed to determine the cognitive behavioral therapy program on ego identity status and mental well–being in people dependent on virtual networks.

The current research was semi–experimental and conducted with a pre–test–post–test design with control and experimental groups. The study's statistical population included people affiliated with virtual networks who referred to counseling and psychology clinics in Tehran in 2021. Among the statistical population, 30 qualified volunteers entered the study as available and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (each group included 15 people). Inclusion criteria were: 1. a higher–than–average score on the Questionnaire of Addiction to Mobile–Based Social Networks; 2. at least a diploma level of education; 3. not participating in other therapeutic interventions simultaneously. Exclusion criteria were: 1. absenteeism more than out of three sessions; 2. it was non–observance of group therapy rules. Both groups completed the pre–test and post–test of the Ego Identity Status Questionnaire (Bennion & Adams, 1986) and the Subjective Well–Being Questionnaire (Molavi et al., 2010). The experimental group received cognitive behavioral therapy in twelve ninety–minute sessions; However, the control group did not receive any treatment program during the research. Data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, mean and standard deviation were used, and at the level of inferential statistics, covariance analysis was used in SPSS software version 24. The significance level was 0.05 for the tests.

The results of the analysis of covariance for each of the variables of ego identity status and mental well–being showed that there was a significant difference in the subscales of ego identity status including diffusion (p=0.005) and achievement (p<0.001) between the experimental and control groups in the post–test, after removing pre–test effect; Also, after removing the effect of the pre–test, there was a significant difference in the mental well–being subscales including vitality (p=0.024), life determination (p<0.001) and neuroses (p=0.004) between the experimental and control groups in the post–test.

According to the results, cognitive–behavioral therapy can enhance the ego identity status and mental wellness of individuals who rely heavily on virtual networks by correcting their dysfunctional thoughts.

Formation of family and marriage as one of the most important stages during each person's life, begins with selecting a spouse, so success and satisfaction in other stages of life depend on the correct decision and the conscious choice in this stage. Marriage shares a life with another person who has different criteria and expectations. This choice plays an important role in forming the foundation of the family and couples' marital satisfaction and achievement, as well as family dissatisfaction and the tendency to divorce in couples. Personality traits, family, culture, and community attitudes towards life and environment are important factors in this selection. The expanded assessment aspects and a lack of clear criteria for achieving a comprehensive understanding of the partner are part of people's problems in selecting a spouse. This study aimed to achieve important elements in selecting a spouse as protective factors against marital dissatisfaction and Divorce based on Iranian culture and from the perspective of family psychologists and consultants.

In this study, which was performed with a phenomenological method, two groups of samples including specialists in family and marriage and a panel group of university teachers and students were used. In the qualitative phase, according to the purpose of accessing the experience of experts in the subject of study, counselors, and psychologists in the field of family and marriage in Yazd City that wanted to participate were used. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample group. The sample size in qualitative studies continues until the researcher is fully saturated with the information, i.e., until a new code of interviews is not extracted and the information obtained is duplicated, so in this study, the sample was continued until complete data saturation by 16 interviews. After conducting semi–structured interviews with the first group, interviews were analyzed to examine the participants' experience of the subject. In the next stage, using Colaizzi's method (1978), the main subthemes and themes were extracted. In the quantitative phase, a panel of ten professors and senior undergraduate psychology and counseling students at the Islamic Azad University of Yazd were used by random sampling method to determine the validity of the categories obtained. To evaluate the content validity, two qualitative and quantitative methods were used to the viewpoint of experts on the level of coordination with the themes. The research data was validated according to four criteria of reliability provided by Guba & Lincoln (1989). To measure the validity of the data, a panel group was used to assess the validity by the content validity method. In the next step, by referring to the Lawsche table, validation was done for ten participants with a coefficient of 0.6 as the critical point and necessity of the class.

After analyzing interviews and understanding participants' experience with the Colaizzi method, 397 codes, 52 secondary themes and seven main themes were concluded. The seven main themes included personality traits, history of family growth, expression of love and emotions, spirituality and religious expectations, management of finance, conflict and resolve, and family customs identified as the main components and criteria of youth in choosing a spouse. The main categories of "personality traits", "management of financial and economic affairs", and "family and customs", with the frequency of 10, 10 and 9, respectively, from the perspective of experts in the interview, were more important. All seven main categories achieved an acceptable content validity score.

Identifying and determining the basic criteria of choosing a spouse in marriage while helping to make conscious choices that increasing marital satisfaction can strengthen the family foundation and prevent Divorce in life.

Social anxiety disorder is a psychiatric condition in which the patient experiences anxiety in social interactions. Patients with social anxiety disorder experience high anxiety sensitivity and poorer quality of life than individuals without this disorder. Anxiety sensitivity is a multidimensional construct that consists of fears of somatic, social, and cognitive aspects of anxiety. Quality of life has been identified as an important outcome measure in research on treating social anxiety disorder. Considering the relationship between higher anxiety sensitivity and lower quality of life with social anxiety disorder, it was necessary to investigate the effective treatment of these psychological concepts in social anxiety disorder. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effects of Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) on anxiety sensitivity and quality of life in patients with social anxiety disorder.

The method of the present study was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a 1–month follow–up with a control group. The statistical population included all high school students in Qaemshahr City, Iran, in the academic year 2022–2023 (450 people). A total of 51 eligible students were included in the study using a convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into 2 intervention groups and 1 control group (17 people in each group). The inclusion criteria were an age range of 15–17 years, a definite diagnosis of social anxiety disorder during at least the last 6 months based on DSM–5 diagnostic criteria using a structured clinical interview, not suffering from other clinical disorders at the same time, not dependent on alcohol or drugs, not receiving any other concurrent treatment, and completing the informed consent form to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria were having thoughts and ideas of suicide and absenting more than 2 sessions in therapy sessions. Patients in the first intervention group received 12 sessions (two sessions per week, each session lasting 60 minutes) of CBT. Patients in the second intervention group had 8 sessions (two sessions per week, each lasting for 60 minutes) of VRET. The control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection tools included the Anxiety Sensitivity Index–Revised (ASI–R) (Taylor & Cox, 1998) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life–BREF (WHOQOL–BREF) (1996). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency indices, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (1–way variance analysis test, analysis of variance with repeated measurements, and Tukey post hoc test) in SPSS 24 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the effects of time (p<0.001), group (p<0.001), and their interaction (p<0.001) on variables of anxiety sensitivity and quality of life were significant. In the posttest and follow–up stages, a significant difference was observed between CBT and VRET in the control group in reducing anxiety sensitivity and increasing quality of life (p<0.05). In the posttest, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of CBT and VRET in reducing anxiety sensitivity scores (p=0.054). Still, there was a significant difference in increasing quality of life scores (p<0.001). In the follow–up, there was no significant difference between the two treatments in reducing anxiety sensitivity scores (p=0.265). Still, a significant difference was observed in increasing the quality of life scores (p<0.001).

According to the findings, CBT and VRET effectively reduce anxiety sensitivity and improve patients' quality of life, but CBT is more effective than VRET. As a result, both approaches can be used to reduce anxiety sensitivity and enhance the quality of life in patients with social anxiety disorder.

Individuals with social anxiety disorder fear other people’s negative evaluations, which results in the continuation of social anxiety through a series of vicious cycles. In addition, anxiety sensitivity is another factor contributing to social anxiety disorder development. Considering the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and fear of negative evaluation with social anxiety disorder, it is necessary to investigate the effective treatment of these psychological structures in social anxiety disorder. The first line of treatment for social anxiety disorder is cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT). This therapy seeks to change thought patterns and physical reactions to anxiety–inducing situations. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is another promising approach to treating social anxiety. EMDR targets the early experiences that made patients develop a sense of social threat in the first place. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effects of CBT and EMDR therapy on anxiety sensitivity and fear of negative evaluations in patients with social anxiety disorder.

The method of the present study was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and 1 month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included all adolescents referred to the Farhangian Clinic in Karaj City, Iran. A total of 51 eligible adolescents were included in the study using a convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into 2 intervention groups and 1 control group (17 people in each group). The inclusion criteria were as follows: age range of 15–17 years, a definite diagnosis of social anxiety disorder during at least the last 6 months based on DSM–5 diagnostic criteria using the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID–5), not suffering from other clinical disorders at the same time, not dependent on alcohol or drugs, not receiving any other concurrent treatment, and completing the informed consent form to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria were having thoughts and ideas of suicide and absenting more than two sessions in therapy sessions. Patients in the first intervention group received 12 sessions (two sessions per week, each session lasting 60 minutes) of CBT. Patients in the second intervention group had 8 sessions (two sessions per week, each lasting 90 minutes) of EMDR therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection tools included the Anxiety Sensitivity Index revised form (ASI–R) (Taylor & Cox, 1998) and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE) Scale (Leary, 1983). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency indices, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (1–way analysis of variance, repeated measures analyses of variance, and Tukey post hoc test) in SPSS24 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the effects of time (p<0.001), group (p<0.001), and time and group interaction (p<0.001) were significant on variables of anxiety sensitivity and fear of negative evaluations. Both treatments significantly decreased anxiety sensitivity and fear of negative evaluation of patients in the posttest and follow–up in the intervention groups compared with the control group (p<0.001). In the posttest, a significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of CBT and EMDR therapy in reducing anxiety sensitivity scores (p=0.029) and fear of negative evaluation (p=0.004). In the follow–up, CBT, compared to EMDR therapy, was more effective in reducing anxiety sensitivity scores (p=0.003). Still, In the follow–up, the treatments had no significant difference in reducing fear of negative evaluation (p=0.995).

Both CBT and EMDR therapy are effective in reducing anxiety sensitivity and fear of negative evaluations of patients with social anxiety disorder, but CBT is more effective than EMDR therapy. As a result, both approaches can be used to reduce anxiety sensitivity and fear of negative evaluations in patients with social anxiety disorder.

The pandemic of COVID–19 disease and the implementation of preventive policies have greatly impacted society from a psychological and physical point of view. Accordingly, the general wellbeing of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was affected during this period. In other words, the mental health of multiple sclerosis patients has declined due to the daily stresses of this disease, frequent visits to hospital centers, and economic problems caused by this disease. The wellbeing and quality of life of MS patients significantly decreases compared to normal people and limits their functions. In treating MS, it seems logical to use non–non-pharmacological methods that can reduce the problems and improve the quality of life of these patients. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the logotherapy approach and education based on acceptance and commitment to the general wellbeing of patients with MS.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included all patients with MS at the Raad Mehrabani Charitable Institute in Arak City, Iran, in 2021. A total of 45 patients were included in the study with available sampling and then were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 15, including two experimental groups, logotherapy and commitment and acceptance therapy group, and one control group. The experimental groups received logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for 14 sessions of 45 minutes. The inclusion criteria were as follows: suffering from primary progressive MS, female gender, age range from 20 to 50 years, sufficient reading and writing literacy to complete the questionnaires, participation in training sessions, participants' willingness and written consent, not suffering from psychological disorders and chronic physical diseases, not participating in other counseling and therapy groups at the same time (based on the participant's medical record and self–report). The exclusion criteria were as follows: the absence of more than two sessions in the treatment protocol, not having enough trust in the group, unwillingness to continue cooperation, not doing the tasks included in the treatment protocol, and not completing the questionnaire. The measurement tool in this research was the General Wellbeing Scale (Dupuy, 1978). To statistically analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods were used. For descriptive data analysis, percentage, frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used. For inferential analysis of data, 1–way analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used in SPSS version 23. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

After adjusting for the pretest effect, there was a significant difference between the average scores of the experimental groups and the control group in the posttest in the general wellbeing variable (p<0.001). Also, the eta square value indicated that 53.7% of the changes in the scores of the groups in the general wellbeing variable (difference between the groups in the posttest) was due to the implementation of the independent variable (logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy). Both intervention of logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy significantly affected general wellbeing in patients with MS compared to the control group (p<0.001). Regarding the effectiveness of the two treatment methods, there was a statistically significant difference in the general wellbeing variable between the groups of logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (p<0.001).

Based on the research findings, both logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy effectively improve the general wellbeing of patients with MS. However, in terms of comparison, acceptance and commitment therapy is significantly more effective than logotherapy.

The significance of marital infidelity can be seen in the prevalence and growth of this phenomenon among different communities. Extramarital relationships have various causes that have drawn the attention of many researchers. They believe a comprehensive understanding of infidelity and its interactions with the surrounding environment requires examining the related factors. Due to the potential negative effects of infidelity on relationship stability and individual well–being, many researchers have attempted to identify factors that expose individuals and couples to the danger of betrayal. However, limited studies explored the consequences of betrayal and mentioned the strategies for this problem. Therefore, this qualitative research investigated the lived experiences of marital infidelity, focusing on outcomes and strategies in Yazd City, Iran.

The current research used a qualitative analysis and was conducted from September 2021 to March 2022. The research community comprised married people who had been referred to the judiciary of Yazd Province due to the issue of marital infidelity, and their cases had been referred to family counseling centers in Yazd City. The inclusion criteria were visiting family counseling centers due to marital infidelity during the study and providing informed consent to participate. In the present study, 15 people were selected using purposeful sampling and interviewed. The method of data collection in the present study was a semi–structured interview. The interview questions included demographic information and questions about marital infidelity. In the present study, a non–software method was used for data analysis. After collecting the data, the axial coding method was used to categorize the data, and the semantically similar contents were placed under the same codes. Finally, the consequences and strategies of marital infidelity were extracted.

In the present study, 11 women and 4 men were interviewed. The minimum and maximum ages were 23 and 55 years for women and 19 and 33 years for men. Regarding the number of children, 6 people had one child, 5 had two children, 3 had no children, and one was pregnant at the time of the interview. According to the findings, the minimum and maximum duration of marriage was 2 and 23 years for women and 1 and 12 years for men. The strategies extracted from the interviews in the present study were identified under three main concepts: inspection of the spouse, getting discouraged, and revenge infidelity. Also, two main concepts were obtained for the consequences of marital affairs: disclosure of infidelity and satisfaction of needs by the new partner.

According to this research, betrayed people try to control the betrayer in some ways, sometimes by inspecting their spouses and sometimes by revenge betrayal or even discouragement.

The changes in physical and cognitive functions in old age often lead to impaired motor function and cognitive decline. The changes occur even in the absence of obvious diseases. The potential consequences are increased risk of falling, loss of independence in daily activities, and lower quality of life. Aging is associated with decreased cognitive functions such as processing speed, memory, and executive functions. Group movement intervention in a sports program improves mobility and balance, mental health, cardiovascular health, and strength. It encourages social and emotional participation and saves healthcare costs. Mindfulness is another effective approach to enhance cognition. It includes mindfulness, breathing, and yoga exercises. The present study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of group movement and mindfulness intervention programs on the balance status and executive functioning of older people with mild cognitive impairment.

The present research was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a one–month follow–up design, with two experimental and one control group(s). The study's statistical population comprised all elderly people aged 60–75 years living in Tehran City, Iran. The investigation started from March 2021 to March 2022. By reviewing similar research studies and using G*Power software, the number of samples required to reach the study objectives was estimated at 60. The samples were eligible elderly male volunteers with mild cognitive disorders. The sampling method was accessible and targeted. The samples were assigned to the group movement intervention (20 people), the mindfulness intervention group (20 people), and the control group (20 people). The inclusion criteria included the consent of the participants to participate in the research; male gender; diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment; 60–75 years old; without acute mental disorders, critical physical illness, or movement problems that prevent their activities. The exclusion criteria included not participating regularly in training sessions, suffering from disease or any injury that prevents doing exercises, participating in other activities that affect the training interventions, and unwillingness to continue the research for any reason. The following tools were used for data collection: Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., 1977), Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale (Rose et al., 2006), and Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D–KEFS) (Delis et al., 2001). Group movement and mindfulness interventions were implemented only for the experimental groups, each for 12 sixty–minute sessions. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Repeated measures ANOVA and its assumptions and Bonferroni's post hoc test) were used to analyze the data. All statistical tests were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05. SPSS version 24 software was used for data analysis.

Results showed that the effects of time (p<0.001), group (p<0.001), and the time and group interaction (p<0.001) on the variables of balance status and executive functions were significant. In the posttest and follow–up phases, the average scores of the variables of balance status and executive functions in the group movement intervention (p<0.001) and the mindfulness intervention (p<0.001) were significantly higher than those in the control group. However, a significant difference was observed between the experimental groups in the posttest and follow–up phases (p<0.001). In the two experimental groups, there was a significant difference in the average scores of variables of balance status and executive functions between the pretest and posttest (p<0.001) and between the pretest and follow–up (p<0.001) stages. Also, a significant difference was observed in the mean scores of the mentioned variables between the posttest and follow–up stages (p<0.001), which shows the stability of the interventions in the follow–up stage.

According to the findings, group movement and mindfulness interventions benefit executive functions and balance status. However, group movement intervention is more effective than mindfulness training. Therefore, therapists can use the group movement intervention to improve the balance and executive functions of older people with mild cognitive impairment.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and is the second cause of death in women aged 33–55. Adaptation to complications caused by breast cancer is very important. Based on the evidence, adaptation to cancer explains the quality of life. Breast cancer is a dreadful event for many women and causes psychological and social challenges, including anxiety and especially death anxiety. Among other related variables, adaptation to the disease and adherence to treatments are very important in chronic diseases where patients must follow the prescribed treatment for a long time. Considering the importance of the quality of life, the seriousness of death anxiety, and adherence to treatments in women with breast cancer, this group needs psychological treatment. So, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the educational package based on the disease adaptation on the quality of life, reduction of death anxiety, and adherence to treatments in women with breast cancer.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a posttest–pretest design with a control group. The statistical population included all women with breast cancer who were referred to the specialized treatment centers for cancer in Alborz Province, Iran, between October 2021 and April 2022. Among the eligible volunteers, 30 were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria as the research sample. They were selected by the available sampling and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 women in each group). The inclusion criteria were as follows: women with cancer with a file focusing on breast cancer, volunteered to participate in the research, age range from 30 to 60 years, being literate in reading and writing, not suffering from psychological disorders and chronic physical diseases, and not participating in other counseling and therapy groups at the same time. The exclusion criteria for the experimental group included an absence of more than two sessions in the treatment protocol and an unwillingness to continue cooperation in the training sessions. The study data were gathered in pretest and posttest for two groups via the Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ) for Cancer Patients (Aaronson et al., 1993), the Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1972), and the Questionnaire of Adherence to Treatment with Chronic Diseases (Modanloo, 2013). The experimental group underwent twelve 75–minute sessions (2 sessions per week) of an educational package based on adaptation to the disease, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software version 23. The descriptive statistics section included frequency, mean, and standard deviation. The inferential statistics section included the independent t test, Chi–square test, and covariance analysis. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

Findings showed a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the variables of quality of life (p<0.001), death anxiety (p<0.001), and adherence to treatments (p<0.001). The impact rate of intervention was 0.627 in the quality of life, 0.394 in the death anxiety, and 0.519 in the adherence to treatments.

Based on the research results, the educational package based on adapting to the disease improves the quality of life and adherence to treatments and reduces death anxiety in women with breast cancer.

Addiction is one of the most important problems of human society. The problem has emerged as pervasive and endangered millions of people's lives. Every year, governments spend large national capital to combat this ominous phenomenon. Anxiety, depression, and maladaptive schemas formed in childhood are cited as important and influential factors in the development and continuance of drug use. Research has shown that people suffering from mental disorders such as anxiety and mood disorders are more likely to get addicted than the general population. Also, drug addicts suffer more from mood disorders and anxiety than the general population. One of the effective psychological treatments to adjust cognitive, emotional, emotional, and behavioral experiences in drug abusers is schema therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of schema therapy on the life quality and anxiety of recovered addicts using methadone referring to addiction treatment centers in Ahvaz City, Iran.

The present study was conducted by quasi–experimental method with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design employing a control group. The statistical population included all drug users referred to welfare–related medical centers in Ahvaz from March 2020 to March 2021. For the present study, one center was chosen with 40 individuals. They were randomly selected and assigned to the experimental and control (each group=20). The inclusion criteria included male individuals aged 20 to 50 years who had not participated in other psychological treatments without obvious physical and mental illness. The exclusion criteria were individuals who failed to cooperate in any research stages or did not attend the training sessions. The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL–BREF) Questionnaire (1996) brief form and Four Systems Anxiety Questionnaire (FSAQ) (Koksal & Power, 1990) were used to collect data. The experimental group received 12 sessions (each lasting 95 minutes) of schema therapy, and the control group continued drug therapy without psychological intervention according to the center's routine. In the current research, data analysis was done using SPSS version 22 software in descriptive and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation were used. Then, multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05.

The multivariate covariance analysis indicated that schema therapy significantly affected at least one of the variables of quality of life and anxiety in the experimental group (p<0.01). The eta coefficient was 0.91. The results of univariate covariance analysis indicated that, after removing the effect of the pretest, the differences between the experimental group and the control group were significant in the quality of life (p<0.001) and anxiety (p<0.001) variables in the posttest. Schema therapy (independent variable) contributed 90% to increasing the quality of life and 92% to reducing anxiety.

Schematic therapy increases the quality of life and reduces the anxiety of recovering addicts using methadone in Ahvaz, and this treatment can be used in addiction treatment centers.

Divorced people face multiple individual and interpersonal conflicts like chaotic identity. Defense mechanisms are the processes that make it possible to understand the relationship between a healthy and an unhealthy personality, known as a facilitating factor for a person's well–being and adaptability. Since divorce is on the rise in Iran and women suffer a lot of social and psychological harm in this process, the existence of positive psychological characteristics, such as forgiveness, can prevent such damage in divorced women to some extent. As a third–wave cognitive therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) combines the principles of behavior, mindfulness, and acceptance. The increasing trend of divorce and the resulting personal and social damage to divorced women indicates that psychological treatments are necessary for these people. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of ACT on defense mechanisms and forgiveness in divorced women.

This research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The study's statistical population comprised divorced women referring to several counseling centers in Tehran (districts 10 and 12) in 2020. The study sample included those women who had been divorced for more than 1 year. The sampling method was random sampling. The sample size in this study was initially 65 applicants referred to counseling centers. Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ) (Andrews et al., 1993) and Family Forgiveness Scale (FFQ) (Pollard et al., 1998) were distributed among them. Then, considering their interest in participating in the present study, the samples were reduced to 30 people. Next, they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 people each). Not all of the interviewees in this study were remarried at the time of the interview, and this study was limited to divorced women living without a husband. The inclusion criteria included being a divorced woman, trusting and committed to keeping information confidential, and being willing to cooperate. The study data were gathered in the pretest and posttest for participants of two groups via DSQ and FFQ. The experimental group received ACT in eight 90–minute sessions. However, no treatment was given to the control group. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 24. The significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The results showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the posttest, after removing the effect of the pretest, in the subscales of defense mechanisms, including transformed (p<0.001), untransformed (p<0.001), and psychotic (p<0.001), and in the subscales of forgiveness, including realistic understanding (p<0.001), action compensation (p<0.001), appeasement (p<0.001), and feeling of recovery (p=0.003).

According to the results, ACT effectively improves defense mechanisms and forgiveness in divorced women.

The evolutionary changes of the brain during adolescence may contribute to emotional reactivity, poor decision–making, and behavioral issues in adolescents. Self–efficacy is one of the most crucial aspects of adolescent adjustment. One of the emotional components prevalent in adolescents is impulse control, defined as the ability to resist a dangerous impulse or drive. Since the psychological symptoms, such as poor impulse control and self–efficacy in adolescents with behavioral problems, increase these individuals' psychological vulnerability, the early diagnosis and treatment of these negative symptoms and the endorsement of self–efficacy and impulse control are among the top research priorities. Developing a growth mindset holds promising results in this respect. Thus, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of the growth mindset training program on adolescents with behavioral difficulties, self–efficacy, and impulse control.

The quasi–experimental research employed a pretest–posttest and two–month follow–up design with a control group. This study's statistical population comprised all adolescent girls aged 12 to 16 who attended the first high school period in Tehran Province, Iran, between 2021 and 2022. Using purposive sampling, 30 students were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows: getting a score higher than the cut–off score (score 65) on the Youth Self–Report Scale (YSR) (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), being 12 to 16 years old, willing parents and teachers to participate in the research, and having normal intelligence according to the academic file. The exclusion criteria were as follows: lack of motivation of the participants in answering the questions of the questionnaire, absence of more than three training sessions, and being subjected to a similar training program affecting the research findings. The study data were collected during therapy sessions using the YSR, the General Self–efficacy Scale (Jerusalem & Schwarzer, 1981), and the Emotional Intelligence Inventory (Bar–On, 1997). The students in the experimental group participated in the growth mindset training program over 5 weeks in 10 one–hour sessions. However, no treatment sessions were held for the control group. Data analysis was done using descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance with repeated measures and the Bonferroni post hoc test) in SPSS version 22. The significance level of statistical tests was set at p ≤ 0.05.

Findings showed that the group, time, and time and group interaction effects on self–efficacy and impulse control variables were significant (p<0.05). In the experimental group, the posttest and follow–up scores of self–efficacy and impulse control variables increased significantly (p<0.001) compared to the pretest scores. Also, there was no significant difference (p=1.000) in the scores of the mentioned variables between the posttest and follow–up stages in the experimental group, which indicated the continued effectiveness of the intervention in the follow–up stage.

Based on the results, the growth mindset training program effectively promotes self–efficacy and impulse control. Therefore, we suggest an effective therapeutic intervention method along with other existing therapeutic approaches to promote self–efficacy and impulse control in girls with behavioral problems.

Extramarital relationships are among the most traumatic challenges in married life, which can cause severe disruption and even collapse the marital relationship. A qualitative and phenomenological approach can effectively explain this phenomenon since marital infidelity involves individual, social, and cultural dimensions. The present research attempted to comprehensively understand the factors contributing to and predicting marital affairs using a qualitative and content analysis approach. The current study used a qualitative approach and grounded theory to identify the factors involved in the background, strategies, and consequences of marital infidelity in Yazd City, Iran.

This study was conducted using a qualitative approach from March 2021 to March 2022. All couples whose cases were brought up in the Yazd Court of Justice due to extramarital relations and then referred to family counseling centers were included in the study. Sampling was carried out using snowball and semi–structured interview methods. The research samples were selected by purposive sampling and continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached. After performing 15 interviews, data saturation was achieved. To analyze the data, we used axial coding.

According to the results, 26.66% of the participants were male and 73.33% were female. The mean age of the participants was 32.06 years. Their mean duration of marriage was 8.26 years. About 20% of the participants had no children, and 80% had children. Infidelity was committed by the wife in 53.33% of cases and by the husband in 46.66% of cases. According to this study, the predisposing factors of marital infidelity were personality traits, sexual deviation, failure to meet needs and deficiencies. The research subjects also stated that spouse's mental disorders, cynicism, lying, jealousy, fear, irresponsibility, seeking diversity, loneliness, and lack of self–control are some of the characteristics that play a role in infidelity.
The contextual factors of marital infidelity in Yazd included communication, norm–breaking, and role modeling. Communication from the perspective of the study subjects refers to inappropriate communication between spouses and, in the next stage, points to the number of contacts of the cheating person with others. The contacts can occur at work, during drug use, or through virtual networks. Another factor raised by people was norm–breaking, which included domestic violence, addiction, concealment, and ogling. This study also showed that the underlying factors of marital infidelity were background, marriage, and existential inferiority.
Regarding the underlying causes of infidelity, important factors were childhood experience, witnessing arguments between parents, and having sexual experiences before marriage. The second underlying factor was marriage. In this regard, it was found that differences between couples in terms of religious beliefs, education level, and compulsive marriages were underlying factors of marital infidelity. Existential inferiority means that a person feels invisible and insignificant and tries to prove himself/herself to others differently. Its subcategories were comparing the spouse with others and humiliating the spouse.

According to the research results, marital infidelity is a cultural phenomenon that should be investigated in social and cultural contexts. These findings suggest that marital infidelity is not a one–dimensional phenomenon, and various factors, such as a person's personality, relationships, deficiencies as well as breaking norms in the family, modeling of other people, sexual deviations, background, existential inferiority, and type of marriage are involved in marital infidelity.

Bullying poses a pervasive problem, disrupting one's learning process and leading to undesirable personality and social consequences. Adverse consequences of bullying include loneliness, low self–esteem, psychological problems, high suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in adulthood, problems in romantic relationships in adulthood–marriage, substance abuse, anxiety, carrying weapons, adjustment problems, poor relationships with peers, challenging friendships, personality disorders, antisocial behaviors, and reduced empathy. Bullying is one of the factors that, in the long run, can decrease empathy and social wellbeing in students. Meanwhile, people with high moral intelligence show more warmth and intimacy. They are kind to their friends and are more sensitive to their needs. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of teaching moral intelligence skills on empathy and social wellbeing of bullying students.

The method of the present study was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population comprised all senior high school students in the 18th district of Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year 2021–2022. Two schools were selected from the boys' high schools in the region. Finally, 40 students who received the highest score in Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire–Revised (OBVQ–R) (Olweus, 2003) were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental group (20 students) and the control group (20 students). The inclusion criteria included not using other psychological and psychotherapeutic services while participating in the research, lacking psychiatric disorders, not taking psychiatric drugs, and not undertaking the advice of another group during the research. The exclusion criteria included dissatisfaction to participate in the study, absence from more than two training sessions, and inability to perform training sessions. The study data were collected using Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006), Social Welfare Questionnaire (Keyes, 1998), and Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire–Revised (OBVQ–R) (Olweus, 2003). Experimental group participants received 11 sessions of moral intelligence skills training (Borba, 2001). However, no intervention was provided for the control group. The analysis of the data obtained from the research was done with the help of SPSS version 22 in two parts: descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate covariance analysis). The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The results showed that after removing the effect of the pretest, moral intelligence training was effective in increasing the empathy (p<0.001) and social wellbeing (p<0.001) of students. According to Eta squared, the increase in the mean scores of empathy and social wellbeing was 85% and 76%, respectively, after the intervention with moral intelligence training.

According to the results, moral intelligence skills training effectively increases the empathy and social wellbeing of bullying students. Therefore, it is recommended that school counselors use moral intelligence skills training to improve the empathy and social wellbeing of bullying students.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social interactions and communication along with repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. It is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric condition of children with cognitive impairment. One of the damaged areas in these children is executive functions, a topic of great interest for investigation in autism. The psychological components of executive functions include attention, memory, and response inhibition problems. Technological interventions show remarkable results in improving social communication skills in children with ASD. Therefore, developing and implementing new interventions focusing on cognitive functions can be helpful. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of human–robot interaction on executive functions (working memory, sustained attention, and response inhibition) in people with ASD.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The study's statistical population comprised all children aged 6 to 10 years referred to counseling and psychology clinics in Mashhad City, Iran, diagnosed with ASD in 2017. The study sample included 32 children selected through available sampling and were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a diagnosis of ASD, not participating in other treatment programs at the same time, not receiving individual counseling or using psychiatric drugs, living with their parents, providing written consent form of parents, and willingness of children to cooperate and participate in the intervention. The exclusion criteria were as follows: not attending more than two training sessions and suffering from a physical or mental illness that occurred during the sessions. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–5 Disorders: Clinician Version (First, 2015) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler et al., 1980) were used to select the sample group. The study data were gathered via a Computerized N–Back Task (Jaeggi et al., 2010) and the Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) test (Arble et al., 2014). In the intervention group, human–robotic interaction group training was conducted in twelve 60–minute sessions, three times a week. However, the control group did not receive any intervention. Descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance and the independent t test) were used at a significance level of 0.05 in SPSS version 21 software to describe and analyze the data.

Findings showed that after removing the effect of the pretest, there was a significant difference between the average posttest scores of the experimental group and the control group in the variables of execution speed (p<0.001), sustained visual attention (p<0.001), and visual response inhibition (p<0.001). Also, based on the effect size, 68%, 50%, and 31% of the variable score changes were respectively due to human–robotic interaction intervention.

Based on the findings of this study, human–robotic interaction intervention effectively improves the executive functions of children with ASD. Therefore, this method and other existing interventions can be useful and effective.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inherited disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, disrupting the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. High levels of phenylalanine in the plasma of these individuals lead to nerve damage, brain abnormalities, mental retardation, epilepsy, and behavioral problems. Metabolic and psychological problems caused by the disease make mothers with PKU children susceptible to adverse psychological reactions. One of the effective strategies that plays an essential role in the adaptation and regulation of emotion or change in the occurrence and intensity or continuation of feelings and emotions related to anxious life events is self–compassion. This kind of compassion facilitates emotional change toward caring for and supporting oneself in difficult life situations. Self–compassion weakens self–attack, increases self–acceptance, and reduces emotional turmoil, making the person more relieved and healed. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Mindful Self–compassion (MSC) program on the dimensions of psychological distress (stress, anxiety, and depression) of mothers with PKU children.

The research method was experimental with a pretest–posttest and a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers with children suffering from PKU who were referred to the support center for metabolic patients in Zanjan Province, Iran, and received dietary products without phenylalanine in April 1400. Thirty qualified volunteer mothers were selected by the available sampling method and randomly replaced into the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The inclusion criteria of mothers of children with phenylketonuria were as follows: being 20 to 50 years old, having at least a third–grade junior high school education, not receiving psychological services and individual counseling outside of sessions, providing informed consent to participate in the meetings, and having commitment and interest in regular participation in the training course. The exclusion criteria were as follows: unwillingness to continue participating in the research process, suffering from medical diseases such as asthma, allergies, or contracting the COVID–19 virus during the sessions, and absence of more than two sessions in the intervention process. The research tools in the pretest, posttest, and follow–up were the researcher–made questionnaire of mother–child demographic characteristics and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS–21) (Lovibond and Lovibond 1995). The MSC program was presented according to the model of Neff and Germer (2019) in 8 sessions for the experimental group. The obtained data were analyzed with descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Chi–square test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and Bonferroni post hoc test) in SPSS software version 24. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that after the implementation of the MSC program, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding anxiety (p=0.049) and stress (p=0.038) scores. In the experimental group, there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest and between the pretest and follow–up mean scores of the mentioned variable (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the posttest and follow–up scores (p=0.083). It indicated the stability of the intervention effect on the stress variable in the follow–up stage.

Based on the results of the research, the mindful–self–compassion program was effective in reducing the anxiety and stress of mothers with children with phenylketonuria. Therefore, this program can be used to improve their psychological distress.