مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال دوازدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 53، شهریور 1392)

Ginger has pharmacological properties because of its active compounds. The aim of research was to assess the damages on poisoned rat’s kidney by lead using protective effect of different aqueous-alcoholic ginger extract. In this experimental study the immature rats were divided into 7 groups of 10. The first group، control، without receiving any substances، the second group، sham، received 0. 1 ml distilled water، the third group، with only lead، receiving 0. 6gr/l/bw، forth group just received 2 gr/kg ginger alcoholic- water extract، the 5th، 6th، 7th received 0. 6gr/l /bw lead and 0. 5، 1، 2gr/l /bw ginger aqueous-alcoholic extract، respectively. The animals were fed with the given compounds for the 10 successive days. Plasma were evaluated for the concentration of uric acid، urea، creatinine، sodium and potassium. T-test was used for data analysis. According to the results، the serum levels of uric acid، creatinine and potassium showed significant reduction in the concentration of 1، 2 gr/kg/bw as compare to lead (p ≥ 0. 05) and sodium levels showed significant increase in concentration of 0. 5، 1، 2 gr/kg comparing to lead treated animals (p ≥ 0. 05). Aqueous-alcoholic extract of ginger on the kidney cells of poisoned immature rats by lead had a profound protective effect which is mainly due to ethanol and phenol components which lead to neutralize the free radicals and stimulation of kidney cells to repair because of its antioxidant properties.

Fluoroquinolones are an important group of antimicrobial agents that are used widely in the treatment of various infectious diseases. Because resistance to antimicrobial drugs is widespread، new antimicrobial and understanding of their mechanisms of action are vital. The mechanism of action of these drugs is mediated by inhibition of DNA gyrase، topoisomerase II، IV. Here، substituent on the 7-position would play a key role. The aim of this study was the synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial effects of new derivatives of Gatifloxacin، derived from substitution on the 7-position of quinilone. In this laboratoty study، a series of gatifloxacin derivatives (2-oxo and 2- oxyimino-2-phenyl ethyl derivative s) were synthesized and evaluated for in-vitro antibacterial activity against a panel of standard gram positive and gram negative bacteria، using conventional agar dilution method. Among the tested compounds، in comparison with Ciprofloxacin، Gatifloxacin and other synthesized compounds، some analogues of Gatifloxacin (2e and 4e) was the most potent against gram positive bacteria. These compounds had no significant antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria. The presence of 2،4-dichloro on benzene ring could increase the antibacterial activity of those compounds. Totally، in comparison with Ciprofloxacin and Gatifloxacin، the tested compounds had the most potent antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria. All compounds showed no significant activity against gram-negative bacteria.

C esarean is a life saving intervention for mother and baby in certain circumstances، but it has adverse effects on both. of them. The objective of this study was to investigate pregnant women ''s preference rate to cesarean delivery and factors associated with it، with special emphasis on pregnant women ''s preference with previous vaginal delivery. This cross-sectional study was conducted on all pregnant women (who had previous vaginal delivery) that supported by Neyshabur health care centers from 20 Feb، 2011 to 20 March، 2011. Data collection was formed via face-to-face interview with pregnant women and also use of health folders and then analyzed with use of t-independent test and logistic regression model. The mean age of the pregnant women (615 persons) at time of survey was 30. 27±5. 15 (Range: 18-47). In total، 558 (90. 7%) preferred vaginal delivery and 57 (9. 3%) cesarean delivery. After use of multiple logistic regression، there was a statistically significant relation between preference for cesarean delivery and the following variables: fear of delivery (p<0. 001)، Spouses′ occupation of pregnant women (p=0. 002) and Local residence (p<0. 001). The result indicated that the pregnant women who had previous history of vaginal delivery had less desire to undergo cesarean delivery in their subsequent pregnancy. Nonetheless، consultation with an obstetrician is necessary before the selection of delivery type.

Child abuse is one of the major health and social problems in all countries whichis affected by factors including cultural، social، family، and some characteristics of children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of child abuse and some related demographic factors among pupils in the third grade of guidance school in Zanjan. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011. A total of 410 students were selected by multistage random sampling. The structured child abuse questionnaire from ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Children''s Version (ICAST-C) was utilized. Questionnaires were distributed among the students of the selected schools and collected after being completed. To examine the relationship between variables، chi-square test and chi-square test for trend were performed. The results revealed that about 78% of pupils reported emotional abuse، 56% physical abuse and 39% reported neglect. Emotional abuse exhibited positive associations with number of siblings and mother''s age، and negative associations with birth order and father''s education (p≤0. 05). Physical abuse suggested direct associations with death of one of parents and number of siblings، while it showed an indirect association with mother''s age (p<0. 05). A Statistically significant positive associations between neglect and gender، number of siblings and birth order (p<0. 05) were found. The findings indicate a high prevalence of child abuse، particularly emotional abuse among the pupils of the study، which necessitates education and training of parents thtough proper training courses in order to take steps to reduce child abuse.

Streptococcus Pyogene s causes Impetigo، Scarlet fever and Angina. Marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis) is one of medicinal plants in old medicine that has been used for curing the above diseases. Due to health problems related to antibiotics such as drug resistance and disease relapse، this study was conducted to investigate antibacterial activity of ethanol marshmallow root extracts collected from different regions of Iran. In a laboratory study that was conducted in 2012، Roots of Althaea officinalis collected from regions Qom، Tehran، Yazd، Anar، Zarand، Esfahan، Arak، Naien، Mahan and Baft and then Extraction procedure was carried out by Maceration method with ethanol then Effect of Different extract concentrations and regions on bacterial growth were compared with one and two-way analysis of variance. Paired means comparison was performed using Duncan''s method and MIC of extracts was determined. Ethanol root extracts had antibacterial activity and inhibition zone had logarithmic response with increase of extract concentration. The highest inhibition zone was in concentration of 200 mg/ml and concentration of 50 mg/ml of yazd extract had same as Penicillin effect. The extract from Yazd region had Minimum of MIC with maximum of antibacterial activity and the extract of Tehran region had Minimum antibacterial activity and there wasn’t any activity from Arak extract. Results show the effect of extract concentration and region of plant growth on bacterial growth. Therefore، to achieve the best therapeutic effect these issues should be considered.

Knee is affected to osteoarthritis more than any other joints. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low power laser with %1 HcP in treatment of knee osteoarthritis. This double blinded clinical trial study was performed in Fattemieh physiotherapy clinic of Rafsanjan during 2011-2012. Ninety patients who were suffering from osteoarthritis of knee were divided randomly into three equal groups. The first group received laser، the second group was treated by %1 HcP and the third group received placebo. Intensity of pain، improvement of movement and inflammation were assessed during 1st، 5th and 10th sessions. Pain intensity، movement and inflammation were evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)، goniameter and meter، respectively. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA، followed by Tukey''s multiple comparisons test. Findings showed that 10 sessions of laser can be more effective than %1 HcP in reduction of pain in state of rest and movement of knee osteoarthritis (p<0. 001). In relation to knee joint movements، laser and %1 HcP were more effective than placebo (p<0. 001)، but they did not reveal any significant difference. Laser (p=0. 421) and %1 HcP (P=0. 713) were no more effective than placebo in reducing the inflammation of knee. It can be concluded that 10 sessions of laser could be more effective than %1 HcP in reduction of pain of knee osteoarthritis، but in the improvement of movements both of them (laser and %1 HcP) could be effective.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common bacterial diseases in humans which it has been reported to involve between 30-50% of population according to current statistics. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics increases the resistance to treatment of urinary tract infections. This study was designed to detect the bacterial causing agents in urinary tract infections in patients referred to Razi laboratory in Babol (Iran) during 2 years.

This cross- sectional study was carried out on total of 14320 urine samples during the years (2008-2009). After the culture and diagnostic of bacterial agents، antimicrobial pattern testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to NCCLS standards.

Amoung 14320 samples، 770 (5. 4%) patients had positive cultures. The most common cause of urinary tract infections were E. coli (48. 6%)، Kelebsiella (17. 9%) and Enterobacter (17. 1%) respectively. Drug susceptibility assay revealed that ciprofloxacin was the most sensitive antibiotic agent and ampicillin was the most resistant antibiotics.

Our study showed that gram-negative bacilli، especially Ecoli is dominant bacterial agents that causes urinary tract infections in this region. Most isolated species showed a high resistance to common antibiotics like Ampicillin.

Assessment of educational status is important and essential in order to survey the quality of educational systems. This study was performed to determine the educational status of Rafsanjan''s dental school graduates who had entered the university in the years 1997 to 2002. This cross-sectional study was carried out by census sampling and subjects'' information including age، entrance year to university، gender، university entrance ranking and allocation، grade-point average (GPA) of basic sciences، basic sciences comprehensive exam، didactic and practical scores of clinical courses were extracted. Data were analyzed by independent t-test، one way ANOVA، Pearson correlation coefficient and inter-item correlation tests. The scores of 101 dental school graduates [69 girls (68. 3%)، 32 boys (31. 7%)] were assessed. The mean and SD of GPA of basic sciences، clinical courses، total courses and scores of basic sciences comprehensive exam were 15. 46±1. 31، 16. 29±1. 01، 15. 99±1. 06 and 145. 22±16. 77، respectively. There was only significant difference in GPA of basic sciences between girls and boys (p=0. 02). Also، there were significant differences between GPA of total courses (p=0. 014) and scores of basic sciences comprehensive exam (p=0. 005) with entrance year to the university. The highest and lowest of average scores were related to the zones and Shahed allocations، respectively. There were significant correlations between age and time of high school graduation to entrance to the university with GPA of clinical courses (p<0. 001). Based on the results of this study، age، duration after high school graduation to entrance to university، gender، university entrance allocations are important and influencing factors in educational status; however، more comprehensive and prospective studies in this field seem necessary.