مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام
سال بیست و یکم شماره 4 (پیاپی 80، امرداد 1392)

Industrial safety is an important issue that should be considered as a priority in the safety culture of companies. Given that the most of working accidents are arose from insecure perceptions and behaviors، it is necessary to conduct more researches in this field. The current study aimed to assess employees'' perceptions of safety culture in Bahonar Copper Industries Co. using the health belief model (HBM).

The current study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. All employees working in the rolling mill and steel parts manufacturing plant comprised the statistical population of the study. After preparing an appropriate questionnaire and confirming its validity and reliability، and also according to a pilot study، 215 subjects were determined for the study through statistical consultation. Gathered data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16).

In this study، most of the employees had under diploma degrees (53 %) and the highest frequency of age groups was 34 to 40 years (57 people). 9. 81 percent of them were married and 43. 7 percent had over 16 years work experience. In this study، 79. 5 % of the employees had a moderate perception and 10. 3 % of them had a good perception toward the safety at work. Most participants were from the rolling mill and copper tube plant (28. 4 %). Also، 5. 39% of employees had a history of job-related accidents. In this study، 54. 9 % of participants were averagely satisfied with their jobs. Finally، chi-square test showed a significant association between HBM constructs such as perceived susceptibility and occupation، work unit or work injury. Discussion &

The employees had a relatively good attitude toward the safety at workplace. Since workers are vulnerable employees at workplaces، execution of educational and interventional programs using health belief model or other educational models is recommended to enhance the perception of workers to adhere to safety principals at workplaces

In order to planning and promoting the position in research field، we need to monitor the scientific production trend. This study aimed to assess the scientific productions of Paramedical Sciences School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Scopus and ISI databases during 2009 to mid-2012.

Through a descriptive study، all the faculty members of Paramedical School were assessed in terms of scientific productions and H-index in Scopus and ISI databases from 2009 to mid-2012. Data were analyzed and presented as the number of total articles and citations during 3. 5 years ago separating by year and the H-indices in Scopus and ISI databases. Total articles were compared between the educational depart-ments using analysis of variance.

Means (Standard Deviation) of total articles in Scopus during 2009-2011 were as 0. 4 (0. 9)، 0. 6 (1. 3) and 0. 7 (1. 6) per faculty member، respectively. This figures were as 0. 2 (1)، 0. 4 (1. 2) and 0. 5 (1. 2) in ISI database. Mean of H-index in Scopus were 0. 9 (1. 5) and in ISI was 0. 7 (1. 3). Total articles of the departments had no statistically significant difference. Discussion &

Scientific prod-uctions and citations had an increasing trend in Scopus and ISI during the last 3 years but were less than the average of university.

Purpose of the study was to predict the academic procrastination of the master students of Shiraz University based on emotional intelligence components. In the present study, among master students of Shiraz University, 185 students (99 male and 86 female) were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The academic procrastination and Trait Meta-mood scale (TMMS) questionnaires were completed by the students under study. The data were analyzed by statistical correlation tests. The results indicated that the total score of emotional intelligence predicted academic procrastination and among the three emotional intelligence components, emotional clarity could predict academic procrastination. Discussion & According to these findings, it may reduce academic procrastination of students by interventions such as instructing the emotional intell-igence.

Brucellosis is one of the most common diseases among human and animals that occurs in the acute، sub-acute or chronic. Given the importance of this issue in terms of economic، health and also regarding to the high prevalence of the disease، we decided to determine the students'' knowledge about the disease and develop the educational programs to increase their knowledge. This study was a cross-sectional study in which 413 students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences were examined. Students were assessed by using a questionnaire containing 10 questions and the analysis of data was performed by SPSS software. According to this study، the overall mean of knowledge score was 5. 07. The knowledge of the students based on two factors (father''s education and mother''s education) was performed by two-way ANOVA. The mean of the knowledge of student whose mothers had upper the diploma education compared with the mean of the knowledge of the student whose mothers had under the diploma education was not significant (P=0. 9). The means of the knowledge based on the fathers'' education were also not different (P=0. 7). The mean of the knowledge score of those students who were familiar with the brucellosis disease was more than those who were not familiar with the disease. Two-way ANOVA for the knowledge about the brucellosis based on two factors (gender and familiarity with the disease) was performed. Accordingly، between the knowledge of the boys and girls there were no statistically significant differences (P=0. 12). Discussion & In spite of the students were studying at the University of Medical Sciences، their knowledge about brucellosis was not satisfactory. This may indicate a lack of training or a lack of attention to the students'' educational content. So، a reprogramming action is necessary to educate the students about common diseases.

Osteoporosis-related fractures are one of the most common causes of disabilities in the world as well as in Iran that their incidence is more common among women and old persons. Considering the importance of preventing osteoporosis، especially in women، this study was performed to determine the effect of brief osteoporosis education on knowledge of the first، second and third grades middle school girl students. Methods & Materials: This experimental study (case-control design) was carried out in 2012. The convenience sample included 214 students (the first، second and third grades) were randomly divided to case (111) and control (103) groups. The data collection tools were standard questionnaires that 2 times (before and 2 weeks after education) were completed by the students under study. After pre-test، 1 educational session in the case group were performed. Finally، the data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and statistical tests (independent t-test، paired t-test، Mann-Whitney and etc). Participation of students was voluntary and with informed consent.

Results of the study showed that there were no significant differences between the scores of knowledge in two groups before the intervention; however، after the intervention there was a significant difference in the levels of knowledge between the case and control groups (p<0. 001). The same situation was observed in comparing students of grade 1، 2، and 3 between the two groups، separately. Discussion &

According to the results، it could be concluded that the brief program was effective on increasing knowledge of the students who had limited information. Thus، short effective interventions but with low costs could be very helpful in improving the awareness of students on osteoporosis and other similar problems.

Along with other areas (fields) in our country، the research in medical sciences is a necessity for the maintenance and improvement of community health. This task is accomplished by faculty members and research staff، which are the key factors to reach such goal. The objectives of this study were to determine the intra – organizational factors of conducting research in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in order to improve and enhance the research projects. The matrix of the study included entire academic members and research staff of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences where 121 of them were randomly selected for the descriptive cross -sectional study. The variables were assessed by Likert Spectrum constructs and a questionnaire was designed to collect data. In the research، the process of approving proposals، levels of awareness of research facilities، status of collaborations among researchers، and the potential of researchers in conducting the research projects were thoroughly investigated. Statistical software، SPSS، was used to analysis data. Significant differences were seen with regard to access to facilities and conducting research (P=0. 01)، assessing benefits of conducting research (P=0. 02)، level of research awareness among academic members with and without research project (P=0. 014). Differences of motivation force (P=0. 8)، collaboration (P=0. 12)، job satisfaction (P=0. 09) and expecting benefits from conducting research (P=0. 019) were shown to be not significant. Discussion & As stated by academic members، the problems due to personal factors were more apparent than those problems due to intra-organizational factors. In other words، the major problems in not doing research were the lack of sufficient time and proper skills in research method and the absence of innovation in looking for the problems to be solved. Systemic factors including lengthy procedures involved in approving the proposals and lack of awareness from the research priorities were the secondary obstacles. In other hand، levels of access to the facilities، research awareness، and evaluation of research from the corresponding benefits were higher among those involved in research projects.

Commonly، the origin of drug use in adults comes from youth. This is one of the most important social problems that not only endanger the public health but it also lead to moral and ethical decay of individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of psychoactive substances use and its risk factors in Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Med-ical Sciences. In the descriptive- analytical study، 640 students from the schools of Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences were selected based on a random cluster sampling method. Data were collected by self-completion anonymous questionnaires. After data collection، analysis was performed using SPSS software. The rate of psychoactive subst-ances use among the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University were 10. 8% and 9. 2%، resp-ectively، that their difference was not significant (p = 0. 498). The rate of psy-choactive substances use among men was more than of women (25% vs. 19%) and the history of use was more in married students than the single ones (19. 5% vs. 8. 7%). The students of Shiraz University versus Shiraz University of Medical Sciences used more alcohol (17. 7% vs. 9. 4%)، drugs (9. 8% vs. 3. 3%) and smoking (21. 5% vs. 17. 5%) and these differences were statistically significant. Discussion & This study indicated the necessity of planning and preventive interventional strategies to reduce drug use among students and thereupon promoting their health.

The importance of students'' research is obvious to the authorities of medical education and research affairs. It is important to address the performance of students and their related factors during education. The aim of this research was to determine the behavioral styles of students in Shiraz University of medical science in academic environments. For the cross sectional study، 400 students of second semester of 2005-2006 academic year were selected in Shiraz University of medical science by random sampling method. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software and Chi-square test. Results of the study demon-trated that the interest in scientific research among the students shown to be as poor (19%)، moderate (38. 75%) and good (42. 25%) reectively. Interest in partic-pating in scientific and educational works-ops was also graded as poor (15. 75%)، modrate (42. 80) and good (41. 25%)، resp-ctively. There was a significant relationship between education level and educational failure. (P<0. 05) Discussion & Findings of the study indicated that paying attention to the effective factors on academic success of medical students is essential and authorities should improve the quality of education and students'' acceptance، alleviate the problems of students'' facilities and occupation and enhance the educational interests.

Smoking is one of the non-healthy behaviors that not only endangers the health of the individual and society، but also is the most important cause of mortality. Yet، nowadays، the high risk behavior has increasing trend among the general population. This study was carried out to evaluate smoking statue in the city of Ardestan in Isfahan province. In this descriptive study، 120 male smokers aged 18 to 68 were selected for the study group in the city of Ardestan in Isfahan province. Data was collected through a questionnaire consisting of two parts: The first part consisted of eight questions related to smoking habits and the second part consisted of nine questions about demography. Statistical analyses of data were performed using SPSS software. The results showed that from the viewpoint of age، 75 subjects (62. 5%) were under 40 years of age and 45 subjects (37. 5%) were above 40 years of age. The number of people with smoking onset under 20 year-old-age was 93 subjects (77. 5%) and for those with smoking onset over 20 year-old-age was 27 subjects (22. 5%). Smoking statue based on the number of cigarettes per day was as follow: mild smoking in 15 subjects (12. 5%)، the moderate smoking in 35 subjects (29. 2%) and heavy smoking in 70 subjects (58. 3%). There were significant relations between the number of daily smoked cigarettes at 30 minutes after awaking and the living place and the area of living house. Also، a significant relationship was found between income and daily smoked cigarettes. Discussion & Health behave-ors are acquired; therefore، raising the awareness of people about the dangers of smoking may change their false attitudes and beliefs and lead to improve health behaviors.

Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to review these studies. At first، we searched the ISI and Pub Med databases for studies containing the key words «Health Education»، «Intervention»، «prevention»، «Programs»، «Obesity» and «Overweight» plus the key words «Adolescent»، «Children» and «Child''. Only، those papers in English language were selected. Finally، 20 appropriate papers were evaluated. Most of the programs and educational interventions had focused on the behaviors such as daily regular physical activity، consumption of fruits and vegetables، consumption of sugar-free drinks and limiting television watching. Educations were conducted by school staff and health educators and most of the interventions reported a positive impact of the programs and trainings. Discussuin & Educating the obesity preventive behaviors in children and adolescents have been largely successful. According to the studies، it seems that there is an urgent need to pay more attention to the using of models and theories and innovative strategies for better learning and creating healthy behaviors.

Most of the traffic accidents are caused due to high speed. To decelerate vehicles traffic speed in the streets of the city of Kashan، a number of road bumps were made at defined intervals. This study was designed to study the effect of the road bumps on the incidence of traffic accidents.

This study was performed as a semi-empirical survey (before and after). The statistics of traffic accidents and their characteristics were recorded one month before the installation of the road bumps and the average calculated on a daily basis. Then، the statistics of traffic accidents and their characteristics were recorded one month after the installation of the road bumps. The mentioned statistics compared with each other and with the previous year.

This study indicated that the daily average number of casualties caused by traffic accidents and referred to hospitals was decreased in the first month of the plan in the streets of the city of Kashan، compared to previous month (p<0. 001). In the first month of the plan، serious injuries (fractures and lacerations) decreased compared to the previous month (p<0. 001). Discussion &

This research is one of the few studies that evaluated the effects of an intervention on the problems of traffic from the view point of health. The results indicated that execution of the program decreased the number of traffic accidents and created changes in the pattern of injuries and decreased the incidence of major injuries.

Depression is one of the most common mental diseases that it is not limited to a special time، place and the person and encompasses all the groups and levels of community. The most harmful effect of long time stress is reported to be the impairment in learning and thinking capabilities. The social supports reduce the vulnerability of people against stress، depression and other physical and mental diseases. The goal of current study was to determine effective factors on depression، perceived stress and perceived social support and their relationship among students living in dormitories of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science

In the cross-sectional study، participants included 390 students who lived in the dormitories of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science. They were selected through simple random sampling method in 2 dormitories (sisters and brothers'' dormitories). The questionnaires of depression (Beck)، multidimensional scale of perceived social support، and perceived stress scale were completed by the students. Data were analyzed by SPPSS V. 16 software. The descriptive statistics، one way ANOVA، correlation coefficient، independent sample t-test، Chi square and Fisher exact test were used for analyzing data with the confidence level 0. 05.

Job and academic status were the sources of stress in 30. 5 percent of students. The mean of perceived stress score، perceived social support score and depression score were 26. 84±8. 27، 28. 32±9. 56 and 12. 1±9. 02، respectively. Also، 49. 7 percent of students had different degrees of depression. There was a significant relationship between perceived stress، perceived social support and depression (P<0. 001). Discussion &

Since a half of the students were afflicted with depression، paying attention to this problem is very necessary and important. It is suggested that the counseling sessions، promoting students into team working، and participating students in extra programs affairs be carried out for increasing the social support and decreasing the stress and depression.

The planning and objectives of a lesson introduced by a professor at the beginning of each session is one of the most effective and important factors that help improve students'' learning. Collecting of these parameters at the end of each lesson and the presenting of a summary of the next session has a significant impact on the students’ learning. Over the past few years، the importance of lesson planning has been discussed in a broad scope among educational groups of Medical Schools. The study was performed to evaluate and compare lesson planning protocols by the professors at Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 508 students of different departments of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (217 students) and Shiraz University (291 students). From each of these universities 5% of the students were chosen randomly and also from each department، students were selected depending on the number of students at that department.

223 men (43. 9%) and 285 women (56. 1%) whose average age was 22 years participated in the survey. This study showed that lesson planning methods were exerted in a same manner in different terms and that no difference was observed between the two universities (P>0. 05). The average of the scores given to the lesson planning in both Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University were 33 and 34 out of 60، respectively. Teaching aids were used more at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences than at Shiraz University. Using new scientific resources at Shiraz Medical School was good but the same thing at Shiraz University was average and their difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). The current survey showed that educational motivation in students was low، but the motivation in other aspects was good. Discussion &

Identifying the important factors that affect learning is quite important to help remove inadequacies and solve problems in any educational system. This study revealed that the students’ level of knowledge in lesson planning was relatively low. In both mentioned universities the teaching aids were used at a low level. One advantage of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences was that their professors used teaching aids more than the professors of Shiraz University. In order to decrease the shortcomings and make students more productive and scientific in both universities، it is crucial that educational workshops to be organized for professors. In this way، we would witness a day in which both students and professors of our country are striving more to advance the frontiers of science.

In many developmental projects، the tunnel drilling is fraught with various health and financial dangers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risks of the Amirkabir tunnel drilling pro-ject in Iran.

In this descriptive study، the tunneling process was divided into 3 phase. The data including the type of risks، their effects and possibilities were gathered using failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). The cumulative fre-quency of risk grades was calculated، and then ranked by Pareto principles.

The highest percentage of risk grades included hitting with tunneling ma-chineries and equipments، falling-down of workers and crashing of equipments. Discussion &

Based on the Pareto diagrams، by removing or cont-rolling the risks، it would be possible to optimize the safety of Amirkabir tunneling project.

One of the shortcuts to disco-ver drug targets is the utilizing of new kn-owledge of basic medical sciences such as genomics، proteomics، metabolomics، bio-informatics and biostatistics that are apply-ing holistic approaches to study biological and medical subjects. In this study pro-teomics، bioinformatics and biostatistics techniques were applied to identify prob-able therapeutic proteins targets for the treatment of Alzheimer''s disease. Hippoc-ampus proteomes of normal and Alzhe-imeric rats treated with aqueous extract of lavender were evaluated with protein expr-ession clustering method.

Proteins of hippoc-ampus samples from normal and Alzheim-eric rats that treated with aqueous extract of lavender (CE and AE) and without the extract (C and A) were extracted. Proteins were separated by using of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the gels were stai-ned by silver staining methods. Bioinfo-rmatics and biostatistics analysis of the separated were accomplished by bioinfo-rmatics software.

Bioinformatics and statistical analysis of the stained gels obtained 990 proteins in the four groups of rats. Prote-omic comparison of A and AE groups reve-aled that the expression of 49 proteins was inhibited، while the expression of 26 new proteins in the AE group was observed that may be due to the present of lavender extract. Proteomic comparison between gro-ups C and CE showed the expression of the 80 new proteins and inhibition of 104 pro-teins. Discussion &

After the remov-al of common proteins between the two groups، those proteins that were affected by the extract assigned as drug targets for the treatment of Alzheimer. Changes at the molecular level were revealed with multi-variate statistical analyzes such as principal component analysis or correlation analysis and the clustering of proteins showed that the expression changes have been occurred in three main clusters. Finally، it could be concluded that lavender extract caused significant expression changes in the pro-teome and possibly activated specific biological processes in the rats’ hippoc-ampus that associated with enhancement of learning and memory in normal and Alzh-eimeric rats.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by the red-uction of bone mass، deterioration of bo-ne structure، increasing bone fragility، and increasing fracture risk. Prevention of osteoporosis is one of the most important issues in World Health Organization. This study was conducted to assess the know-ledge، perceived susceptibility and percei-ved severity of female teachers in the pre-vention of osteoporosis in Shahr-e-kord city. This study was a descriptive and analytical one in which the population under study included 384 female teachers of Shahr-e-kord city. Relevant data was gathered by means of a standard questionnaire based on the health belief model. The obtained data was analyzed by the statistical software، SPSS 16 and the statistical tests، Pearson and Spearman correlations. Most of the people were (51%) in the 32-42 years age group، 62. 4 % were married and most of them had an educ–ational level of Bachelor''s degree. Total score of knowledge was 74. 87±28. 08، total score of perceived susceptibility was 48. 09±28. 84 and total score of perceived severity was 53. 85±28. 54. There was a significant relationship between marital status، perceived susceptibility and perce-ived severity (P<0. 05). Discussion & The results ind-icated that the teachers had an optimal knowledge toward the prevention of osteoporosis; however had a relatively acc-eptable perceived susceptibility and percei-ved severity. These results approve the nec-essity of more education regarding to increase perceived susceptibility and per-ceived severity.

Health، safety and enviro-nment (HSE) is considered as an important matter in oil refining companies and also as one of the key priorities for the companies. Hence، this research employed the HSE culture ladder in order to assess the HSE culture in the Shahid Tondgooyan oil refi-ning company of Tehran.

Current research was a descriptive-analytical، sectional and practical study. The population under study included all the administrative and oper-ative officials of Shahid Tondgooyan oil refining company of Tehran. With the ass-istance of the professors and statistical consultants، as well as the type of the study، a check list of the HSE culture ladder was completed and analyzed by the statistical consultants. The mentioned check list was gathered after intensive literature review. This culture model has been categorized into five levels with unique characteristics from pathological to creative ones.

According to the results and self-analysis of the HSE culture by using of the culture ladder model، Shahid Tondgooyan oil refining company of Tehran was in the proactive level. By observing some of the noted factors، it could be reached into the proactive level، and then enter to the creative level. Discussion &

With regarding to the obtained results، necessary measures must be taken to progress the level of HSE culture in the refinery area، as well as to progress the operations of the workers and the management’s attitude.

Osteoporosis is a common disease in women with disabling conseq-uences that burdens a huge economical cost to the society. This study designed to eval-uate the prevalence of osteoporosis and its related factors in women referred to Fasa`s densitometry center. In this cross-sectio-nal، analytical study، 430 women referred to the densitometry center of Fasa in 2012-13، were selected via a random sampling meth-od. Bone mass densitometry (BMD) at the lumbar spines (L1 to L4) and neck of femur through dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method. Data collection was acco-mplished through a questionnaire and interviewing with subjects that referred to the center. Results were assigned based on T score scale and the osteoporosis and ost-eopenia were detected based on WHO criteria. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 and descriptive/analytical statistical tests. The significance level was considered P<0. 05 in the study. Mean age of women was 56. 4±8. 3 years. The overall prevalence rate of ost-eoporosis and osteopenia was 34. 1% and 70%، respectively. Mean of T scores in femoral neck and lumbar spines were -1. 78 ±1. 22 and 1. 54±1. 04، respectively. 31% of the women had osteoporosis in femoral neck bone and 46. 8% had osteopenia in the bone. The relationships of age، weight، consu-mption of calcium containing diets and regular physical activity with osteopo-rosis were significant. (P<0. 001) Discussion & This study sho-wed a higher prevalence rate of osteoporo-sis in the women under study. Regular phy-sical activity and consumption of calcium containing diets such dairy foods is reco-mmended to reduce the prevalence of disease and its complications.

ntroduction: Microbial decolorization in removing chromophores is investigated as an effective and potential method to be applied in textile industries. The type of dyes and degraders determines efficiency of the process. Biodegraders such as bacteria are environmentally biocompatible and cost effective which their application in deco-lorization is extending day to day. Pseud-omonas bacteria are known as one of the most powerful degrader bacteria that can be applied to decolorize textile wastewater. In this study، four different azo dyes including Acid Blue 113 (AB-113)، Basic Red 46 (BR-46)، Direct Blue 151 (DB-151)، Direct Brown 2 (DB-2)، and a mixture of the four dyes (Mix) were subjected to biodegradation using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)، and Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) at pH 7. 2 and 30 °C condition. P. aeruginosa completely deco-lorized AB-113 in all initial dye concen-trations، BR-46 in the concentrations of 0. 1 and 0. 2 g/L and DB-2 in the concentrations of 0. 1، 0. 2 and 0. 5 g/L. P. putida completely decolorized AB-113 in the concentrations of 0. 1 and 0. 2 g/L، DB-2 in the conce-ntrations of 0. 1 and 0. 2 g/L. The mixture of four dyes was also completely decolorized in the concentration of 0. 1 g/L by P. putida. Decolorization processes followed first and second order kinetics with respect to dye concentration. The higher calculated rate constants of first and second order were observed in low dye concentrations. Discussion & Results of the study represented that various strains of Pseudomonas are differently able to degra-de azo dyes in different concentrations that can be used based on the components and concentrations of dyes.

Phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDEs) cata-lyze selectively the hydrolysis of the cAMP and cGMP cyclic nucleotides. Nowadays، 53 isoenzymes have been identified in 11 families of Phosphodiesterase enzymes. The enzymes control the accesibilty of sec-ond messengers to their intracellular effectors. PDEs display variation in struct-ure، kinetic characteristics، regulatory mec-hanisemes، inhibitor sensivity، and response to special factors as well as the affinity to substrate (cAMP and cGMP). Each PDE family not only have their own specific sub-strates and regulatory characteristics، but also display their own specific tissue، cellu-lar and subcellular expression patterns and consequently participate in different signal transduction pathways. The importance of physiological effects of cAMP and PDE inhibitors was clarified in 1950s. The cAMP nucleotide was introdu-ced as a second messenger that mediating many cellular impacts of nourological tran-smitters and hormones. The second messen-ger، cGMP، was discovered a few years later in rat urine. Recent studies have dem-onstrated that phosphodiesterase enzymes can be inhibited nonselectively by IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xantine) which increa-seng cAMP level and the IC50 for all PDEs were reported o be in the range of milim-olar، with the exception for PDE8A، PDE8-B and PDE9A. Obviously، the clinical usage of different PDE inhibitors has been known in recent years. Among various PDE inhibitors some compounds were not acceptable for the sake of their undesirable side effects. Overlap ping enzyme activity، drug sensivity and tissue distribution of phosphodiesterases comprised their side effects. Further invest-ingation of PDEs in order to identifiy new PDE inhibitors would lead to improve their therapeutic effects and reduce their undesir-able side effects.

Several studies showed inc-reased prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); how-ever، the evidence is conflicting and often dose not propose to explor CD in the patients. This study aimed to investigate the preval-ence of CD in patients with diarrhea pred-ominant IBS.

The present research was a descriptive cross-sectional study that performed on 1000 IBS patients with diarrhea- predominant clinical picture refe-rred to a gastroenterology clinic in Ilam during 2008 to 2012. Blood samples were taken from all patients to assay IgA to tiss-ue transglutaminase (IgA anti tTG) by ELI-SA method. Biopsies samples from the sec-ond part of duodenum in the patients were provided by endoscopiy and sent to patholy clinic for histopathological evaluation and final diagnosis.

The mean age of men and women participating in the study were 11. 41±29. 59 and 11. 73±28. 42 years، respectively. More than half of the participants were female (50. 3%). The mean titer of IgA anti tTG in men and women with IBS were 17. 17±5. 25 and 25. 4±7. 22 U/mL، respectively. 76 IBS patients had high antibody titers (IgA anti tTG ≤10)، among which 41 patients were female and 35 patients were male. Among the patients with high antibody titer، 57 subjects (75%) had CD (based on histo-logical findings). The prevalence of CD was 5. 7% among the patients with IBS. Discussion &

The results of this study suggested that all IBS patients with diarrhea-predominant clinical picture are needed to examine for the presence of CD. The diagnostic approach presented in this study may also be useful in the asses-ssment of CD.

More than 400 million of Muslims deal with fasting during the fasting month of Ramadan. Given the high prevalence of diabetes، lipid disorders، and abnormalities in liver enzyme levels and also the presence of contradictions about the effect of Ramadan fasting on metabolic parameters، we decided to assess the effect of Ramadan fasting on the above metabolic indices. The before and after study was carried out on 120 subjects referred to the Mustafa hospital in Ilam city during 2012. All subjects were included into research according to ethical standards and after signing a written informed consent. People who were not fasting during Ramadan excluded from the study and the sample size was designed to be 98 subjects. Before and the days of Ramadan، the metabolic indices (fasting blood glucose، triglycerides، total cholesterol، LDL، HDL and liver enzymes) were measured. The indices were measured by BT3000 instrument and the paired t-test was used to analyze data. The mean levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme were 17. 44±23. 15 U/mL before Ramadan and 34. 85±29. 32 U/mL after Ramadan، which their difference was statistically significant (P=0. 02). The mean levels of LDL were 25. 84±106 mg/dL before Ramadan and 22. 12±94. 99 mg/dL after Ramadan، which their difference was statistically significant (P=0. 000). The mean levels of glucose were 85. 54±12. 25 mg/dL before Ramadan and 85. 17±13. 97 mg/dL after Ramadan، which their difference was not statistically significant (P=0. 07). Discussion & In the study، the mean levels of triglyceride، LDL and HDL reduced but significant increase in ALT was created after fasting. No significant difference was found between the glucose levels before and after Ramadan. And total cholesterol levels were significantly increased after Ramadan.

The tendency towards the quality of the services has an important role in service industries such as banks، hospitals، clinics، transportations، etc.، since the quality of the services is considered critical in achieving customer satisfaction and finally the survival and profitability of the organization. The present applied research is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted on 450 patients of the studied hospitals of Ilam and Kermanshah in 2011 using SERVQUAL questionnaire (1988) that its validity and reliability have been approved. Finally، T-Test and Friedman test on SPSS software were run to analyse the collected data. The results showed that there is a significant difference between perceptions and expectations of the patients about five fold dimensions of the service quality (tangibility، reliability، assurance، responsiveness، and empathy) in the studied hospitals. The patients who consulted the hospital categorized the tangibility dimension as the most important one with 3. 74 point and assurance the least important with 2. 60 points. Discussion & The results of the present study showed that by using SERVQUAL model، the managers of the hospitals are able to assess the quality of the services from the patients’ viewpoint as the most important and organized customers and that with appropriate planning and reforming the disorders، the improvement of the service quality will be possible.

Dye removal from industrial wastewater has been considered as one of the most environmental issues. Recently، new methods of treatment such as catalytic ozonation have been used to increase dye removal efficiency. So، the efficiency of catalytic ozonation by copper coated zeolite as a catalyst in the removal of Reactive Red 198 was investigated. In order to remove dye، the zeolite granules were modified by CuSO4. The heterogenous catalytic ozona-tion experiments were carried out to deter-mine the effect of pH، contact time، initial dye concentration، catalyst dose and radical scavengering in a semi-batch reactor. Sca-nning Electron Microscope (SEM)، X-ray Diffraction (XRD)، X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)، Adsorption/Desorption Porosimetry (BET) analyses were used to determine the structural properties، chemical compounds، specific surface area and morphological characteristic of zeolite and copper coated zeolite. Also catalytic ozonation process (COP) removal in both catalytic and sole ozonation was measured. The results showed that in cat-alytic ozonation، the removal efficiency of the dye increased in proportion to the increasing of pH، contact time، catalyst dose. Conversely، with the increasing of the initial concentrations of dye from 100 to 500 mg/L، removal efficiency decreased from 92% to 68% in catalytic ozonation. Furthermore، in the presence of radical scavenger، no considerable decrease was observed in catalytic ozonation. Also COD experiments showed 20% and 45% incr-eases in the sole ozonation and catalytic ozonation، respectively. Discussion & Due to the low cost، availability and high performance of zeolite as a catalyst support، and also with regard to the advantages of heterogenous systems compared with homogenous sys-tem، using of copper coated zeolite in cata-lytic ozonation processes for the removal of different pollutants is suggested.

The purpose of this study was to survey motor proficiency in children with ADHD. This study was descriptive، comparative and non-intervention. Forty children selected by regarding to aims of study and، assigned into two groups (ADHD and control) randomly. Bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency and Conner''s Parent and teacher Questionnaire was used for data collection. The parents or the teachers of all children completed questionnaires. The symptoms of ADHD were conduct disorder، oppositional defiant disorder، anxiety، mood، and other internalizing disorders. A standardized algorithm was applied to the PACS to derive each of the all DSM-IV ADHD symptoms، providing operational definitions for each behavioral symptom. These were combined with items that were scored zero (‘‘never’’) to 3 (‘‘extreme’’) in the teacher-rated Conners’ ADHD subscales، to generate the total number of hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms of the DSM-IV symptom list. The t –student test were used to determine the statistical difference in variables of study in significant level of p≤0/05. All data was analyzed using the SPSS. The results indicated that Gross motor skills، Fine motor skills and motor proficiency in normal children better than children with ADHD do.

Gallstone disease is a very common disease of gallbladder. Gallstone formation occurs when too much cholesterol is secreted into bile، leading to bile super-saturation and precipitation. Alteration in abcg8 protein which is one of the key transporters in gallbladder could result in increased bile cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to analyze the T400K genetic change that could have an effect on the function of this protein. This study was conducted on 220 people، dividing into two groups of cases (n=111) and controls (n=220). Genotyping was carried out by amplification of the target sequence followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Detection of any differences between cases and controls was done via statistic analysis. In this study، frequencies of the genotypes C/C، C/T and T/T were 59. 5%، 39. 5% and 1%، respectively. After statistical analysis of the data، there were no ass-ociations between this polymorphism and gallstone susceptibility. Discussion & The heterodimer protein، abcg5/abcg8، has a key role in the transportation of cholesterol in gallbladder and any changes in these proteins could result in gallstone formation. We could not find any association between T400K polymorphism and gallstone formation. This differentiation may be a result of genetic drifts among ethnic groups of populations.

The aim of this research was to examine the effect of mindfulness cognitive therapy on blood pressure sistolic and diastilic of male patients with blood pressure in Golestan Hospital of Ahvaz.

This research was a semi-experimental study with pre-test، post-test and control group. The study community was male patients with essential blood pressure who referred to Golestan Hospital of Ahvaz. The research sample was selected by in-reach sampling method. Thus، 32 out of 40 patients were selected based on semi-structured clinical interview and with regard to inclusion criteria. These samples were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In this research، Blood Pressure Measuring Devices، were used. The experimental intervention performed on experimental group consisted of 8 sessions of mindfulness cognitive therapy، while the subjects in control group were on a waiting list. At last، a post-test was performed. For data analysis، multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used.

The results showed that there was a significant difference، between the two groups in terms of blood pressure sistolic and diastolic.

Therefore، it can be said that mindfulness cognitive therapy was effective in reducing essential blood pressure sistolic and diastolic in experimental group in comparison with control group.

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of the two methods of delivery «hands-on» versus «hand-poised» on perineal trauma and delivery outcome in primiparous women. hands-on method or Ritgen’s maneuver، used to control fetal head is associated with higher need for episiotomy and perineal traumas. Thus، hand-poised method، which is done without touching the perineum in the second labor stage، is preferred. This is a clinical trial in which 100 low risk primiparous parturients were randomly assigned to two groups; hands-on and hand-poised (hands-off). In the hands-on group، in the second stage of labor hands-on method was used to control fetal head، i. e.، the fingers of one hand supports fetal occiput and the other hand applies slight pressure on the head to control the delivery of the head during the crowning process. In the hands-off group، the midwife observes the parturient and do not touch perineum during the second labor stage while fetal head is delivering. Then، the two groups were compared in terms of perineal trauma، as well as delivery outcome. The findings demonstrated that the two groups were significantly different in terms of perineal trauma resulted from episiotomy، and the need for episiotomy was smaller in the hands-off group (p<0. 001) as 16% of participants in hand-on group and 60% in hands-poised group did not need episiotomy. first degree tears in hands-on and hands-poised groups were 22% and 34%، respectively. The two groups were not significantly different considering second degree tears (26% and 22% for hands-on and hands-off groups، respectively). However، 82% of hands-on group participants did not have hemorrhage or hematoma at the site of episiotomy، while in the hands-off group the frequency was 74%. Discussion & It seems that hands-off method is associated with less perineal trauma، particularly lower need for episiotomy، and less perineal tear.

The development of health and protection of environment is depended on the provision of safe and clean water. The turbidity of water comes from the suspended and colloidal matters contained in it. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the efficiency of natural coagulant chitosan with poly aluminum chloride (PACl) in the removal of water turbidity. Chitosan is a cationic biopolymer with high molecular weight that is produced from the crust of crustaceans like shrimp and crab.

This investigation was performed، in the laboratory scale، on water samples containing synthetic water turbidity by applying kaolin in high، middle، and low turbidities. The first phase of tests aimed to determine the optimum concentration of the coagulants chitosan and poly aluminum chloride and the efficiency of turbidity removing. The second stage of experiments aimed to determine the optimum pH and the effect of coagulant on the water pH.

Optimum dosages of chitosan for removing the turbidities 1000، 500، 50 and 10 NTU were 10، 6. 5، 1. 5 and 1 mg/L، respectively and the optimum PH values were also 8، 8، 7. 5، and 8، respectively. Optimum dosages of PACl in the respected turbidities were 28، 18، 15 and 12 mg/L، respectively and the optimum PH values were also 8، 7. 5، 7. 5، and 8، correspondingly. Discussion &

The results showed that only in the turbidity 10 NTU، the efficiency of poly aluminum chloride was better than the efficiency of chitosan. In other turbidities، chitosan showed better performance. Chitosan had a lower effect on the water PH، while PACl had a noticeable effect on the water PH. The optimum dosage of chitosan was less than that of PACl in all turbidities. At different levels of turbidity، the optimum concentration of chitosan was significantly lower in comparison with poly aluminum chloride. Coagulant dose reduction decreases the cost of water treatment. This subject is one of the advantages of the bioorganic polymer، chitosan، to the inorganic coagulant، poly aluminum chloride، in the refinement of water with considering the economic aspects. Chitosan، in contrast to poly aluminum chloride، had little effect on the water pH.

Sleep quality has neurobehavioral consequences that impact academic performance. Irregular and insufficient sleep habits and time inevitably leads to sleep problems. The aim of this survey was to understand of correlation between sleep quality with sleep habits and times among college students. Simple random sampling was used to select 80 students from the entire Iranshahr faculty of medical sciences for this cross sectional study. Bed time، sleep latency، waking time and nap time of participants during 1 month recorded. In the end of month، students were asked to complete Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaires. Then، all of them interviewed by the someone. Individuals with good sleep quality went to bed at 23:12، awoke at 6:14 and had 8. 05 h total sleep time (TST). There were positive and significant correlation between sleep quality with sleep latency and bed time. And also، there were a negative correlation (p<0. 005، r=-0. 33) between sleep quality and TST. Rise time and nap time were not correlated with sleep quality. Selecting appropriate sleep time and following sufficient and regular sleep habits increase the sleep quality.