فصلنامه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 73، پاییز 1392)

Nanomaterials include components from 10 to 100 nanometer or even smaller in their size that can transport easily through the skin، lung alveoli or placenta. This research evaluated the effects of nano zinc oxide on limb bud development in fetal mice. In this experimental study، in vivo technique was used. Experimental goups of pregnant mice on day 11 of pregnancy were injected once intraperitoneally nano zinc oxide in doses of 0. 5g/kg، 1g/kg and 1. 5g/kg. On day 15 of pregnancy، the fetuses were brought out and the fore limb buds were separated from their bodies. The number of mesenchymal cells، cartilage، atrophy، and muscle، hypertrophy، dividing، degenerated cells، bone and red blood cells were analyzed in three regions from hand including fingers، forearm and arm by morphological، histological and statistical analysis. Experimental fetus received 0. 5g/kg nano zinc oxide were aborted. Cell counts in all three regions in experimental group2 (that received 1g/kg) and group3 (received 1. 5g/kg of nano zinc oxide) showed significant changes in the number of mentioned cells in experimental goups 2 and 3، compared with control and sham (P<0. 05، P<0. 01، P< 0. 001). Intraperitoneally injection of nano zinc oxide to pregnant mice showed significant effect on fore limb buds development in mice fetus.

intra-abdominal adhesion is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction occurring in approximately 65% to 75% of cases. Intra-abdominal adhesion increases re-operation time، blood loss and other complication. In this study، effects of honey، hyaluronic acid، estrogen، and silver nanoparticle were examined against post operative adhesion. In this experimental study، 48 male albino wister rats were divided into 6 groups، each 8 rats. Adhesion was induced by using the cecal abrasion. 40 rats received agents of honey، hyaluronic acid، estrogen، silver nanoparticle، and 8 rats were considered as control group. Two week later، reoperation was performed and adhesion band was evaluated. Sesame oil was the solvent of estrogen، so، we have to choose another group to determine the protective effect of sesame oil. Hyaluronic acid and sesame oil has had the most protective effect against post operative adhesion compared with control and other groups. Hyaluronic acid and sesame oil had protective effect against post operative adhesion.

Quinine is used for treatment of many disorders، such as malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Besides good therapeutic effects، it may have multiple adverse effects. In this study، the effects of quinine on latency and amplitude in visual evoked potential (VEP) were evaluated. In this experimental study، 50 male Syrian mice were used as control. Five groups of ten mice received doses of 2. 5، 12. 5، 25، 50، and 62. 5 mg of quinine and one group of ten mice was given 70 mg acetone extract of Cinchona plant intraperitoneally for 14 days. The latency and amplitude of different groups in VEP were recorded. The latency was significantly increased، as parallel as dosage، in 14 days (P<0. 05)، while the amplitude was significantly decreased، as parallel as dosage، in 14 days (P<0. 05). Quinine resulted in significant increase of latency and decrease of amplitude and leaded to visual loss، possibly due to deposition of quinine on nerve fibers and cone-shaped and cylindrical cells leading to increase in latency phase of transmission from retina to fovea.

cancer/testis genes (CT-genes) are a family gene which only express in normal testis tissue; some of them are randomly expressed in some types of cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of expression of CT-genes in the patients with breast cancer.

Thirty two breast cancer tissue samples were prepared. Expression of NY-ESO-1 1a، NY-ESO-1 1b، SCP1، SSX-2 and MAGE-3 genes، as well as GAPDH (internal control)، were studied by multiplex RT-PCR method.

Three (9%) of 32 tumor samples expressed mRNA of NY-ESO-1 1a، while six (19%) of 32 tumor samples expressed mRNA of NY-ESO-1 1b. Seven (22%) and two (6%) of 32 tumor samples expressed mRNA of SCP1 and mRNA of MAGE3، rtepectively. Overall، Thirteen (41%) samples expressed one of the studied genes.

NY-ESO-1 and SCP1 genes had the highest frequency of expression of mRNA. It is suggested that more number of breast cancer tumor samples should be examined to evaluate expression of CT-genes. SCP1 and NY-ESO-1 proteins may promote future breast cancer immunotherapy.

Increased level of cholesterol may be saturated in the gall bladder resulting in gall stone. Product of ABCG8 gene is responsible for evacuation of cholesterol from cells and made dissolved cholesterol in bile. It appears that genetic changes of this gene can alter its function and make gall stone. This study was designed to evaluate association of D19H polymorphism of ABCG8 gene with gallstone susceptibility. This was a case-control research that was conducted on 100 gallstone patients and 106 healthy controls without any family history of gallstone. For DNA extraction، salting out method has been used and for detection of alleles in polymorphic region، PCR-RFLP has been used. heterozygote genotype in this polymorphic region (G/C) had association with gallstone formation (OR=7. 14; 95%CI=3. 47-14. 66; P<0. 001). We found that people with heterozygote genotype had more than 7 times susceptibility to gall stone compared to healthy controls. This study confirms previous studies about D19H polymorphism on ABCG8 gene and shows importance of this SNP in different populations. For this reason، we can use analysis of this region to predict susceptibility to gall stone formation.

The use of herbal medicine has a long history. In order of unveiling of the side effects of chemical drugs، human tried to use the natural resources to supply drugs. In this study، antimicrobial effect of Scrophularia striata aquatic extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were studied and compared with the effects of tetracycline. In this basic- applied، the aqueous extract was prepared from the sterile and unsterile leaves and fruits of Scrophularia striata. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli after colony counting and determining dilution were cultured on known concentrations of the extract containing mediums and their effects on bacterial growth was assessed after 24 h by measurement of turbidity. Eighty percent of bacterial growth was inhibited by the extract، compared with 100% of control. The inhibitory effects of low concentrations of the extract were more than tetracycline. This study showed that the aquatic extract of Scrophularia striata could be a good candidate as an alternative or supplement to antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.

Water used in the pharmaceutical industry should have special physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. One of the quality items of pharmaceutical water is level of microbial content. For this reason selection of effective disinfection method is the main item for design of pharmaceutical water systems. Water systems can be maintained at temperature below 10 ºC and more than 70 ºC but maintaining of water at ambient temperature could increase of microbial content. In this condition use of disinfectant is useful for reducing of microbial content. Some of them such as chloride، ozone and hydrogen peroxide due to good results have more application. In this study، effect of three disinfectants chloride، ozone and hydrogen peroxide with 1 ppm concentration، consider on five microorganisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa، Staphylococcus aureus، candida albicans، Aspergillus niger and E. coli. Counting and decreasing of microorganisms showed the efficiency of disinfectants. Finally ozone was selected as the best disinfectant due to high efficiency.

Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings are used to increase quit time of addict persons after the detoxification. Quit addiction program contains of 97% non-drug treatment and 3% drug treatment. The aim of this study was to compare participating and non-participating individuals continue Addiction Narcotics Anonymous meetings. This descriptive-comparative study was performed on 300 individuals participated in the meetings of Narcotics Anonymous and non-participating provider refers to the Saman rehabilitation clinic، Mashhad، Iran. Simple random sampling was used to select addict persons. A questionnaire، including demographic information and the continuity of quit time، were used. The highest continuity quit time of addiction were in 6-12 months (38%) in participant of NA and 3-6 months (45%) in non-participant (p<0. 002). and lowest in those participants leave continuity de rajlsat 24-36 months (4%) and non-participating 18-24 months (6/66%). This study showed that participating in the meetings of Narcotics Anonymous increases the duration of the time of quit addiction.

When hydrocolloids dressings are loaded with an antibacterial agent، they can also prevent infection during wound cicatrisation. To consider interesting properties of traditional Gum Tragacanth such as moisture absorption، hydrocolloid formation، drug holding and releasing abilities، it was aimed to introduce a scaffold wound dress based on Gum Tragacanth with drug release ability simultaneously. In this experimental study، gum tragacanth from Astragalus gossypinus species (Iranian species) is solved and loaded with an aminoglycoside antibiotic (Gentamicin). Prepared solution transformed to a nano fibers network “scaffold” by lyophilization method. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy، fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction methods and their antimicrobial and moisture holding properties were determined. Gum tragacanth showed a proper potential for dispersing gentamicin and the drug was loaded into polymer matrix without any aggregation. Loaded gum tragacanth with gentamicin is successfully transformed to a nanofibers scaffold by lyophilization. The diameters of fibers were in the range of 300nm to 2µm. Transformed gum tragacanth into scaffolds showed declined regain content (up to 50%) due to the ordering and orientation of polymer chains. Ordered hydroxyl groups also observed in FTIR graphs. Regarding the zones of inhibition، scaffolds also showed acceptable antibacterial activities. Produced scaffolds are capable of absorbing wound’s exocrine liquid easily due to their high specific area of nanofibers. When it is turned to gel by moisture sorption، the release of loaded Gentamicin would be enhanced.

Appendicitis is one of the most common and important surgical problem and its early diagnosis is very important. Diagnosis of appendicitis is based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Therefore، we decided to take a small step in recognition of problems by evaluation of CRP and Platelet level in diagnosing of non-perforated and perforated appendicitis patients. This cross- sectional study was done on 160 patients with diagnosis of appendicitis on 2011. Patients were examined and then were operated in operation room by standard method. The patients were divided in two groups in terms of perforated and non-perforated appendicitis. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and related statistical tests. Of 160 patients، 124 patients (77. 5%) were male and others were female. Forty nine patients (30/6%) had perforated appendicitis and 111 patients (69/4%) non-perforated appendicitis. Mean age of participants in the perforated and non-perforated groups were 28. 35±20. 15 and 27. 75±21. 65 years، respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups regarding sex distribution، but risk of perforation increased by aging (odds ratio: 1. 1) CRP levels were significantly higher in the perforated group than non-perforated appendicitis group (p<0. 003)، but platelet levels were similar between two groups. This study showed that it is possible to use CRP for diagnosing of acute and perforated appendicitis، but it may never be replaced exact clinical examination and sonography.

The redness of eye is the main sign of eye inflammation. The most common causes of eye redness is benign diseases like conjunctivitis، but because of the more dangerous and more emergence causes، quick recognition prevents eye disorders in the future. This study was done for appointing the causes of eye redness in children under 10 years. This study is a cross sectional study، in which 50 children under 10-years old who referred to ophthalmology clinic of Kamkar hospital were examined by an ophthalmologist in winter، 2011. Demographic data and causes of illness were gathered by a scholar-made questionnaire. Results were analyzed by central statistic indices and Chi- square using SPSS software (version 19). P-value<0. 05 was considered significant. The most common cause of referring were conjunctivitis، trauma and congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction، respectively. 60% patients were male and 40% were female. The most prevalent signs were itching (70%)، eye tearing (54%) and eyes itching (40%). Eye redness affected one eye in 66% in two eyes in 34% of patients. The most prevalent part of affected eyes was fornical (78%). Eye redness is more common in male، but no significant difference was observed between the genders and causes of eye redness. There was no significant diversity among different age groups and causes of redness. The recognition of causes of eye redness can prevent optical restrictions، so all physicians should be carefully educated.

The dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) is usually described as a continuation of the anterior tibial artery (ATA). It turns into the sole and participates in plantar arch formation at the base of the first interphalangeal space.

After dissecting the lower limb of a 44 year old male cadaver، it was revealed that the dorsalis pedis artery is passing to the lateral of the foot. It had changed its direction to the medial of the foot as a arcuate artery.

Awareness of these variations is very important for specialist to prevent the artery from any damages in surgical techniques، such as ankle arthroscopy. On the other hand، attention to these variations is very essential in diagnosing of common iliac artery thrombosis.