نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 56، بهار 1392)

In this study used of expanded perlite were modified with emulsifier and their potential usefulness in combating oil spill. the data experimental show that when this perlite is added to water-oil mixture، the light particles (40-200kg/m3) move on the surface spreading over it very quickly. The expanded perlite has high surface area (3000cm2/gr) and high porosity (>90%). However expanded perlite be ability adsorb oil spill and to form clog. It seems that if the emulsifier without expanded perlite adds to water-oil mixture، emulsifier as a pollutant enters to sea medium. The expanded perlite were modified by emulsifier can emulsify oil spill that is 35 times heavier than is own weight، so adsorbed oil with expanded perlite were modified can with use Mechanical instrument as booms and pumps collected of surface sea water.

Wastewater treatment of electroplating industries is essential due to high pollution and contamination of soil and water. Due to high rate of water consumption of these industries، it is important to reuse and recycle the treated wastewater. In this research، removal of aluminum and sulfate from the wastewater was studied by using Nano-filtration pilot in aluminum anodizing industry. Initially، aluminum of wastewater is reduced by neutralization of wastewater and then the pretreated wastewater is studied by nano-filtration. The effective parameters in process were temperature and pressure which studied through pilot studies. NF-90 used as a Nano filtration (NF) module which is prepared and manufactured by Filmtech Company. The temperature were 30، 35، 40°C and the pressure intervals were 5 to 20 bar. The results demonstrated that the best aluminum and sulfate removal obtained at 7. 5 to 12. 5 bar pressure and temperature of 30°C. The pressure and temperature increments induced to flux increment.

One of the most important issues in irrigated agriculture is determination of optimum lant pattern. Therefore، estimation of effective parameters in quality and quantity of available water is significant and is one of the most important components in adoption of management decisions in development of sustainable agriculture. In this study، Artificial Neural Networks technique has been used for estimation of piezometer wells water level and also effective factors for water quality used in agriculture (EC، SAR). For this purpose، monthly recorded data for piezometer wells water level during a seven year and data related with water quality during a four years period in Nahavand plain were used. Also، a groundwater level in Nahavand in year of 1385-86 was drawn. Efficiency of model was evaluated by statistical criteria including coefficient of determination (R2)، root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The derived results showed that R2 value for estimation of piezometer wells water level is 0. 98 and for SAR and EC is 0. 991 and 0. 990 respectively. The above results indicated the appropriate ability of Artificial Neural Networks as superior technique for simulation of effective quality and quantity parameters in determination of plant pattern. Also the results from spatial drowning of groundwater level by Geographic Information System indicated the shortage of water resource in this region

In recent decades increasing the green house gases caused damage to the Earth climate balance which is named Climate Change. Most important effects are increasing in mean temperature، flood، storm، hail and sea levels. In this article، synoptic stations in Mazandaran and Tehran provinces is investigated from 1988 to 2005 and by LARS-WG modeling and by downscaling GCM data which is predicted for 2010-2039. The main purpose of this research was comparing changes between Northern and Sothern hillside of Central Alborz Mountain. Finally، according to the rain and temperature incensement in both provinces، development of deserts happens and this negative expanding in the Southern side of Alborz will be more extensive. Also، heavy rain falls may increase in both sides، but in Mazandaran more sever rain fall will occur and in Tehran rain fall will happen in short period of times and more frequently.

Irregular use of groundwater resources has confronted them with danger، obligating attempt toward sustainable use. The aim of this study was to investigate the determinant factors of sustainable use of water resources in Fars province. Sustainability was considered from two points of views using two indices. In one view، sustainability of water resources was considered equal to reduce water waste. In another one، land and chemical fertilizer pattern was also considered، leading to a compound index. The data applied to the analysis were input usage pattern، produced crops and socio economic gathered through Fars province farmers. The results in models showed that water waste was considered as sustainability index. Producers’ income and their managerial abilities are of the most important factors which affects sustainable use of water. While in the case of the models based on the compound index، technical factors such as modern irrigation system، water transferring channels type and distance between well and farm affect the sustainable use of water. The finding also revealed that presence of crops with high income risk doesn’t necessarily result increasing instability.

The purposes of this study are to determine marginal value of irrigation water، estimation of price elasticity of water demand and distinguish different method of water pricing. Then، the required data were obtained from 127 farmers which were selected from 24 villages of Fars Province by sampling method. Results showed that: One percent increasing in water price in 1-5 region for group of farmers who own less than 10 hectares (owning hectares<10)، decreases the water demand 0. 51، 0. 77، 0. 97، 0. 61 and 0. 72 percent، respectively. For the farmers groups who own more than 10 hectares (owning hectares 10)، increasing one percent in water price in 1-5 region، decreases the water demand 0. 9، 0. 48، 0. 56، 0. 62 and 0. 66 percent. Water price had significant effects on water demand in all regions and estimated more than %89. For the farmer group owning more than10 hectares in the first regions، increasing one m of extra applied water in summer and autumn season، increased farmers’ income between116 and 505 IR. Rial respectively، and in that irrigation season applying water was limited. For the farmers group owning less than10 hectares، marginal value of irrigation water for 1-5 regions estimated 65، ، 190، 230 and 102 IR. Rial and for the farmer groups owning more than10 hectares، marginal value of irrigation water for 1-5 regions estimated 208، 113، 77، 69 and 120 IR. Rrial. Thus، government could present non-price policies (encouragement of water carriers، presenting related information، water pricing) in order to decrease water pollution.

Economic valuation of the environmental resources is an instrument to familiarize people with the services and products provided by ecological functions. This article reflects estimation of main findings of a research on Arjan Plain and Parishan Lake to value several goods and services provided by this natural site which is recognized as a protected area، based on market prices. After determining natural and socio – political boundaries of the zone، all environmental goods and services have been identified. Then، questionnaires relevant to each goods and services have been appropriately designed and filled to be analyzed by Eviews software in the further stage. Based on the final results، the value of fishing activity in the region has been calculated about 1597 Milliard IR. Rials (168 Million Dollars); medicinal herbs 48 Milliard IR. Rials (5 Million Dollars); natural fruits 36 Milliard IR. Rials (3 Million Dollars)، the forage 6957 Milliard IR. Rials (732 Million Dollars)، and water 5694 Milliard IR. Rials (599 Million Dollars) for an annual period starting from 2008. Accordingly، the total value of the functions and services computed for the region has been estimated to be 24457 Milliard IR. Rials. (2574 Million Dollars)

This Study had been Carried out within the period of Feb. 2006 till Sep. 2007 to present the Strategic Management Plan for Ecotourism Development in the biggest Island of Persian Gulf (Gheshm). In the first Step we started to identify the Natural resorts، Cultural heritage and infrastructure in this island which was followed considering Iran''s Ecological model. we had tried to determine local potentials and ecological capability of recreational resources to establish the intensive and extensive recreation’s land use on the scale of 1/50000. 65 questionnaire had been filled in the high season (March 2006) to predict the regional demand of local visitors via Klawson method. The strategic management plan of ecotourism development had been suggested via SWOT method. This method is based on external alternatives (Weakness، Strengths points) and internal alternatives (Opportunities and Threats) of the studied environment. The above mentioned items were identified using Delphi method (Expert''s Choice). The results showed despite rich resources in this island which can transform this island to recreational pole، the lack of infrastructure and advertisement and appropriate marketing، has placed this island in strategic situation. Based on this result and analysis four strategies had been suggested، considering the technological، economical، social and cultural situation during the operation time. This was called the Attractiveness mark in SWOT Method، the Strategy of using the settlement Facilities and Services by Gheshm development organization to provide basic short time services to the local visitors which can be the first and most effective strategy to reach better situation at present.

According to the executed calculations in the site of wastes'' landfill in Khomein city، 48 metric tons of wastes are buried inaccurately daily. This traditional method causes many environmental troubles and indicates the necessity of taking optimized actions to authorities and peoples. Due to reducing troubles of urban waste landfill، municipality of Khomein city in Markazi province decided to construct and utilize compost installations. The area of the project land is 2 hectares and the aim of its development is up to 3 hectares. The capacity of this project is 2000 metric tons composts yearly which has the capability of increasing. By the way، another relevant option in this case in Khomein city or other similar cities is sanitizing current method of wastes'' landfill and execution sanitary landfill operation. Present study intend to compare compost project by waste'' landfill besides evaluating present site of waste''s landfill by utilizing Oleckno method by executing calculations، which uses economical considerations. Ultimately it finds that selecting sanitary landfill option for the circumstance of Khomein city concerning ecological situation and acquiring maximum point of Oleckno index is logical and comparison of expenses of 1 kg waste''s landfill by two available methods indicates variance of 10 tomans. Obviously، in the case of considering the principles of the separation from origin and transformation of compost to bio compost by all its aspects and omitting its expensive installations and equipments and cost reduction of economical expenses of this project، we can reach to a better conclusion in neighboring cities in this province or other proximate provinces by localizing the site of compost project in the interval of several neighboring cities and considering this option by executing more precise investigations.

Vertical green space development design of martyr Sayyad Shirazi Highway which encompasses regions four and seven of Tehran Municipality was the aim of this case study. The kind of this descriptive study is measurement kind. In the structure of comprehensive design of the highway civic environment quality، considering the structures of two sides of the highway، 9 zones were established and then designing of the green space was done according to the suitability of the plants specifications for each sector. Next step was dispatching questionnaire amongst residents of Sayyad Shirazi’s highway margins، between zone 4 and 7. This questionnaire was set based on five degree Likert scale production and includes 22 closed questions which are 5 choices and open ones. Based on the researches’ aims، three hypotheses were set and analyzed by S. P. SS and Excel software. of this research were resulted as below: 1- First Hypothesis: Creating vertical and non-vertical green spaces in city axels and Highways and also Buildings’ views will help to enrich the quality of environment. Variants of this research were united at a meaningful level and the first hypothesis was approved. 2- Second Hypothesis: developing per head green space in region 4 and 7 causes beautification of urban view. This hypothesis was approved considering its variants and unity index. 3- Third Hypothesis: Performing Vertical and non-vertical green spaces will result municipal development. This hypothesis was approved by its unity at a meaningful level. Diversity of the plants should be used in designs and it is better to consider different colors of the plants in different times of the year of their creeping. In order to reach to this stage، the design of buildings should be rational and suitable with the structure of the soil and the land which the building is constructed on it to plant suitable flower and trees. Also water and light can be used to enhance the quality of the design. Garrisons’ walls are not suitable to sow plants as they are not built in suitable lands. Different designs should be considered for minor buildings in the highway and the difference between different levels of the lands will help to enrich these designs. Using different elements such as green mass and volume، tree، bush، wayfarer plant and other similar material are advised to be used for this purpose. Based onprevious and present experience using rooted in soils plants is advised as they are much more resistant against cold.

City parks have high recreational values and can be a surrogate nature for the low-income citizens. In this study impacts of green space parameters (richness، diversity and density of woody species) on bird species richness and diversity was assessed in 25 city parks in Isfahan. Bird census and measuring vegetation variables were performed in spring strip transects and linear and non-linear regressions were used for analysis of collected data. On the whole 25 bird species were observed in Isfahan city parks. Baghe-Golha with 16 species and Parke-Sahel with only two species had the highest and lowest bird species richness respectively. Results of this study revealed that bird species richness of city parks increases with increasing the diversity of woody species and the area of green space. These findings could be considered for designing the city parks to attract more bird specie.

City parks have high recreational values and can be a surrogate nature for the low-income citizens. In this study impacts of green space parameters (richness، diversity and density of woody species) on bird species richness and diversity was assessed in 25 city parks in Isfahan. Bird census and measuring vegetation variables were performed in spring strip transects and linear and non-linear regressions were used for analysis of collected data. On the whole 25 bird species were observed in Isfahan city parks. Baghe-Golha with 16 species and Parke-Sahel with only two species had the highest and lowest bird species richness respectively. Results of this study revealed that bird species richness of city parks increases with increasing the diversity of woody species and the area of green space. These findings could be considered for designing the city parks to attract more bird species.

This study examines the process of developing sustainability indicators for urban greenways networking process according to the principles of landscape ecology. The ecological approach towards greenways networking process is capable of providing a conceptual theory and has a multitude of different aspects that can be studied in mega-urban، urban، and sub-urban scales. The purpose of this study is not only to examine the principles of ecological approach، but also to explore the urban needs to provide green zones and leisure areas for citizens. This paper focuses on the relationship between “structure” and “function” which has a key role in this study. Based on the comparative-analytical research method، new ecological principles are provided for the process of planning sustainable urban green zones. Traditional indicators for qualitative evaluation of green zones are not only inadequate for determining the structural value of green zones، but are also incapable of expressing their diverse ecological benefits. New ecological criteria provide a better opportunity to evaluate and qualify greenways networking process and to raise the process of landscapes networking.