نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خراسان شمالی
سال پنجم شماره 4 (زمستان 1392)

Backgrouynd & Group B streptococcus is the main reason of neonatal infection in developed countries. Its rate of outbreak has not been determined in Iran. This study aimed to determine diagnostic value of PCR for detection of group B streptococcal infection in neonates with sepsis. In the present study، 100 below three months infants with sepsis hospitalized in NICU and ICU division of Ghaem hospital were studied for one year. After getting consent from the infants’ parents، three blood samples of the patients in the sterile container with lid were transferred to the laboratory (two samples for culturing in normal environment and the other for PRC). Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 11. 5) and presented with descriptive and analytical test (Chi-square and correlation) PCR method was positive in 3% of infants for detection of group B streptococcal. Other germs grew in 5% (two Klbsya،one Enterobacter and two E. coli) of normal culture and 6% (two Klbsya،one Enterobacter، two E. coli and one Alpha hemolytic) of developed culture and in none of cultures group B streptococcal did not grow. Findings also showed that 64 % of mothers took antibiotic before delivery. Regarding to the high rate of anti-biotic consumption by mothers before delivery، it is necessary to use more sensitive methods such as PCR to identify the group B Streptococcus. it is also recommend to strengthen and promote the culture media.

The evidences from various studies showed that brain cortical activity is affected by the affective induction. On the other hand، the affective tendency are associated with extraversion and neuroticism. Hence، the purpose of this study was to examine the differences in activity of different areas of brain cortex in both basic and affect induction status with regard to personality dimensions and sex. 33 right-handed volunteers psychology students (17 males، 16 females) were selected and matched based on their general health scores. They were divided into two groups with positive and negative induction. Some video clips were made by researcher to induce affect. Research''s tools include video clips، EEG، Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)، General Health questionnaire (GHQ-28)، Positive and negative affect scales (PANAS)، The Briggs-Nebes''s hand preference questionnaire. After quantifying، data were analyzed by means of Independentsamples T and Pearson correlation tests. The right temporal activity in extraverts was more than introverts under positive affect induction. Furthermore، under the induction of negative affect، activity rates in right temporal، left temporal، right posterior and left posterior areas were more than status of positive affect induction. Significant inverse relationship was found between extraversion and activity of posterior، frontal and temporal right''s areas in basic status. The brain activities of anterior، temporal and posterior right’s areas in men at the basic status were more than those of women. The Individuals'' brain activity induced by positive & negative affect induction was different. In addition، personality dimensions had effect on different sites and areas of cortical activity. Sex can also considered as another effective factor in activity of some of these sites.

Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease and shown an apparent increase in recent years. The systemic bioavailability of inhaled corticosteroids is depended on the amount of drug absorbed by the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. This might cause systematic side effects and lead to increase in intra ocular pressure or lenticular changes in lens. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ophthalmologic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in children with chronic asthma. children between 2 and 12 years old who suffered from chronic asthma with inclusion criteria after performing ophthalmologic examinations were entered the study. All of them had the indications of starting inhaled corticosteroids in three different doses (mild، moderate and high). Follow up ophthalmologic examinations was performed after 6 months. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Mean age of children was 6. 4±2. 8 years. Mean IOP was13. 42± 1. 29 and 13. 43±1. 25 mmhg in male and female children، respectively and this difference was not significant (P=0. 541). Visual acuity was respectively 10 and 10±3. 57in girls and boys and this was not significant (P=0. 229). Intra ocular pressure and lens did not have pathologic changes in children after inhaled corticosteroids usage. Inhaled corticosteroids have ignorable ophthalmologic side effects and are safe drugs in children with chronic asthma.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system with an unknown etiology. The prevalence of MS increased worldwide including Iran. The association of rs243324 SNP of SOCS1 gene with MS was evaluated by Vandenbroeck. Also many studies evaluated the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of MS. Since miRNAs are small functional units، single base changes in the precursor elements، the mature miRNA sequence and their target gene sequences may drive alteration in their biological function. In this study، the sequence of rs243324 SNP obtained from NCBI database. The analysis of the sequence of SNP in the presence and absence of the risk allele evaluated via miRBase algorithm. Our results revealed that، the sequence of rs243324 SNP is homologous with the sequence of some miRNAs including: hsamiR- 4732-5p، hsa-miR-3976، hsa-miR-4727-3p and hsa-miR- 4793-5p and can change their binding sites and this homology affected by alternation of C to T allele of SNP miRNAs regulate the gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by repression or degradation of their mRNA targets. rs243324 SNP can change the binding sites of some miRNAs and may be effective in the pathogenesis of MS through the change of SOCS1 expression. After demonstration in expression level، SOCS1 can be proposed as a new potential therapeutic target for MS.

analysis of service quality from the perspective of the customer has generated much attention. This study was performed to determine the quality gap in educational services at North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences، based on students’perceptions and expectations. In this cross-sectional descriptiveanalytical study، 175 students were selected by stratified random sampling method، were studied in the year 2011. The data were collected using a valid and reliable questionaire based on the SERVQUAL (science quality) instrument. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software. and presented with descriptive and analytic statistic The findings indicated that there was a negative gap in five dimensions of services. The smallest gap with -1/62±1/0 belonged to «reliability” dimension and the largest gap with - 2/2±1/3 to “assurance». Senior students evaluated more all aspects of the service gap than other students (p<0/05). Based on our results، from student’s points of view، the educational services quality is under the acceptable level in the university، thus، in order to improve quality of educational services، considering what stated above especially “assurance” dimension، reconsidering new strategies is demanded.

The stability of the family during different historical periods indicates the function of the institution. The purpose of this study is to compare the dimensions of family function of juvenile offenders and non-offenders. This is causal - comparative study. The sample groups consisted of 138 normal families (father، mother and a teenage boy 12-18 years old) and 46 families of offenders were selected by simple random sampling and matched in terms of demographic characteristics،. Family Assessment Scale (FAD) was administered in both groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and presented with chi square and independent t-test The results showed that the average size of family function in four subscales of two groups (roles، relationships، conflict، effectiveness، behavioral control)، showed significant difference، but other variables (problem solving and accountability effective difference was not significant. paying attention to family function and family therapy in assessing behavioral and psychological problems in adolescence، particularly behavioral disorders in adolescent boys plays an important role in reducing social problems and emerging risk behaviors

Sun is the most important natural source of UV light. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes harmful effects on the individual. This study aimed to measure the intensity of UV-A in Bojnurd in 2012-13. Method and Materials: In this cross - sectional study, the intensity of type A ultraviolet ray in Bojnurd was measured in one year by using a Hagner radiometer. Measurements were done in each month, at three time in the morning, afternoon and evening, five geographic directions, in two heights of hand and eye and three weather of sunny, partially cloudy and cloudy. Data were analyzed with SPSS16 software using T-Test and ANOVA test. The results showed that the average intensity of UV rays in the summer is upper than the standard value (10 watts per square meter). The maximum intensity of UV-A was in August with a monthly average of 12w/m2 and the minimum monthly average was in February with 2 w/m2. The results showed significant difference between the intensity of UV rays in the seasons, months, times and different climatic conditions exist (P = 0.000) and difference between the intensity of UV rays in directions (P= 0.987) and different heights of body (P = 0.480) was not significant. According to the prevalence and increased incidence of skin cancer in Province in recent years, it is recommended that workers who work outdoors, especially in the summer sun as much as possible to reduce the stopping time and use of appropriate personal protective equipment.

nickel is one of the most important pollutants resulting from various industries such as electroplating and battery-making that its presence in the environment is risky. The study is focused on the removal of nickel using advanced oxidation in the presence of the nanoparticles of the Zirconia, silica and hydrogen peroxide from the aqueous solutions. After the construction of the pilot, effectiveness of processes of UV/H2O2/UV/H2O2 and ZrO2/SiO2 in removal of the nickel from the aqueous environments was studied. The variables such as the radiation time, the pH, a concentration of the nickel, and the dosage of hydrogen peroxide nanoparticles were studied. After determining optimum conditions, tests also were followed on the real waste. with increasing contact time and the amount of nanoparticles, efficiency of processes was increased. Adding hydrogen peroxide up to the amount of value of 0.6 ml improved the efficiency of the UV/H2O2/UV/H2O2 and ZrO2/SiO2 processes in the removal nickel, respectively 72.2% and 90.8%; it decreased values in excess of the foregoing process efficiency to 0.6 ml, respectively 41% and 55%. The optimum pH value was determined for both processes as 8. The maximum amount of efficiency of Nickel removal from the actual sewage by processes of UV/H2O2/UV/H2O2 and ZrO2/SiO2 was 69% and 60.6, respectively. the results showed that the UV/H2O2/UV/H2O2 and ZrO2/SiO2 process can be effectively used to remove the nickel from the aqueous environments.

Sleep is restorative process for the nervous system. There are many situations in which sleep is disturbed prior to an athletic event. However, the effect of sleep deprivation on physiological body function in response to exercise remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on serum testosterone and cortisol response followed aerobic activity. 10 male physical education students were voluntarily participated in this quasi-experimental study. Study was prformed in two separate occasions; control and experimental within two weeks. In the cotrol occasion, normal sleep and aerobic activity and in the experimental occasion, sleep deprivation and aerobic activity was applied. Aerobic activity was performed on bicycle ergometer for 30 minutes at intensity of 70 to 75 percent of maximum heart rate. Changes in serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations in before and after aerobic activity in both occasions were analyzed by the two repeated measures ANOVA using spss software. The results showed that sleep deprivation has no significant effect on serum levels of testosterone (p=0.766) and cortisol (p=0.949) followed aerobic activity. Sleep deprivation does not affect serum levels of testosterone and cortisol followed sub maximal aerobic activity.

Most of municipal solid wastes are of organic compounds. Biological conversion of these solid wastes and the organic material under proper conditions in order to produce fertilizer is known as compost. Many factors such as electrical conductivity, moisture, ash, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium and potassium are involved in favorable compost production. It plays an essential role in health of environment through the soil fertilization and desirable productions. The purpose of this study is to compare the compost quality produced in Mashhad with existing standards. This study was conducted for 2 months on compost produced in Mashhad compost factory. In order to determine chemical properties of this compost; the properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, percentage of moisture, ash, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium and Potassium were analyzed. Average values of chemical properties were as follow: pH: (8.005), electrical conductivity: (4/48 ds/m), the percentage of moisture: (19.65), the percentage of ash: (48.47), the percentage of carbon: (27.07), the percentage of nitrogen: (0.79), the percentage of phosphorous: (0.13), the percentage of sodium: (1) and the percentage of potassium: (1.5). The results of this study showed that the pH, electrical conductivity, and percentage of ash and moisture content were in an acceptable range, the percentage of carbon, nitrogen, and sodium were relatively in acceptable range, but the percentage of phosphorus and potassium were lower than desirable amounts. On the whole the chemical properties of these compost fertilizers are desirable and can used as soil amendments.

Life style is composed of a chain of active parameters in all dimensions of human life and has a substantial impression on health of population. Since vast majority of health problems has a strong relationship to life style, occurrence of many somatic and psychological disorders would be prevented provided that life style rectified. Blood pressure is one of the most important health criteria moderated when life style has been changed. The aim of this investigation was to study the cause_ effect relationship of life style and blood pressure in administrative employees in Bojnurd rural areas. In this descriptive-analytical (cross sectional) study 380 cases of governmental administrative employees were selected on a stratified random sampling with proportional allocation basis. The Study was conducted on 2012 in Bojnourd city of Iran. Primary data gathering tools were data recording sheet and lifestyle questionnaire. BP ≥ 90/140 were considered as hypertensive. The data analyzed in SPSS software. (V18) The life style in 3 levels of desirable, relatively desirable and undesirable estimated to be 4.58, 52.48 and 42.94 respectively. 7.4% of those studied suffered from high systolic blood pressure and 15.2% had diastolic hypertension. Blood pressure was significantly related to age, weight, height, marital status, exercise, nutrition, stress and body mass index. stress, malnutrition and obesity are among the factors influencing the incidence of hypertension. The essence of implementation of ongoing intervention programs by official bodies to change individual behaviors and lifestyle seems to be required.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma(NHL) are the most common cancers in childhood and adolescence. Despite of long survival, 80% of pediatric cancers survivors following the treatment will develop late complications such as endocrinopathy (20-50% prevalence), which in addition to cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy could affect child growth. we evaluated growth percentiles in 50 children with ALL (n=25),NHL(n=25) at 3-18 years old in remission period who received chemotherapy with (n=25) or without (n=25) head and neck radiation. Patients with less than 5th percentile height referred to assess hypopituitarism and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) by insulin stimulating test. Data were analyzed with SPSS software and presented with Mann – whitney, Regression, T teses and Pearson, Spearman's rho correlations. 6(12%) Patients were in less than 5th percentile height who 5 children (83.0%) had isolated GHD. Cortisol, ACTH Prolactin IGF-1 IGF-BP3 were at normal value 5 of these 6 (83.0%) children underwent head and neck radiotherapy in addition to chemotherapy. There was no significant difference between 2 treatment group in exact–fisher test (P= 0.189)because of small amount of samples. 2 patients (4.0%) had over weight in assessing BMI(Body Mass Index). regarding to short stature and GHD in our patients due to their malignancy and treatment, it is important to pay attention more about growth and some modalities in treatments to improve their quality of life.

Trichomonas vaginalisis a protozoan pathogen of the human urogenital tract. It infects usually vagina and urethra in women but may infect the bartholin or scan glands, cervix and bladder. In infected men, the organism is often seen in the distal urethra but rarely, involves prostate gland, seminal vesicle and epididymal.This study was designed to provide a data base on investigation of the overall prevalence and clinical findings and compare of diagnostic methods for detection of Trichomoniasis. In this study (a cross sectional) total of 400 vaginal samples were examined with wet smear and pap smear and diamond culture medium for Trichomoniasis in Chabahar in 2012. The confirmed clinical findings by gynecologist recorded in patient information forms. The data analysis was done using the SPSS software version 18.0 and frequency tables generated. The chi-square and T student tests was used to determine significant relationship between categorical variables at a significant P value of less than or equal to 0.05. In this study prevalence of Trichomoniasis were reported 39 (9.75%) for diamond culture media and 27 (6.75%) for pap smear and 25(6.25%) for wet mounts direct microscopy slides, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the clinical symptoms seen in patients examined with infection (P>0.05). There was statistically significant difference between patient reported sings with infection (P<0.05). considering high prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis, asymptomatic infected careers and excessive treatment before the exact laboratory diagnosis, it is recommended to perform reliable testing methods routinely in addition to wet mounts, culture methods

In substance abuse treatment, attention to the personality traits and coping strategies need to a special consideration. This study aimed to compare between personality traits and coping strategies in substance dependent men and non-dependent group. The samples of study include all men in Bojnurd that referred to addiction rehabilitation centers. 100 substance dependent men were compared with 100 men without substance dependency. Evaluation tools included The NEO-PTR Questionnaire and Lazarus and Folkman coping strategies questionnaire. Patients with substance dependency showed significant higher neuroticism and lower extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness in comparison with control group (P <0.001). There was no significant difference in flexibility. Also addicted patients showed higher use emotion-focused coping strategies and lower use problem-focused coping strategies in comparison with control group (P = 0.265) Although patients with substance dependency have different personality characteristics compared with non dependent group and these properties have a significant effect on their copying strategies, but copying strategies could change and improve by training and need to special consideration in treatment programs.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer. Survival rate is an important index to evaluate the effects of treatment and diagnostic methods of breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the survival of breast cancer patients. This study is a kind of survival analysis studies. During 2006-2009, 347 women with breast cancer were treated in Fayazbakhsh Hospital, Tehran. All patients were followed up until 2012 April. A cox regression model was used to determine the prognostic factors. All statistical methods run in R software version 2.10. In this study, the mean age of patients was 49.9 years with a standard deviation of 11.01. The result of this study showed that grade and number of involved lymph nodes were prognostic factors (p<0.05). Age, size of tumor, PR, ER, and HER2 were not identified as prognostic factors (p>0.05). Hazard ratio of metastasis or death for involved lymph nodes (within 3- 10) was HR= 2.5 times of patients with zero involved lymph nodes(CI%95(1/03, 1/69)).Patents with grade 3 had risk of metastasis or death HR=1.5 times of grade 2(CI%95(1/46, 3/97)). The education of women for early diagnosis by Health centers is necessary.

Most housekeeping genes, tumorsuppressor genes, and approx 40% of tissue specific genes contain G+C sequences in their promoter region that are very difficult to amplify. AEG-1 plays a significant role in invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance, apoptosis, angiogenesis and agingIn this study, we proposed an improved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to be used for successful amplification of the Astrocyte elevated gene -1gene promoter region that contains >70% G+C content in a sequence of 495 bp and some transcription initiation sites in hepatocellularcarcinoma patient. The results showed that using of DMSO coamplification; touchdown PCR and pfu enzyme can inhibit the formation of secondary structure in DNA Sequences and increase the PCR product. Therefore, this method can be recommended to amplify other GC-rich genomic templates.

Nurses as the chief members of supervision-treatment team have an important role on improving and enhancing the health of the society. Stress is a known component in nursery. Applying compatibility methods will be essential when meeting tensional factors. This study aims at considering the relationship between job stresses with coping strategies on nurse staffs in educational hospitals of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences This is an analytical- descriptive study of correlation. 154 nurse staff-related hospitals- of north Khorasan’s medical-science University participated in this study. Data collecting tool was questionnaire composed of three parts: personal-job specifications, rate of job stresses and coping strategies. The job stress questionnaire is a researcher- made one, adopted from Cooperz’, Salimi’(1996) and Schtienmenz’. Lazaros and Fokman questionnaire was used to assess coping strategy. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and presented with ANOVA, t- test and multi-regression. The study showed that the job stresses encountering ways have a significant negative correlation with confronting and escape – avoidance mechanism P<0/001. In 29.2 percent of the studied samples there was a little job stress (P<0/001). The prevailed method of applying coping strategies method was the way of seeking social support (P<0/001) confirmative coping (P<0/001) and self-continence(P<0/00) were the predicting factors of job stress controlling. Findings of this study could be utilized to plan programs to decrease tension factors and to increase the nurses’ compatibilities. Besides, it could be considered as a motivation for other studies in nursing related disciplines and also cognition of nurses’ problems and difficulties.

One of the most important complications of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy. It is the leading cause of blindness in persons aged 20–74 years. The identification of risk factors associated with the development of retinopathy is important for early screening and intervention. The study attempts to compare of generalized additive models (GAM) and generalized linear models (GLM) for estimating the retinopathy risk factors for diabetic patients. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 367 diabetic patients. Variables include age, duration of diabetes, BMI, hemoglobin A1C, cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. All participants were checked to determine existence of retinopathy by eye examination. Fitting GLM and GAM were done with R software. 120 cases (33%) were retinopathy patient and 247 cases (67%) were not. Results of the generalized linear model showed factors had effects on retinopathy including: duration of diabetes (p<0/001), hemoglobin A1C (p<0/001) and systolic blood pressure (p=0/018).while GLM can in addition to determination of retinopathy risk factors, identify nonlinear relationship between variables. To determine retinopathy risk factors, GLM is only able to discover linear relationship between variables. While GAM increases the quality of predicting response variable with more information of the data relationships. This quality of predicting has been show by decrease of mean square error and Hosmer Lemeshow test.

Hemodialysis is the most common form of renal replacement therapy, the patient may Several uremia. inadequacy numerous complications is the most common psychological problems in hemodialysis patients. This study aimed to determine the association between dialysis adequacy and depression in hemodialysis patients In this cross-sectional study of 46 patients undergoing dialysis, hospital dialysis ward of Imam Khomeini (RA) Shirvan city Were referred The sample selected and depression with the Beck Depression Inventory and dialysis adequacy V / KT and URR were evaluated To achieve the study objectives 15SPSS all the calculations in statistical software using descriptive and chi-square test was performed. 39/2% of patients with depression were in the range of 34/2% of patients had optimal dialysis adequacy There was an inverse association between dialysis adequacy and depression It seems that in this study those with no depression or a depressive low favorable dialysis adequacy were And in the study with larger sample size is recommended.

Self efficacy emphasizes on individual belief about behavior, and belief to this point that to what extent health control is voluntary can be as appropriate health behavior. The purpose of this study is determination of the effect of belief in internal health locus of control on the efficacy rate for doing mammography in women. The cross sectional study was done in city of sabzevar in 1391. The study consisted of all Women with family history of breast cancer. With simple random sampling and during interview, 150 eligible women were enrolled to this study. Instrument validity through face and content validity and the construct validity. Further, the instruments’ reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and retest reliability. SPSS software version 21 was used for the analysis of the data. Further, AMOS software version 16 was used for the construct validity self efficacy scale. Moreover, pearson's and stepwise regression tests were applied to study theoretical relationships. A statistically significant test was defined as a P-value below 0.05 in the study. The mean age of the sample was 44.48 (6.88). The highest score was related to internal health locus of control with 30.65(3.13). A statistically significant relationship was found between self efficacy and internal health locus of control, (P < 0.01). Step wise regression showed with one unit increase in internal health locus of control increase 0.534 in self efficacy variable. Significant relation is between internal health locus of control and self efficacy.

Biological aerosol term refers to airborne particles of biological origin, and includes a diverse range of microorganisms and living organisms. One of the major concerns associated with composting facilities is reproduction and distribution of biological aerosols in considerable quantities. The aim of this study was to determine the bioaerosols concentrations of the various units of the Tehran's Kahrizak compost plant and compare with standard concentrations. In this study, the total bacteria, Gramnegative bacteria and the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus in different parts of the plant using the direct method of sampling was tested. Sampling was performed during one month in four week of the field, separation unit, screening unit, mass windrow, 10 meters high (upwind) and lower mass windrow (wind direction). The results of this study showed that the number of microorganisms in the field for total bacteria and gram-negative bacteria was respectively 791 to 1785 and from 12 to 135 CFU / m3 and for the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus 710 to 1000 CFU / m3. In samples taken from different processes to produce compost was reported the total bacteria and gram-negative bacteria was respectively, from 1250 to 2948 and 22 to 304 CFU / m3 and fungus Aspergillus fumigatus 796 to 1850 CFU / m3. The results of this study show that the biological aerosols from composting facilities units are further than the ASTM standards. This subject is remarkable in screening and separation units.

Nowadays, scientific publications indexed in prestigious databases such as ISI Web of Science (WOS) is one of the important criteria for evaluating and ranking the countries, scientists, research institutes and universities around the world. So, check the status of quantitative scientometric indices of Iranian articles and documents on zoonoses in WOS is the main aim of this research. Scientometric and survey methods have been used. All articles indexed in the ISI Web of Science database during 1971-2012 on zoonoses that at least one of the authors were Iranian, have been analyzed. In total, from 1971 to the end in 2012, 3807 articles in the field of zoonoses from Iranian researchers in the WOS database are indexed. The average annual growth of articles is 38.94. Most papers (85.26%) have been published during 2004- 2012. The most documents are original articles (3110 articles) and in English language (3774 articles). Mahdi Mohebali, Ali Khamesipour and Mohammad Reza Masjedi are the most prolific authors respectively. Respectively, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran University and Islamic Azad University are the most prolific Iranian universities in zoonoses. Papers of zoonoses has risen dramatically in recent years. Most papers are in the fields of public health and environment, parasitology, and infectious diseases. The most prolific authors are affiliated to medical universities of Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Shiraz and Pasteur Institute of Iran, respectively.

Nowadays science production has been considered as one of the criteria of development. In spite of significant increase of science production in all disciplines particularly medicine field, it has not been accompanied with increasing rate of technology and welfare. This paper is an attempt to elucidate and scrutinize the possible related causes of this issue in academic level especially with a medical sciences approach.

Severe abdominal colic and other symptoms of lead poisoning are uncommon condition in adults. The diagnosis of lead toxicity is often delayed and abdominal pain is mistaken for acute abdomen. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, constipation and anemia and also neurotoxicity. High blood lead levels confirm the diagnosis and prevention of reexposure to lead [work place changing] and lead chelators are backbone of treatment. This report highlights the importance of taking a detailed occupational history and considering lead poisoning in the differential diagnosis of patients with microcytic anemia and some common symptoms such as abdominal pain.