Internal Medicine Today
Volume:20 Issue: 2, 2014

Hypospadias is one of the common external genitalia disorders in children. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of closed and open urine discharge care on acute complications of hypospadias after repair operation. This controlled clinical trial study was done on children admitted to the Mofid children's hospital. Sample selecting method was random. 108 selected children were divided into two experimental (open) and control (closed) groups. Acute post-operative complications (bleeding at the surgical site, fever, positive urine culture, urinary catheter removal by patient, the urinary tract fistula and urethral stricture) were compared in two groups. Among all studied subjects in 60 children (55.5%) one or more acute post-operative complications were observed. There were significant differences between the frequency of urinary catheter removal by children in two studied groups (p<0.001). There was significant difference between received Acetaminophen (p=0.005), the number of urinary catheter washing (p=0.001), those with less than normal 24hour urine discharge the (p=0.196) and fixing time of the stent catheter in the urinary tract (p=0.001) between two groups. There is no significant difference in acute complications in open and closed urine discharge care method. However, open urine discharge method reduces “the number of urinary catheter removal by child”.

Diarrhea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries after respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous consumption of rice soup and Oral Rehydration Salt on weight gain and blood factors in 8-24 months old children with acute diarrhea. This study is a controlled clinical trial which was done on 40 children 8 to 24 months old with acute diarrhea hospitalized in the pediatric ward in 22th Bahman hospital, Gonabad in 2013 who were selected using simple sampling method. Subjects were assigned into control and intervention groups using random allocation. The weight gain rate and blood factors including creatinine, urea, hemoglobin, hematocrit, bicarbonate and pH were studied and compared before and after intervention. Data was analyzed using SPSS 14.5 software using Chi-square, independent T and Mann-Whitney tests. There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of blood factors such as creatinine, urea, hematocrit, pH and bicarbonate before and after intervention. Also the reduction in hemoglobin was not significant between two groups, but the reduction in urea and creatinine in intervention group was more than control group. The mean of weight gain in the first and second 24hours had significant difference between two groups and it was higher in intervention group rather than control group. Rice soup consumption is caused more weight gain in treatment of children with acute diarrhea. The rice soup has no effect on blood factors except urea and creatinine in children with acute diarrhea as well.

Planting Spartium junceum L. has increased immensely in urban areas due to its aromatic petals. Since the petals and stamens in aromatic plants are of important herbal allergenic agents, the aim of this study was to investigate the allergenicity of petal and stamen at old ontogenical staged Spartium junceum L. in Guinea pig. In this experimental study, 21 male Hartley Guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups including 7 animals. To the first group buffered phosphate saline, second group old petal extract and the third group petal and stamen extract were injected. The extracts were prepared with 16% concentration. The injections were continued within 4 weeks, once per week intraperitoneally and in the fifth week subcutaneous injection was performed. A week after the last injection blood sampling was done from the heart of animals and the number of Eosinophils, Immunoglobulin E and blood sugar levels were measured. To data analysis SPSS 16 software, ANOVA and dependent T tests were used. In skin‌‌‌‌ test wheal diameter in both groups treated with Spartium junceum L. significantly increased compared to control group (p<0.001). Blood sugar in groups treated with petal and stamen showed significant increase in comparison with control group (p<0.05). In electrophoretic profiles 3 protein bands was observed in the range of 46 to 85kD in both treated groups which these bands were much more colorful in petal and stamen group. Allergenicity of petal with stamen of Spartium junceum L. at old ontogenical stage is more than petal.

Endotracheal suctioning in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting and under mechanical ventilation can be performed to remove endotracheal secretions with two open and closed methods. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of open and closed endotracheal suctioning on hemodynamic factors of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting under mechanical ventilation. This study is a single-blind clinical trial which was done in the intensive care unit of open heart surgery of Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad on 130 patients after coronary artery bypass grafting under mechanical ventilation who met the criteria of the study in 2013. Subjects were randomly divided into two open and closed suctioning groups with two-stage method after convenience sampling method. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were compared at baseline, immediately after suctioning, and at one minute interval after suctioning for five minutes between the two groups. For data analysis, repeated measures ANOVA, independent T and paired T tests were used through SPSS 16 software. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure did not change significantly between the two groups during and after open and closed suction system. No significant difference observed with regards to heart rhythm in both suction system groups as well. Changes in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and heart rhythm in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting under open and closed suctioning are the same and one system could not be preferred over the other.

Temporal arteritis is one of the rare vascular diseases. The common diagnosis method of this disease is invasive biopsy of the temporal artery wall that despite of partial precision have several side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of duplex ultrasonography compared to invasive biopsy. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, from the March, 2012 to the end of March, 2013. 20 patients suspected to have temporal arteritis were introduced using convenient sampling method from Rasool-e-Akram Hospital ophthalmologic ward for duplex ultrasonographic examinations. Ultrasonography was performed on three sections of the superficial temporal arteries and the frontal and parietal branches in both longitudinal and transverse sections. Observing halo sign (p=0.0001), temporal artery stenosis (p=0.001) and irregularities in the arterial wall (p=0.001) in duplex ultrasonography were significantly able to diagnosis the temporal arteritis. Agreement between the two methods was obtained as 0.7, based on the Kappa test (p=0.001). The sensitivity of duplex ultrasonography based on symptoms compared to the biopsy was 100%, specificity was 76.9%, the positive predictive value was 70%, negative predictive value was 100% and the accuracy was 85%. Duplex ultrasonography seems to be a good alternative for invasive biopsies to diagnose temporal arteritis.

Development of organs during embryonic period is the result of complex events and changes such as cellular reactions and molecular differentiations of every dependent structure that determine the ultimate fate of an embryonic undifferentiated cell. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of glycoconjugates terminal sugars and their changes on ganglionic cells surface of rat’s retina using histochemichal lectin technique during eye morphogenesis. Wistar rats were used. Zero day of pregnancy was determined. Pregnant rats were anesthetized on 14th, 15th and 16th days of gestation and the fetuses were removed and fixed in formalin solution which after tissue passage and 5μ sections preparation exposed to GSA1-B4, DBA, OFA and MPA lectins. Samples color background was Alcian blue with pH equal 2.5. 14-day samples ganglionic cells showed a poor reaction to the DBA and GSA1-B4 lectins. No reaction was observed on 15th and 16th days with the mentioned lectins. Response of these cells to MPA lectin began from 14th day weakly, increased on 15th day sharply and decreased on 16th day (average response). Reaction of the mentioned cells was moderate with OFA lectin on 14th day, was intense on 15th day and was weak 16th day. Changes in glycoconjugates terminal sugars of cell surface in terms of time is a set process in ganglion cells regulations during eye development and glycoconjugates containing fucose, α-D-Gal, β-D-Gal and N-acetylgalactoseamin terminal sugars play a crucial role in eye retina ganglionic cells development.

In various studies and also in traditional medicine, many properties for Nigella sativa, such as antioxidant effects and gastric mucosa protection have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa on acid and mucus secretion in cyclooxygenase inhibition conditions. This interventional study was done using 40 Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups; positive control (distilled water), Ranitidine (50mg/kg) and three groups receiving Nigella sativa extract (100, 200 and 400mg/kg). The groups were treated by gavage for 5 days and on 6th day Indomethacin was gavaged to cyclooxygenase inhibition and 6 hours later acid and mucus secretion were examined. No differences were observed in acid secretion between treated groups with Ranitidine, the extract and Indomethacin. But mucus secretion in groups of 100 and 200mg/kg doses of the extract was higher than the group receiving Indomethacin significantly. Nigella seed extract can protect the gastric mucosa against damages caused by cyclooxygenase inhibition, but is not able to reduce the acid secretion elevated by Indomethacin.

Glucose is the major energy source for brain which passes across blood brain barrier easily and reach to neuronal cells. Following the intravenous injection of glucose, it’s concentration increases in blood followed by its increase in different parts of the brain such as Hippocampus. Hippocampus function in learning and memory has been confirmed from many years ago. This study aimed to investigate the effect of intravenous injection of glucose on passive avoidance learning in adult male rats using shuttle box apparatus. In this study, 21 adult male rats were divided into 3 groups including glucose receiving group (500mg/kg rat 10min pretraining), saline (glucose vehicle) and control group. Memory was examined 48 hours after training in shuttle box apparatus. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using One-way ANOVA and then LSD test. There was no significant difference between control, receiving saline and glucose groups before training in terms of the latency to enter the dark compartment, whereas the significant difference was observed between the group receiving glucose and other groups in time spent in the light and dark compartments in the retrieval stage. Also the blood glucose concentration difference between the group receiving of glucose and other groups was significant. Intraperitoneal injection of glucose increases the passive avoidance memory of adult male rats in shuttle box apparatus.

Multiple sclerosis affects the patient's self-esteem by changing body imaging. This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational interventions on patients’ self-esteem with multiple sclerosis. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with control group which was done on patients with multiple sclerosis of Mashhad in 2012-13. Participants were 75 patients referred to the Mashhad Multiple Sclerosis Society who were selected using continuous sampling and were assigned into two experimental (37 cases) and control (38 cases) groups. The tools including demographic and Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaires were used. Educational intervention was presented in three (each 45min) sessions to the experimental group. Then the participants were carried out learned items during four weeks. At the end, both groups were completed the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire again. Data was analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software using paired T, T-independent and Chi-square tests. 47 participants were female and their mean age was 34.2±3.7. No significant differences was observed between the experimental and control groups in any of demographic variables (p>0.05). A significant difference was observed between self-esteem and demographic variables (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the scores of self-esteem before intervention. Whereas, a significant increase was observed in the scores of experimental group compared with control group after intervention. Educational interventions are effective on patient's self-esteem with multiple sclerosis.

Due to the increasing and widespread usage of the variety of electric and magnetic devices and possible effect of electromagnetic fields caused by them on human health many researchers have focused to investigate the harmful effects of these fields. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 50Hz uniform electromagnetic fields on P450 and P448 cytochromes and gonadal steroid hormones in male NMRI mice. The study was done on 12 adult male NMRI mice. The mice were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups including 6 animals. To produce the uniform electromagnetic field solenoid cramps systems were used. The experimental group was exposed to 50Hz magnetic field with an intensity of 0.06mT for 28 continuous days and consecutive 4hour for each day and the results were compared with control group that was not exposed to the field. After blood sampling, LH, FSH and testosterone levels were measured by Gamma counter then liver was removed to study the P448 and P450 cytochromes. LH level increased in experimental group than control group and testosterone level decreased that these changes were significant statistically (p<0.05). FSH level had not significant change in the experimental group (p>0.05). Also mutagenic effects of electromagnetic fields were led to P448 and P450 cytochromes change. The 50Hz electromagnetic fields can affect gonadal steroid hormones and P448 and P450 cytochromes in male NMRI mice.