فصلنامه مطالعات میان رشته ای در علوم انسانی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، زمستان 1393)

There are numerous kinds of definitions and discourses of conceptualization for the collaboration among disciplines. Examining a wide range of the related texts represents various، divergent and also contradictory discourses back to this up. Carefully and critically examining the common perception of collaboration among disciplines، in this paper، authors introduce an alternative so-called pluridisciplinary. rn rnAnd، it is argued that pluri-disciplinary could be considered as an umbrella term for all other modes of collaboration among disciplines including multidisciplinary، interdisciplinary، and transdiciplinary. It is also contended that unlike the conventional perception of collaborations between disciplines، epistemological and instrument rationales need to be seen as a continuous integration، so such a holistic approach will lead to a new so-called discipline; transdiciplinary. It is also articulated that there is a hierarchical relationship between disciplines in the alternative. In this paper، simple knowledge in pluridisciplinary studies will be replaced by super-complex knowledge، so called; trans-disciplinary، as a new-fashioned discipline، emerges.

The debate of method of recognition in humanities، social and nature science is one of the apprehensions of Scientists in Wisdom Domain –especially in the modern world. This apprehension، before all things was of appearing in the paradigm of methodoligical between the advocates of the paradigms of positivism with having a share of the natural science. They used to values of naturalism in social and human studies. Additionally، testing and observation and repetition are present as the main terms of recognition. In front، the difference between human studies and natural science is important for the advocates of hermeneutic paradigm. Also، they speak about the methodology of interpretation (understanding) of human and social phenomenon. But، in the second half of 20th century another paradigms was established as the Critical realism. This paradigm is tried to parther from the methodoloigcal binary and has a share from the recognition of ontological positivism and epistemological hermeneutics attain to a procedure of interdisciplinary about recognition. So، on the basis of this subject، this article mentioned this question that: would the critical realism receive as the methodology in interdisciplinary? Method of the Article is postulate. This article reasoned that multilayer ontology and epistemology redounded to multilayer methodology that could build up the knowledge of interdisciplinary.

Futures Studies are transdiciplinary research field that explain social phenomena and change processes، and provide a broader perspective on them. Further، it develops various fields of human activity. Futures studies thematic territory is all sectors of culture، economics، politics، technology and the arts، and in the view of the changes ahead، its topics are rising. It is believed that human societies are able not to control the future، but the future is able to influence the path of history. I this study، we reviewed books and papers published in futures studies to illustrate American sutures studies movement in 1960s and 1970s. We start with World War II and Cold War. Then، organizations and future thinkers affecting futures studies would be discussed. Finally، the paradigms that have formed after World War II and the Cold War in the field of futures studies would be defined. Generally، futurists believe that so far there have been two paradigms in the evolution of futures studies and there are signs of the emergence of a new paradigm.

From the dawn of its history، cinema has been considered as a phenomenon in which different thoughts، among them the political، could be addressed. Indeed، many film-makers have presented various aspects of political norms and the good order of society through movies. However، this combination of the idea and image has been addressed in different ways and among others، as seems، the historical narrative has the potentiality to convey critical and normal political ideas in cinema. Exploring different types of representing the political thought in cinematic historical narratives، the present study attempts to identify cinema’s interdisciplinary potential as a conjuncture for the disciplines of history and political thought.

The main goal of a writer، when he/she writes a text، is to draw the reader’s attention to the text، and to make them converge with it. Therefore، a reading text includes an interaction between the writer and the reader. This interaction in instructional texts leads to a better learning by the language learners. There are some markers in the reading texts that create an interaction between the writer and the reader،and lead to a better comprehensionbythe reader of the text he/she is reading and a more detailed understanding. The use of these interactional markers in texts is an undeniable necessity. This study investigates the frequency of using these markers in Persian and English written texts by native speakers of Persian and non-Persians within the Hyland’sInteractional Model (Hyland، 2005)، and analyzes the method of interaction between the writer and the reader in 3 categories of scientific articles (Persian articles by native speakers of Persian،Persian articles by nonnative speakers of Persian، English articles by non-Persians). This study is both quantitative and qualitative. The analysis of the data shows that the highest use of interactional markers in the whole corpus is in “personal asides” and the lowest use is in “interrogative sentences”. Furthermore، having in mind that these markers are divided into “stance” and “engagement” markers، in the stance marker category in Persian articles by native speakers of Persian and English articles by non-Persians، the highest use of these markers includes the “hedges” and the lowest useincludes “attitude markers،” and in Persian articles by non-native speakers of Persian، the highest frequency of use is that of “boosters” andthe lowest، like the other two categories، is that of “attitude markers”. Also، in the engagement category، in Persian articles by native speakers of Persian and Persian articles by non-native speakers of Persian، the highest frequency of useis that of “personal asides” and the lowest is that of “directives،” and in English articles by non-Persians، the highest frequency of use، like the other aforementioned categories includes “personal asides” and the lowest includes “interrogative sentences.”

Christian Norberg- Schulz explained his ideas about the phenomenology of architecture، indebted to Martin Heidegger’s opinions and believed that one of the main strategies for identification of the place is creating meaningful environments. Schulz can be considered as one of theorists who created new ideas in architecture after Gideon and believed that considering to other scientific fields is necessary to achieve the true nature of architecture. In fact the phenomenological approach can be understood as an interdisciplinary species that explain about existence and cognition in other fields like designing different spaces. Accordingly emphasizing on interdisciplinary trends and studies can help to identify and understand the multiple issues and by studying the different approaches، the scientific expansion of the problem’s aspects will be possible. This article with an Interdisciplinary and phenomenological point of view and due to the main ideas of Norberg- Schulz، analyses the concept of place and space and also the importance of concerning about children’s spaces. So at first a brief knowledge about the book of Norberg-Schulz in phenomenological approach will be achieved and by studying the opinions of other theorists، some results about the importance of considering the concept of genius loci in architectural spaces will be achieved. In this document، by using the descriptive- analytical method and by means of data collection، including studies، library and documentation، the relating concepts and strategies of improving the quality of children’s spaces، is analyzed. According to this article، It could be said that meanings، culture and history of a place، include identifying factors that cause creating memories and a sense of belonging to the place for individuals and thus the formation of their personality in childhood. So one of the main tasks of modern architects is creating a sense of space in children’s spaces and reminding their tradition and cultural identity in this way، so that children can establish a close relationship between the past، present and future.

By passing the instruction period and increase of graduate students and also research budget، knowledge of accounting in Iran entered to the field of research in a way that number of accounting projects has been implemented in the real world. Because of that different experience in implementing the accounting standards were achieved. So، it was expected the mentioned experiences help to solve the financial problems in country، in spite of lots of efforts which were done for researching; we still have many financial and accounting problems in our country. PHD projects could be considered as one of the important solutions to improve the University subjects including accounting. PHD projects are considered as team work job and it will be legitimate by supervisor teams in universities. It is obvious that applied projects should solve part of the problems in accounting field but unfortunately it is not working in the real world. The question which came in to our mind is how come that the out put of the applied and knowledge base projects could not make the darkness of the mentioned problems clear and also why politicians in difficult situations prefer to use their own previous experiences in important decision makings instead of using the consultant’s knowledge base suggestions. In this research I’m going to study، the reasons behind that prevent the applied PHD projects from success in real world which relates to the point of view that consider the political suggestions which are out put of knowledge base projects are not qualified enough for implementation. For this purpose، the indicators of an applied PHD project were considered and 110 vise people were categorized the mentioned indicators and then in a comprehensive study other applied PHD accounting projects were compared to each other. As result، in this study problems of the studied researches were identified and a proper and applied model for creating applied research was developed.