نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 63، زمستان 1393)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are in amongst of the most important environmental pollutants. Their leaching from soil into groundwater is one of the most important environmental concerns. Considering the high volume of activities in oil industry، many sites have been contaminated with oil compounds in Iran. Since soil remediation costs are very high، making a decision about remediation or not remediation of the oil polluted soils needs a careful assessment. Column leaching test was applied in the current research as a modern and effective tool to predict leaching of PAHs from soil. In order to do this procedure، the contaminated soil from south of Tehran city (near the oil refractory) were prepared. Then، dried in the air and sieved from 2 mm. The material of soil was silt and clay; also had a 1. 81 percent organic carbon. The tests were done in glass column with 600 cm3 capacity (6 cm diameter، 21 cm high). Results showed that only a small part of available PAHs in solid phase (soil) leached into water and high concentration of PAHs in the solid phase dose not necessary imply serious groundwater contamination risk and significant amount of PAHs may stay in the soil for a long time.

The economical sectors، being a main consumer of fossil fuels، play a basic role in the Emission of environmental pollutants. In the process of giving service، these sectors create Undesirable outputs، in addition to desirable ones. The cost of this polluting behavior، and also the scarcity of appropriate analytical methods for the purpose of environmental policy making، some efforts have been made. In this paper، to estimate shadow price of environmental pollutants created by fossil fuel consumption in the economical sectors of Tehran province. The used methodology in this paper is input-output analysis and EPA coefficients. Results show that economic sectors include transportation sectors to create 23548850629RSL social cost، service 88533443280 RLS، agricultural 74716821840 RLS andindustry 7269567240 RLS among economic sectors of Tehran have the most shadow prices of environmental pollutants resulting from fossil fuel respectively. Considering the global movement towards sustainable development، it is essential to notice to the environmental destruction caused by different economical sectors. The results show that most of the social costs of air pollutants examined in this study due to the use of gas to the price of 796 RLS per liter consumption in the transportation sector، and the lowest induced kerosene to cost 196 RLS per liter is consumed.

This paper presents a three- dimensional numerical model based on 3- D Navier – Stokes and continuity equations. The model is used to simulate the prediction of the movement of oil slicks from spill accident in region between Khark Island and Busher Port in the north coastal of Persian Gulf. A three – dimensional model is developed based on the mass transport equation to predict the movement of oil particles in the water column. The model uses Boussinesq approximation as Lipps. For the advection term in the model an upwind weighted، multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm (MPDATA) is used. Base on this algorithm an explicit finite difference scheme that uses an anti-diffusive velocity sense for equilibrium diffusion effect is used. Densities of the oil and water، wind speed and horizontal and vertical diffusion coefficients are variable in the model. The computational domain covers an area of 555180 km2 with 11346 grids and x  y  3000 m in spill point، 21 km offshore. The model predicts concentration distribution of oil particles and current speeds and directions for 1. 7، 7 and 14 hours in summer after spill accident in 5، 10 and 15 meters levels. Numerical results show that particles spreading are towards Busher Port in summer. There is good agreement with valid theories and experiment of data runs. This research can be helpful to predict the movement of oil pollution at sea to collect pollution from spill accident to avoid the risk of moving it to the beach.

Paper mill’s wastewater is the most pollutant industrial wastewaters. The effluent causes production sludge، scum formation and loss of aesthetic beauty in the environment. They also increase the amount of toxic substances in the water which causes death to the zooplankton and fish. The present research investigated the effect of coagulant of PACL for reduction of the pollutants in paper mill wastewater. For reduction of the pollutants the quantity and quality of wastewater investigated. This study showed that this wastewater has chemical oxygen demand (COD) 3523 mg/l and turbidity= 872. In this test، parameters of turbidity، COD، total solid (TS)، optimum pH and dosage of coagulant determined. According to data obtained from studies optimum pH and dosage of PACL were obtained to be 7، 785 mg/l، respectively. The results of the present study revealed that coagulant of PACL could reduce 90% of TS، 88% of COD and 93% of turbidity in paper mill wastewater

Considering the scarcity of natural fossil energy and dispersion of pollutant gases from their products، it seems utilizing cheaper and cleaner energy sources such as geothermal energy are vital. One of the applications of geothermal energy is geothermal pumps. The compressor of geothermal pumps utilizes the thermal energy of the earth to provide thermal load and hot water for the buildings by consuming electricity. There are two most common geothermal heat pumps including a system with vertical and horizontal ground heat exchanger. In the present study، in ventilation calculations، the required thermal load of a typical four story 12- unit residential building located in the East of Tehran was calculated separately based on the actual operational data. Each story has an area of 565 square meters. According to the thermal properties of soil and the annual average temperature of the abovementioned area، the appropriate geothermal heat pump was selected. Subsequently، three scenarios were created through Perform software on the basis of the primary costs of purchase and installment of geothermal heat pump and its electricity consumption. The cost-effectiveness of the studied system with that of the previous one was compared technically، economically and environmentally on the basis of carbon credit costs in the world market. The results of this study indicate that the application of geothermal heat pumps decreases the total emission of pollutants across implementing the project by 3759 tons of CO2 equivalent. Furthermore، 67،000 giga joules of natural gas will be saved at the end of the project.

In this research measuring ozone concentration in air quality control Company at Aqdasieh station، and meteorological parameters at Resalat station، was compared and investigated. This investigation was performed for 7 months (from Oct. 2007 to Apr. 2008). The average daily Ozone concentration showed the least quantity of Ozone in early morning and late night air. Comparing the sunshine radiation with variation of Ozone concentration indicated that these two items have direct relations. Increasing the sunshine radiation concludes the increasing of photochemical activity and consequently increasing the Ozone concentration. Investigating the monthly average Ozone concentration showed that the least registered amount of Ozone was during these 7 months of measurement in Azar (November) and the most registered amount of Ozone occurred in Farvardin (April). The most important factor of main increasing happened in April and in the solar radiation and photochemical activities.

The location of industrial area is a key factor in regional planning because this kind of decision has large social، economical and environmental impacts on any land. Location decision makers must consider a wide range of factors in order to coordinate socio-economic benefits and environmental sustainability. Isfahan is one of the most important industrial centers in Iran and because of large industrial development in this region industrial construction is limited to 50 Km radius around Isfahan city. The present paper describes a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method، called Weighted Linear Combination in GIS environment to evaluate the suitability of 50 Km radius around Isfahan for industrial establishment. At first by literature review and obtaining standards، industrial site selection criteria are defined.

Recently، hazardous waste management is a major issue through the world due to increasing of hazardous wastes in countries. According to numerous industrial units، Zanjan province needs an effective managing method for hazardous wastes. Landfilling is the most common method used to hazardous waste management. Determining of optimum location with considering minimum environmental risks and cost effective methods are the scope of this paper. The used method in this paper is combination of geographic Information System (GIS) and multiple criteria Analysis (MCA). Because of several influencing parameters in landfill site selection، using MCA is necessary. A two steps method of landfill site was done، including elimination exclusionary areas and calculation suitability index. In order to determine weights of effective parameters، Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied. Simple additive weight method was used for determination of suitability index and evaluation of study area for hazardous waste landfill. Finally regions with high suitability index were suggested for hazardous waste landfills in Zanjan province.

In selecting type of sanitary sewer network by a designer engineer، at first after surveying the region، the same of usages and results of the selected type of network shall be studied. Nowadays، gravity sanitary sewer network (conventional network) is designed and established extensively across the country in small communities which causes high costs. Therefore، investigation of usages of different unconventional sanitary networks including pressure sewer system (PSS)، vacuum sewer system (VSS)، small diameter gravity sewer system (SDGS) and simplified sewer system (SS)، is necessary due to lower costs. In the current research، the data are collected from books، consulting engineering companies’ reports، and national and international standards of sewer network systems and analyzed. And each type of sewer network and their usage are studied and discussed and then different options sanitary sewer networks are designed for Bandar Taheri of Boushehr Province as the case study using Arc Map، Arc GIS، Auto CAD، and Sewer CAD and then economically analyzed and estimated based on price lists. The results indicate the priority of option simplified sewer network which in accordance with specific circumstances of a region and criteria lowers administrative، operation and maintenance costs.

Attention to environmental planning is necessary when the density of growth in some parts of the national territory which is causing inconsistency and two major adverse irregular migration urban and rural population from other parts of the country towards development center and also retardation of other parts of the country. The purpose of this study is the environmental planning at the scale of local landscape to develop and enhance the quality of material and spiritual life of people in Fordo rural district. In this study، environmental planning for Fordo rural district carried out by using planning process method and Geographic Information System. This Process done in three steps: Identifying rural district، analysis of the interaction between natural and man-made elements and composition، including (outlining the vision، goals and operational and developing solutions). For each of the three environmental، economical، social and human made factors، solutions were expressed. As restrictions on development، some of the lands were used to develop access and build facilities and etc. Ultimately final plan of the physical spaces of Fordo rural district was provided in the form of a map. For harmonious and balanced development of regions in the whole country، planning process method is an efficient and useful method and provides solutions to development and plans and spatial and physical plans. Also، the use of GIS tool in various stages of study leads to more accurate results and plans. The principles of this study can be used in environmental planning and regional planning، proportional to the ecological potential of region to guide changes in accordance with the potential and limitations of the natural and human environment.

Migration، population increase and industrializing of mentioned county (Islam Shahr) without noticing to the environmental capability and evaluation، caused environmental pollution and social raucousness in this city. In addition، by the population increase، water consumption increases as well. So we will face decreasing of the agricultural water and farms dehydration in one hand، and increasing the pollution of fresh water and decreasing county’s freshwater because of the sewage and its discharge to underground water table on the other hand. Environmental rights are important tools for supervision، management and continuous development. These rights are affective in policy determining and environmental protection affairs and rational /continuous using of natural environment. We can move based on public opinions and governmental support alongside with internal rules and statutes and bureaucracy revision to increase the quality of environmental management. In addition، constraints and prohibitions state instructions issues and pollutant units’ penalties and other rules can be used as management tools to help environmental retain and pollutant decrease. Industrializing of the county causes population urbanization increasing، natural recourses damage، rising consumption rate change and environmental pollution as well as losing life quality and misbalancing the county’s environment. As the population has increased from 1000 people in 1961 to 500،000 persons at present، it created the environment such problems.

Management of Solid waste goes back to ancient times. But modern and enlightened management of wastes began from 1930. Since 1995،، in Iran studies started on the ground of “Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan” and these studies finally led to the approval of “Waste Management Law” in 2004. Solid waste management in Hormozgan’s villages was the aim of this research. In this study، 26 villages، scattered all over the province، were selected. A questionnaire addressing the current status of solid waste disposal in rural area was developed. This questionnaire was administered to all 26 Dehyaries. Waste sampling was carried out for seven successive days in the middle of the four seasons. On each sampling day، 65 samples of 1 m3 volume were taken from specified homes in each of the 26 villages. Numbers obtained from questionnaires and physical and chemical analysis were used as data to study current situation and suggesting appropriate methods for solid waste management system in rural areas of Hormozgan province. Field studies showed that about 617. 3 grams of residential solid waste per capita is generated in selected villages every day. There are 360 shops in chosen villages and total amount of commercial waste is about 3816 kg per day. The average amount of medical waste is about 8. 8 kg per hygienic unit. Waste Composition in selected villages is: putrescible materials 43. 77، paper and cardboard 9. 72، plastics 9. 62، wood 6. 20، metal 10. 44، glass 7. 90، rubber and leather 5. 58 and textile 6. 79%. The main obstacle to recycling program is the unbiased collection of waste in rural area. It is recommended that for the first five year program، Source separation includes degradable matter and dry wastes (paper، plastics and metals). Source separation of other components such as wood، rubber، glass and textile can be carried out in the second five year program. From the economical point of view، incineration with energy recovery cannot be a good alternative for rural waste disposal in Hormozgan. Due to the low volume of1- PhD. Faculty of Environment، University of Tehran2- M. Sc. Faculty of Environmental Engineeruing، University of Tehran3- PhD. Student، Faculty of Environmental Engineering، University of Tehran4- Former PhD student of Environmental Sciences of Tehran University، Assistant Professor، Research centre ofEnvironmental Pollutant، University of Shahid Beheshti،. J. Env. Sci،TechJ. Env. Sci. Tech.، Vol 16، No. 4، Winter 2015209degradable matter، land availability with low cost labor force in rural areas، low technology composting is recommended. The quantity of waste generated in each village is not sufficient to be managed separately، so a regional solid waste management must be defined to include adjacent villages. Collection of waste must be carried out by each Dehyari in each village. Waste recovery and disposal should be managed regionally.

Nowadays immethodical profiting of environmental assets and competition in ecological resources consumption in the country illustrates an ascending procedure، and lack of suitable economical instruments leads to various environmental pollutions appearances. Using economical instruments like «green taxes»، «Tradable of marketable permits» and «deposit and repayment systems» and finally «environmental charge» could be regarded as some solutions which aid us to improving producers and consumers'' behaviors to preserve the environment and also achieving sustainable development. In the decade of ninety existent realities forced the planners of the country to apply «Economic Incentive Approach» instead of «command and Control Approach». For the same purpose it was anticipated to enforce economical encouragers in the law of first and second plan of development. However industrial development after the war (Iraq against Iran) increased to such an event that did not allow aforementioned policies to prevent environmental pollutions and damages. Therefore، for the first time in the country، environmental charge was introduced into article 134 and paragraph © of article 104 the low of third plan of economic، social and cultural development and subsequently their executive bylaw were developed. Aforementioned executive bylaw is one of the most specialized guidelines developed so far in the country. In this paper an attempt was made toward economical analysis of «environmental charge» and determination of practical solutions in order to improve efficiency of this economic instrument in Iran. For this purpose the activities of the department of the environment of more than thirty provinces during the 2005-2007 were investigated and problems related to implementation of this law in the context of existing institutional arrangement of the department of the environment were assessed.

One of the recent environmental problems is the presence of toxic، resistant and potentially carcinogenic compounds such as Malachite Green (MG) in effluent wastewater and fish tissues of fish farms. The aim of this research is the measurement of MG in the effluent wastewater and fish tissues of fish farms in Chahar- Mahal and Bakhtiari province. In this descriptive cross-sectional study، from total of 50 fish farms، five farms were selected from three categories of large، medium، and small scales of fish farms، based on fish production capacity. During three months، effluent wastewater and fish tissue samples were taken monthly and were analyzed to detect MG after preparation of the samples. MG analysis was done through Cloud Point Extraction method for effluents samples and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for fish tissue samples.