مجله مطالعات ناتوانی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (زمستان 1393)

The purpose of this study was a developmental comparison of behavioral/emotional problems in students with intellectual disability. Methods & Materials: 120 students، consisting of 60 male and 60 female students in the age groups of 9 to 12 years، 12 to 15 years and 15 to 18 years were selected from the schools of students with intellectual disabilities of Shiraz School District 1 (the referring District) by purposeful sampling and then، they were compared. In this study، the behavioral/emotional problems of the students were evaluated using Enfield and Tonge Behavioral/Emotional Problems checklist (2002)، the Teacher’s form، which has the five subscales of Disruptive/Antisocial، Self-Absorbed، Communication Disturbance، Anxiety and Social Relating. For analysis of data، we used two way ANOVA and multivariate ANOVA. Research findings showed that the difference of the total scores relevant to the emotional/behavioral problems of students with intellectual disability according to age group is not significant، But according to gender and interaction of gender and age group is significant (p<0. 05). Moreover، about subscales of behavioral/emotional problems results showed that there were no significant differences in subscales of behavioral/emotional problems according to age group. However there was a significant differences in disruptive/antisocial behavior، self-absorbed and anxiety subscales according to the gender of the students (p<0. 05). Also there was a significant difference in all subscales according to the interaction between gender and age group (p<0. 05). Therefore، the development of behavioral/emotional problems in students with intellectual disability is an invariable. But in the behavioral/emotional problems، there are differences between male and female students.

This paper aims to evaluate and select the optima method for treatment of heart diseases among the five methods including chemotherapy (anti-clotting medications)، bypass (open heart surgery)، angioplasty (inserting balloon)، and inserting heart battery. These methods are different in terms of a number of criteria including treatment duration، pace maker، ICD، severity of symptoms، cost، need for rest and absence from work، patients proclivity and required facilities for their implementation. This paper aims to evaluate and choose the best method of treatment among these five methods depending on the above mentioned criteria by using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision making technique. Methods & Materials: Thirty experts considered the five treatment methods based on six criteria and used a bipolar scale of 1 to 9 in order to evaluate each method based on each criterion. Then، after forming a decision-making matrix، the five methods were prioritized and the best was chosen through a six-stage process of the improved TOPSIS. The method of chemotherapy (anti-clotting medications) ranked as the first priority with proximity coefficient of 0. 659797 and hence could be offered to the patients as the most favorable treatment. Other methods were prioritized as follows: angioplasty with proximity coefficient of 0. 654508، ICD with proximity coefficient of 0. 650213، Pace Maker with proximity coefficient of 0. 52096 and bypass with proximity coefficient of 0. 293259. According to the study findings، as chemotherapy (anti-clotting medications) is close to positive criteria and far from negative criteria was selected to be the most suitable method of treatment of heart disease.

In addition to the effects stuttering has on preschoolers’ ability to communicate، it can also have negative effects on their parents and playmates. The present inventory evaluates these effects in three sections (the child، the parents and the playmates)، and can be used as a tool to investigate the effect of treatment in the long run. The aim of this study was to translate and investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ‘Impact of Stuttering on Preschoolers and Parents’ (ISPP) questionnaire. The translation and adaptation of the ISPP was done on the basis of the IQOLA protocol، and its back-translation was approved by its developer. To evaluate its content validity، 5 stuttering experts were asked to complete a table prepared for this purpose. Then، based on the inclusion criteria and the sample size formula 31 parents (of children who stuttered) completed the ISPP questionnaire. The internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach''s alpha and reliability was evaluated through test re–test performed at an interval of 10-14 days. The construct validity was also evaluated. Finally، the data were analyzed with SPSS-20 software. All the questions had been translated well and easily، and the back-translation was approved by the developer. The content validity of the Persian version was approved by the experts. Cronbach''s alpha (0. 75) showed that the inventory had a suitable internal consistency. Based on the correlation between the test items in the two instances (P<0. 05) the questionnaire may be said to have desirable reliability. Moreover، it has suitable construct validity. Based on the results، the ISPP questionnaire has suitable reliability and validity

This study was conducted to study the role of personality traits and early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in predicting mental health in high school students. A correlational descriptive study was conducted. Four hundred high school students in Urmia were selected by random multistage cluster sampling. In order to collect data, the General Health Questionnaire for mental health (GHQ), the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI) for personality, and Young’s cognitive schemas were administered. Data analysis was done with Pearson’s correlation, multivariate regression test, and t-test, using SPSS software. Neuroticism (N), which is an indication of emotional instability, was high in the studied subjects. The latter indicates that they have weak adaptive states. The greatest amount of variance in mental health was observed in the (N) subscale –a personal trait variable– at 23% and 10% (in girls and boys, respectively). Moreover, the variance observed in the rejection/disconnection subscale –an EMS variable– was observed at 27% and 11% (in girls and boys, respectively) (p<0.05). Early maladaptive schemas and personality traits play important roles in predicting mental health (p<0.05).

Auditory attention is one of the most important skills and abilities which students require for passing different school levels، which this ability is a defect in students suffering from dysgraphia. The current study seeks to examine the effect of play therapy on improving auditory attention of students suffering from Dysgraphia in a single-subject study. Participants in the current research were three students visiting Shenakht Clinic of Esfahan. For each participant، three sessions as the base-line، 12 sessions of play therapy and 3 treatment-review sessions were dedicated. In order to measure the extent of improvement in auditory attention and dysgraphia، NEPSY test and spelling test were applied respectively. Findings of the current study showed that a visual analysis of data diagram، based on the descriptive statistics indicates effective intervention for all three participants. Results of the current study show that auditory attention is improved by play therapy in students suffering from dysgraphia. Therefore، play therapy can be used as a method for improving the academic performance of students suffering from dysgraphia.

Elderly people places great value on religious beliefs and behaviors، religion is of significance in their lives and think on the deeper meaning of religious symbols and rituals. Among the elders with any background، religious activity is associated with several positive outcomes such as prevention and reduction of mental disorders، including anxiety and depression. This study investigated the effectiveness of religious teachings on the treatment of Iranian elder with depression. Six patients (3 males، 3 females) participated in a single case experiment with AB design for 8 sessions over a period of two months. The subjects were selected using convenience sampling، following the establishment of baselines for the dependent variables، hey entered the educational program. Improvement index for each variable was considered to be a fall in the curve during treatment period. The instruments used included Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS–15) and Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS). The findings showed that religious teachings were effective in decreasing depression and dysfunctional attitudes in elderly people. Maintain spiritual and religious issues and strengthen of religious or spiritual beliefs help to alleviate depression in elderly people. Religious teachings can be useful for reducing depression symptoms among elderly people. The generalizability of the results of the present article to other populations with different religions merits further investigation.

The research aims to determine the effectiveness of forgiveness group style training on intrinsic and extrinsic anger control of divorced women in Isfahan-Iran.  

The statistical population was all divorced woman who had divorced in 2013 in Isfahan-Iran. Out of which a sample of 30 divorced women were randomly selected. The method was experimental and the design was pre-test post-test with a control group and random replacement. The experimental group was presented with forgiveness training. For the purpose of gathering the data (STAXI-2) inventory was utilized. The data were analyzed using MONCOVA analysis.

The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control group in terms of the components studied. This means that forgiveness group training increased intrinsic and extrinsic anger control of the divorced women.

After divorcing, women will be faced with a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic projected trauma. One of the projected problems for this group of people is anger. Therefore, forgiveness group training can be a step in the direction to control the anger of them intrinsically or extrinsically. Obviously, whatever the intrinsic and extrinsic control of the anger in this group of women is increased, quicker they will be able to return to the normal life with their peace.

The present paper mainly aims to investigate the effect of sensory-motor integration training on gross motor skills of children with severely mental disability. In this semi experimental research with purposive sampling method، 40 subjects from Golhaye Behesht rehabilitation and training center with the mean age 8. 48±2. 81 years and mean IQ 30. 62±6. 81 were studied. To assess gross motor، subscales of 1، 3 and 4 of motor proficiency Bruininks–Oseretsky Test were used. Initially pre-test was taken on all the children. Then، based on two factors: (IQ and pretest scores) were divided into two equal groups، and were considered randomly as experimental and control groups. Each group consisted of 10 girls and 10 boys. The experimental group practiced sensory-motor integration training in 50 sessions، 45 minutes، 6 times in a week. The control group used the educational programs classroom. Then both groups underwent post-test. By using independent T test (in SPSS19)، Statistical Analysis was done. There was a significant difference in posttest scores between experimental and control groups (p=0. 005). The experimental group earned higher scores. The current research indicated the effect of sensory-motor integration training on gross motor skills in children with severely mental disability.

The present paper aims to examine the effect of training mind theory on social skills and self-concept in children with dyslexia in Rasht city. The statistical population of this research includes the all the students with dyslexia in third to fifth grade of elementary school in Rasht province during the educational year of 2013-2014، which they were100 students. 24 students with dyslexic boys and girls were chosen using randomized sampling and the divided into two groups including experiment (12 students) and control (12 students). The instrument used in the study was reading and dyslexia test (2008)، BECK elf-concept (1987)، Matson social skills test (1983). Theory of mind in eight 20-minute sessions was conducted individually in the experimental group. Data was analyzed by analysis of Covariance. Findings indicate that theory of mind training has been able to increase the confidence factors (12. 45) at the scale of social skills (p=0. 003) and also sub-scales including social skill (18. 73) and physical attraction (16. 91) at the self-concept scale (p=0. 001، p=0. 009). Theory of mind training leads to improvement in social skills and components of self-concept in dyslexic students، thus strengthening the theory of mind can be considered as one of the principal axes in training for professionals and educators.

The present research was done to determine the effectiveness of non-word repetition on the reading rate of third-grade dyslexic children in Isfahan. The present research was a single-subject study with multiple baseline in which 4 dyslexic children in Isfahan were examined. The subjects were selected from speech therapy clinics and reading disability centers on the basis of inclusion/exclusion criteria. After determining their baseline status they were included in the research in stepwise fashion. Each subject received 18 sessions of non-word training and was then followed-up after 2 weeks and was re-evaluated. The research tool was the ‘reading and dyslexic texts’ called the ‘Nema’ test (Noori & Moradi، 2008). The results were analyzed on the basis of visual analysis and descriptive statistical indicators. The intervention was effective in two of the subjects (PND=100%) and was not effective in the other two (PND=0%). This was a primary research investigating the effectiveness of non-word repetition on reading rate in dyslexic children. Two of the subjects improved، while the other two did not، which is perhaps due to the linguistic nature of their dyslexia. However، since our results may not be generalized to larger populations due to the small sample size، further studies with larger sample sizes need to be conducted to confirm our findings.