فهرست مطالب سامان یزدان ستا

Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran's wide range of natural resources, which can play an important role in society's health, job creation, and non-oil exports if they are scientifically recognized, cultivated, developed, and exploited properly. Iran is considered one of the world's best regions in terms of climate, geographical location, and medicinal plant growth, and it has been a source of production and consumption of medicinal plants in the past. Lemon balm is generally used in traditional medicine to treat digestive problems, pain, and mental disorders. Drought stress is one of the most serious and widespread problems that limit plant productivity because it negatively affects plant physiology. The effects of drought stress depend on the duration, intensity and stage of growth and the genetic tolerance capacity of plants, which can reduce the growth of plants. It causes a change in morphological and physiological structures and the pattern of biomass distribution or even death.

To study the effect of foliar different growth stimulants on the growth characteristics and essential oil of balm at different levels of drought stress, an experiment was carried out in the crop year 2021. The experiment was a split plot based on randomized complete blocks with four replications, where different levels of irrigation include irrigation after 80, 60, and 40 percent of the field crop capacity (FC) in the main plots and foliar application of different growth stimulants including control, melatonin, amino acid, and folic acid were placed in sub-plots. In this research, total chlorophyll, dry matter yield, relative water content, phenoline content, soluble sugars, essential oil content, essential oil yield, total phenol, and flavonoid were measured. The data obtained from the experiment was analyzed using SAS.9.4 software. The obtaineds averages were statistically compared using Duncan's method (LSR) and at the five percent probability level.

The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of irrigation and foliar spraying on growth stimulants on all investigated traits were significant at the probability level of 1%. There was a significant difference between the interaction treatments in terms of chlorophyll content, proline content, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and flavonoid content at the probability level of one percent and in terms of relative leaf water content, dry matter yield, soluble sugars content and total phenol content at the probability level of five percent. The results showed the highest chlorophyll content (2.25 mg g-1 FW), relative leaf water content (88.12 percent), and dry matter yield (793.79 kg ha-1) was recorded in melatonin foliar application and irrigation of 80% of FC treatments. Also, the highest essential oil content (0.81%) and essential oil yield (6.46 kg ha-1) were observed in treating foliar application with melatonin under the irrigation treatment of 60% FC. This study allocated the highest total phenol content to melatonin foliar application at 40% of the FC conditions. In this study, 40% FC irrigation treatment increased the flavonoid content by 29.90% and 93.23%, respectively, compared to 60% and 80% FC. Furthermore, foliar application of melatonin, proline amino acid, and folic acid increased the flavonoid content compared to the control treatment by 17.64, 23.35 and 32.35%, respectively.

In this study, melatonin foliar application in all three irrigation conditions increased essential oil yield compared to the corresponding control. Under irrigation and foliar spraying of melatonin, the synthesis of secondary metabolites and essential oil has been accelerated and produced the maximum yield of essential oil. Therefore, foliar spraying of melatonin and mild water deficit stress can be recommended to achieve maximum economic yield in Lemon balm.

Medicinal plants are precious resources in Iran’s broad landscape of natural resources, which can play an essential role in health, employment, and non-petroleum export if recognized, cultivated, developed, and exploited scientifically and correctly. Given the limitation of water resources in Iran, the agricultural sector’s use of unconventional water resources has been proposed as a solution. One of these methods is to pass water through a magnetic field before irrigation to improve water productivity. The soil health management is crucial for ensuring ecological and agricultural productions and maintaining plant diversity. The negative impacts of chemical fertilizers forced the agrochemical companies to replace them with Nano-fertilizers in sustainable agricultural systems in order to achieve desirable crop productivity.

With the aim of investigating the effect of foliar application of different nano fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of peppermint under different irrigation conditions, an experimental experiment was carried out in an agricultural field in Miandoab city in West Azarbaijan province. The experiment was in the form of split plots based on randomized complete block design in three replications. The main plot was assigned to the irrigation cycle (every 5, 7 and 10 days) and the secondary plot was assigned to foliar spraying treatments (control (no foliar spraying) nano NPK, nano Fe, nano Zn and nano Mn). chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf weight, fresh yield, dry yield, proline content, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield was measured.

Based on the results of data variance analysis, all investigated traits were affected by irrigation, foliar application and the interaction of two treatments at the 1% probability level. The interaction of year with foliar application on dry and wet yield of fodder was significant at the probability level of 1%. The triple interaction of year × irrigation× foliar application and was significant only on proline content at the 1% probability level. The results of the mean comparison of irrigation with foliar application interaction treatments showed the Foliar application of nano Fe under irrigation conditions once every 5 days had the highest content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids (respectively with an average of 13.43, 3.61 and 4.12 mg g fresh weight-1), plant height (33.92 cm), leaf fresh weight (6.71 g), aerial fresh yield (13121 kg ha-1), aerial dry yield (4600.1 kg ha-1) and the lowest proline content (6.32 mmol g weight-1). Also, the highest percentage of essential oil (0.67%) was attributed to nano Fe foliar spraying under irrigation conditions of 7 days once. In this study, although the highest essential oil yield (24.74 kg ha-1) was assigned to the application of nano Zn under the irrigation once every 5 days’ condition but there was no significant difference between the mentioned treatment and Foliar application nano NPK and nano-Fe in the irrigation treatment of 7 days’ treatments.

It can be stated that the use of NPK and Fe in the form of nanoparticles under mild water stress conditions can improve the economic performance of the product and save water consumption. Also, foliar spraying of this fertilizer it was able to significantly increase the essential oil yield of in this plant under severe water stress conditions. Therefore, foliar spraying of nutritional elements in nano form can be a solution to improve the essential oil yield in peppermint plants under water stress conditions with different intensities.

Hairy vetch a plant that can be used in different ways, such as fodder, silage, grazing, and green manure and its seeds can be used to feed poultry. Like other legume family plants, vetch can improve and strengthen the soil and fix nitrogen. Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient to virtually all forms of life. Although Fe is the second most abundant metal element in earth’s crust its low solubility and high fixation in soil reduce its bioavailability to the plant roots. Fe plays a major role in redox reactions in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen assimilation besides being involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and hormones, Drought stress is the most common environmental stress that reduces crop production, and low soil moisture leads to the lack of low consumption elements, especially iron and zinc elements in plants, So With the aim of investigating the effect of foliar application of different sources of iron fertilizer on fodder characteristics of vetch, this research was conducted.

The research was conducted in the agricultural research farm of the Agricultural Jihad Organization in Baneh city in Kurdistan province, at 2021 crop season. The experimental design was implemented as a split plot where different levels of irrigation include no irrigation (rainfed conditions), one irrigation and two irrigations in the main plots, and foliar spraying of different sources of iron fertilizer including, control (spraying solution with water), iron chelate (Fe-EDTA), iron nanochelate (Khizra) and non-chelated source of iron sulfate were placed in sub-plots in three replicates. In the study chlorophyll index, plant height, fresh forage yield, dry fodder yield, Fodder protein percentage, digestibility percentage, ADF, NDF, soluble carbohydrates, crude fiber and ash percent of fodder were measured.

The results showed that the main effect of irrigation and foliar spraying on all investigated traits was significant. Results revealed that the interaction effect of irrigation with iron fertilizer foliar application on chlorophyll index, plant height, digestibility percentage, cell wall NDF, fiber percentage, and ash percentage was a significant, In our study dry conditions, compared to the treatment of two times of irrigation, decreased the wet fodder yield and dry fodder yield and the protein content of fodder by 71.65, 50.16, and 58.58%, respectively, and increased the insoluble fibers in the acidic cell (ADF) by 48.15%. Also, under iron nano chelate treatment of fresh and dry fodder yield, the protein content of the fodder and the content of soluble carbohydrates increased by 84.35, 40.19, 22.90 and 64.08, respectively, and the insoluble fibers in the neutral cell wall (NDF) decreased by 11.60%. Among the interaction treatments of irrigation with the iron foliar application, the highest chlorophyll content (133.45 and 131.04 mg/g fresh weight respectively), plant height (23.81 and 23.43 cm respectively), fodder digestibility percentage (72 42.42 and 77.10% respectively), fiber percentage (37.75 and 40.98 respectively) and fodder ash percentage (19.37 and 21.01% respectively) And the lowest NDF of the cell wall (21.78 and 26.93% respectively) was recorded in the treatment of iron chelate (Fe-EDTA) and iron nano chelate with two times of irrigation. The results of the interaction treatments also showed that iron chelate (Fe-EDTA) under the one-time irrigation treatment could significantly increase the leaf chlorophyll content, the percentage of forage digestibility and the percentage of forage fiber compared to the control treatment.

It can be concluded that foliar application of iron fertilizer from sources of iron chelate (Fe-EDTA) and nano-iron chelate (Khizra) with two times of irrigation to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fodder of the cluster flower is recommended, therefore it can be stated that supplementary irrigation and foliar application of iron fertilizer can be a solution to improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fodder in vetch.

Drought stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and the distribution of natural vegetation and the production of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factor. Water deficit stress has changed plants ‘metabolism significantly, by attenuating the growth, photosynthesis, and ultimately yield of the plants. The recent global trend in production of medicinal plants is in favor of sustainable agriculture. One of the efficient practices of sustainable agriculture is the application of biological fertilizers for quantitative and qualitative yield improvement in medicinal plants, such as fennel, which is of great significance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an umbelliferous plant. Due to the high potential of West Azerbaijan province, especially Mahabad region, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the increase of water tolerance in fennel.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and biofertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel, an experimental experiment was conducted in 2020 in an agricultural farm in Mahabad city. In this experiment, four irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in main plots and inoculation of seeds with biofertilizers (including control, inoculation with mycorrhiza, azotobacter  and phosphate Fertile 2) were placed in subplots. In this study, plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas and umbrellas per plant, number of seeds per umbel, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, essential oil content, phenol and flavonoid content were measured. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using SAS 9.2 software. The means obtained were statistically compared using Duncan's test at a level of 5% probability.

Based on the results of the analysis of variance of the data, a significant difference was observed between the levels of the irrigation regime in terms of the effect on all the studied traits at the level of 1% probability. Effect of biofertilizer on the number of branches, number of umbrellas per plant, number of umbrellas per umbrella, on thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, percentage of essential oil, total phenol content and flavonoids at a probability level of 1% and on plant height, number of seeds per umbel and flavonoid content were significant at 5% probability level. Among of irrigation with biofertilizer interaction treatments in terms of effect on plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas per plant, number of umbrellas per umbrella, number of seeds per umbrella, grain yield, essential oil percentage and phenol content at a probability level of 1% and in terms of effect on thousand kernel weight there was a significant difference at the level of 5% probability. The results showed that the highest plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas per plant, on thousand kernel weight and grain yield were allocated to irrigation regime after 90 days and seed inoculation with mycorrhiza, Also, the highest percentage of essential oil and total phenol content in the irrigation regime was observed after 120 mm of evaporation and inoculation of seeds with mycorrhiza. The results of mean comparisons also showed that although grain yield decreased with increasing severity of water deficit stress, but in all irrigation regimes, the use of biofertilizers significantly increased grain yield compared to the control treatment. Also, the use of biofertilizers under irrigation regime stresses after 120 and 150 mm of evaporation was able to show higher grain yield than the control treatment in irrigation regimes after 60 and 90 mm of evaporation. In this study, water deficit stress increased the percentage of essential oil in fennel plant. Also, the use of mycorrhiza in irrigation regimes after 60 and 90 and the use of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter in irrigation regimes after 120 and 150 mm of evaporation significantly increased Essential oil percentage compared to control treatment.

In this study, the most suitable quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel were obtained in the irrigation regime after 90 mm, so the irrigation regime is recommended to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel in the study area. The results also showed that the application of Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter biofertilizers in both normal irrigation and water deficit conditions can improve the quantitative and qualitative properties.

Absorption of nutrients from the soil depends on soil moisture, fertilizer application, soil nutrients and other factors. Foliar application of nutrients under water stress is one of the ways to reduce the effect of stress on the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Today, in many countries, a variety of organic acids such as humus fertilizers are used to improve the quantity and quality of crops and orchards. These fertilizers can be used with irrigation, foliar application, hydroponic cultivation, soil application and seed inoculation. One of the objectives of this project was to identify new wheat cultivars tolerant to water stress condition and use micro elements to introduce suitable cultivars and the effect of these elements in increasing grain yield.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of nutrients on grain yield and grain quality of bread wheat cultivars in conditions of water stress, the field studies were carried out during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at the Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab, in West Azerbaijan province, Iran (46º 3´ E, 36º 58´ N, altitude 1142 m). The experiment was performed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments in the main plots were included stopping irrigation at flowering stage until maturity and full irrigation until seed maturity. Sub-plots were foliar application treatments with zinc, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and humic acid with four cultivars of wheat included Orum, Zare, Mihan and Heidari Each plot was planted in six rows with a length of four meters and a width of 1.2 meters at row intervals of 20 cm. Foliar application of micro elements was at the time of spike emergence and before flowering. Grain yield in the final harvest stage and removal of half a meter from the beginning and end of each plot was performed by a combine of grain experiments. After final sampling, 30 g of seeds per plot after digestion was used to measure micro elements in the grain using an atomic absorption. Combined analysis of variance of data from two years of study and drawing graphs was performed using MSTATC, SPSS and Excel software.

In this study, foliar application of zinc, increased 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper content in grin under normal irrigation by 9.30, 15.99, 18.30, 35.35, 102.10, 18.34, and 20.45 percent respectively under normal conditions and by 9.73, 4.36, 9.00, 41.81, 65.51, 43.24 and 29.78 percent respectively under drought conditions, Under normal irrigation conditions, foliar application of zinc in Mihan cultivar had the highest 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, manganese, zinc, and copper content in grain. Under drought stress conditions, the highest 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, manganese, and zinc content were allocated to foliar application of zinc in the Mihan cultivar. In this study, foliar application with zinc, potassium, phosphorus, and humic acid treatments in Mihan cultivar had equal grin yield and more than the control foliar application under normal irrigation conditions and was able to replace some of the water requirement of plant, Therefore, foliar application of these treatments along with selecting the appropriate cultivar can be a solution to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat in areas where the plant experiences periods of water deficit stress with different intensities.

Considering the favorable effect of foliar application of nutrients, especially zinc and humic acid on the quality and quantity of wheat grains, it is suggested that extension projects be carried out to transfer these results to farmers. Also, due to higher grain yield and high grain quality of Mihan cultivar, it is suggested that this cultivar gradually replace the previous cultivars.

Balango (Lallemantia royleana Benth) is a medicinal and annual plant of the mint family that contains essential oils and mucilage. The most important feature of Balango plant is its seeds. These seeds are an appropriate source of fiber, oil, and protein and have nutritional and health benefits for humans. Drought stress is one of the most important limitations of agricultural productions in arid and semi-arid regions including Iran. Recently, the impact of chemical farming and the negative consequences on the environment and human health are on the rise in Iran. Organic farming is gaining attention and increasing globally because it is eco-friendly, safe and has benefits for human health. The use of organic fertilizers in agriculture improves soil structure. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of irrigation and fertilizer treatments on morphophysiological characteristics of Balangu,

In order to study the effect of irrigation regimes and fertilizer treatments on morphophysiological characteristics of Balangu, an experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2018 crop season. Experimental treatments included irrigation regimes at three levels (no irrigation, water deficit (supplemental) and normal) and fertilizer treatments including control, NPK, humic acid, Vermicompost, and manure. In this study, plant height, leaf area index, number of seeds per plant, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, essential percent and essential yield, oil percent and oil yield mucilage percentage and mucilage yield were measured. After collecting the data, the data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.1 and the comparison of the average of the studied characteristics was performed using Duncan's test at the probability level of five percent.

The results showed that the effect of irrigation regimes on plant height, leaf area index, number of seeds per plant, biological yield, grain yield, essential yield, oil yield, and mucilage yield were significant. Also the difference between fertilizer treatments on plant height, leaf area index, the number of seeds per plant, biological yield, grain yield, essential percent and essential yield, oil percent and oil yield, mucilage percentage, and mucilage yield. Furthermore, the effect of irrigation interval and fertilizer treatment interaction was significant only on 1000 grain yield. The highest plant height (70.29 cm), leaf area index (3.07), number of seeds per plant (168.72), biological yield (6712 Kg/h), grain yield (2297.7 Kg/h), essential yield (2.82 Kg/h), oil yield (497.16 Kg/h), and mucilage yield (295.74 Kg/h) were assigned to complete irrigation treatment. Among fertilizer treatments, the highest plant height (71.97 cm), leaf area index (3.67), the number of seeds per plant (158.06), biological yield (6063.3 Kg/h), grain yield (2086.3a), essential percent (0.12 percent) and essential yield (2.85), oil percent (21.11 percent) and oil yield (450.60a), mucilage percentage (12.48 percent), and mucilage yield (268.41a) were assigned to Vermicompost treatment. Also, the highest 1000-grain weight (5.38 g) was allocated to supplemental irrigation and vermicompost fertilizer treatment. Therefore, complete irrigation and application of compost organic fertilizer are recommended for achieving desirable characteristics of a Balangu.

Results showed that the highest biological yield, grain yield, essential percent and essential yield, oil percent and oil yield, mucilage percentage, and mucilage yield was recorded for complete irrigation regime, Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Balango, additional irrigation is recommended. In the present study the highest biological yield, grain yield, essential percent and essential yield, oil percent and oil yield, mucilage percentage, and mucilage yield has belonged to Use of vermicompost, and this treatment was able to have a significant advantage over chemical fertilizers, so by replacing vermicompost with chemical fertilizer, in addition to economic savings, it took a step towards sustainable agriculture.

To study the effect of irrigation levels and spraying of chemical fertilizers on some Morphophysiological traits in castor oil plant an experiment was conducted in East Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Tabriz- Iran at the 2017 crop season. The field experiment was carried out by a split-plot design based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation levels consisting of control (normal irrigation), irrigation after 80 mm and 140 mm evaporation from the pan evaporation in asseinged to main plots and eight spraying chemical fertilizers including sulfur, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur + potassium, sulfur + nitrogen, potassium + nitrogen, sulfur + potassium + nitrogen and control to subplots.The results showed that the effects of irrigation levels and chemical fertilizer treatments on all traits were significant furthermore, the interaction of two treatments were also significant on all traits except chlorophyll index. Irrigation interval after 140 mm evaporation reduced the leaf chlorophyll index by 18.25% compared to normal conditions. Also, spraying S + N + K increased this trait by 14.90% compared to the control treatment. The highest plant height (135.15 cm), number of leaves (25.12), stomatal conductance coefficient (276.55 Mmol.m2sec), number of branches (7.25), biomass (1.60 kg.m2) and grain yield (0.45 kg.ha-1) and the lowest proline content (0.19μmol.g-1) were recorded by spraying plants with S + N + K under normal irrigation condition. Spraying plants with S+N +K under irrigation interval after 80 and 140 mm also increase grain yields by 45.83 and 40.0 percent respectively, compared with control treatment and it was able to modify the effect of water deficit on traits under study.

In order to study the effects of seed priming with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on grain yield and yield components of sunflower under water deficit conditions, an experiment was conducted in a split plot factorial experiment with three replications, at 2014-2015 crop season. First factor was irrigation in two levels (normal and water deficit condition) in the main plots and the factorial combination of ascorbic acid levels (control, 50 and 100 ppm) and salicylic acid levels (control, 100 and 200 ppm) were in subplots. The results of the treatments mean comparison showed that the water stress decreased seeds number of head (18.44%), 1000 grain weight (17.44%), grain yield (40.86%) and oil yield (63.53%). Among treatments of interaction between irrigation and salicylic acid, the highest rate of Number of seeds per capita (1197.11), grain yield (10.10 ton/ha), oil yield (4.98 ton/ha), was belonged to seed priming with 200ppm salicylic acid in normal condition. Among irrigation and ascorbic acid treatment interactions, the highest number of seeds per head (1121.9) and grain yield (9.13 ton/ha) was allocated to level of 100ppm ascorbic acid under normal irrigation condition. Among the interactions of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid treatment the highest value of  seeds number of head (1091.6), grain yield (9.98 ton/ha) and oil yield (4.58%), was recorded in seeds priming with 200ppm salicylic and 100ppm ascorbic acid. Therefore, to achieve maximum economic yield in both conditions, seeds priming with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid was recommended.

To study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural Station of Saat Lo for two cropping seasons 2016-17. Treatments were four levels of irrigation (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) assigned to main plots, and application of 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen to subplots. Results showed that the effects of irrigation intervals on all studied traits waer significant. There were significant differences among nitrogen levels on all traits except proline content. Interaction of two treatments was significant on leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. Resulats also indicated that, with increasing irrigation intervals from 5 to 20 days, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and dry flower yield were reduced by 36.64, 35.27, 24.31 and 45.77 percent respectively. Proline content, catalase superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde activities were increased by 24.72, 33.04, 35.51 and 20.86 percent, respectively. Among the nitrogen fertilizer levels, 160 kg ha-1 increased, relative water content, chlorophyll a, carotenoid and dry flower yield by 16.18, 4.24, 23.68  and 28.26 percent, respectively, while it reduced the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde by 18.10, 21.23 and 29.69 percent respectively as compared to control. The highest leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b were increased by the use of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation intervals of 5 days. The highest percentage of essential oil of the flower and essential oil yield were also belonged to the application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and irrigation interval of 10 days. To obtain better quality and higher essential oil yield from calendula, irrigation interval of 10 days and application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer is recommended.

To evaluate agronomical characteristics and yield of dragon head by using different levels of nitrogen and microelements (Fe, B, Zn), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Khoy, during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The first factor consisted of three levels of recommended nitrogen fertilization (1- before planting, 2- one half before planting+15 days after planting, 3- one third before planting+ one-third one month after planting+ one-third 45 days after planting) and the second factor was the use of microelements with five levels including non-consuming treatments, iron with boron, iron with zinc boron, zinc. Nitrogen consumption resulted in significant effect on stem diameter, 100 seed weight, fresh weight of plant and essential oil yield. According to the results, growth and yield increase were observed using fertilizers. Therefore, the highest plant height was in two stages, the fresh yield of 10805.80 kg.ha-1, in three stages, essential oil percentage of 0.59% and essential oil yield of 16.33 kg.ha-1 in nitrogen application in two stages and iron, boron and was observed. Although the second treatment of nitrogen (half before planting and half after sowing) along with that of boron and zinc micronutrients, the highest percentage of essential oil was 0.59%, but the consumption of other micronutrients also increased the essential oil content. Meanwhile, the highest fresh yield of nitrogen in nitrogen application was obtained at 10805.7 kg.ha-1 during three stages. It can be concluded that in growing dragonhead, nitrogen should be used in several stages and micronutrients usage also improves the quality and quantity of plant yield.

IntroductionSunflower is one of the major and most important non-conventional oilseed crops in the world due to its excellent oil quality. Though sunflower is known as a drought tolerant crop or grown under dry land conditions, substantial yield increases are obtained with frequent irrigation. Drought stress damages the thylakoid membrane, disturb its functions, and ultimately decrease Photosynthesis and crop. Drought stress usually induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage to plants. If not effectively and rapidly removed from plants, ROS can damage a wide range of cellular macromolecules such as lipids, enzymes and DNA. Plants can protect themselves against oxidative damage by antioxidant system including antioxidative enzymes and nonenzymatic compounds. Materials and Methods This study was done in agricultural research farm of the Islamic Azad University, mahabad Branch in south of West Azerbaijan, Iran during 2014 to 2016. The experiment was laid out in a split plot on the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included two irrigation regimes (Irrigation after 50 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation after 100 mm evaporation from class A pan, as control and water stress conditions, respectively) and the sub plots included three seed praiming with salicylic acid (0 (control), 100 and 200ppm) and seed praiming with ascorbic acid (0 (control), 50 and 100ppm). Common Sunflower seeds (cv. Euroflore) were soaked for 6 h in salicylic acid and ascorbic acid solutions. In this research superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Di-tyrosine (D.T), Malondialdehyde (MDA), grain yield and oil perecentage was measured.Finally all data were analyzed by SAS. 9.2 statistical software and the means were compared by Duncan′s Multiple Range Test at the 5% probability level by MSTAT-C. Result and discussion Analysis of variance showed, there was significant difference between irrigation levels in terms of effect on all traits. Effect of salicylic acid and salicylic acid and ascorbic acid interaction on all traits was significant except of malondialdehyde. The effect of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid whit irrigation levels interaction on all traits except of amount of D-tyrosine was significant. Finally interaction of irrigation levels and ascorbic acid on the proline, catalase and malondialdehyde were significant. In this study water deficit increased amount of proline, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, D-tyrosine and Malondialdehyde by 9.75, 19.18, 36.83, 14.36,17.51 23.97 and 25.10 percent, and decreased amount of grain yield and oil percentage by 51.26 and 24.48% compared with control treatment. Also priming with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid, individually or combined together increased amount of proline, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and D-tyrosine, and decreased amount of malondialdehyde compared with control treatment. Furthermore the highest grain yield (2.72 t/ha) and oil content (52.09) were belonged 200ppm of salicylic acid with 100 ppm of ascorbic acid, Also, level of 200ppm of salicylic acid and 100ppm of ascorbic acid increased the activity of proline, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and D-tyrosine enzymes, grain yield and oil percent by 9.21, 50.35, 54.25, 49.18,48.24, 36.68 and 39.31percent compared to control treatment, respectively. Conclusions The present study indicated that drought stress increased oxidative damage, membrane lipid peroxidation and MDA content as well as antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPX) activities, proline level and oil percentage but decresed grain yield in sunflower, nevertheless seeds priming with salsilic (especially 200 ppm) and ascorbic acid (especially 100 ppm) induced protection against drought stress via maintenance of membrane integrity by decline in MDA content and more increase in antioxidant enzymes activities (especially SOD) as well as prolin accumulation, grain yield and and oil percentage. Our results showed priming with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid it can induce drought tolerance in sunflower and improve grain yield and oil content in underwater stress conditions.

castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), is an oilseed of relevant economic and social importance. From its seeds is extracted an oil of excellent properties, having wide use as industrial input and several applications. It is cultivated since the times of the ancient civilizations, the castor bean is a rustic plant, resistant to drought, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae, The purpose of this investigation was study effect of irrigation levels and spraying of chemical fertilizers on some physiological traits and grain yield in castor. Drought stress, in addition to the negative effect on yield, causes or exacerbates other stresses, especially the stress of nutrient deficiencies for the plant. This experiment was conducted in East Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Tabriz- Iran at 2017 crop season. Field experiment was carried out by a split plot design based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor included irrigation levels including control (normal irrigation), irrigation after 80 mm and 140 mm evaporation from the pan evaporation in the main plot and eight spraying chemical fertilizers including sulfur, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur + potassium, sulfur + nitrogen, potassium + nitrogen, sulfur + potassium + nitrogen and control as spraying in sub plots. In this study, plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area index, leaf weight, leaf temperature, water relative content (RWC), relative growth rate (TGR), number of pods, biological yield and grain yield were measured. Also Traits were analyzed by using SAS 9.2 software and means comparison was tested by least significant difference (LSD). The results showed that the effect of irrigation levels on all traits was significant, there was a significant difference between spraying chemical fertilizers in terms of all traits except relative growth rate, furthermore the interaction of two treatments was significant on all traits except chlorophyll index, leaf area index, leaf temperature and leaf relative water content. Mean comparison of irrigation treatments showed that irrigation after 140 mm evaporation decreased the chlorophyll index, leaf area index and leaf relative water content compared to normal irrigation (control) 77.12, 48.86 and 16.85 percent respectively and increased the leaf temperature by 17/33 percent, Also, the increase of chlorophyll index, leaf area index and leaf relative water content in S + N + K fertilizer spraying treatments were 13.48, 38.29 and 73.7%, respectively, and the leaf temperature decreased by 25.25% in comparison with control treatment (non-spraying). In this study, the highest plant height, leaf weight, relative growth, pod number, biological yield, and grain yield by average of 111.67 cm, 13.63 grams, 0.009 grams per day, 79.38 pods, 5 tons per hectare and 53.1 tons per hectare was assigned to normal irrigation and spraying chemical fertilizers of K + S + N . According to the results of this study, it can be stated that, S + N + K spraying had a positive effect on the increase of yield components and grain yield. Also, this treatment was able to moderate the effects of drought stress on yield and yield components. So S + N + K fertilizer application is recommended for achieving high grain yield in castor

Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) which contains different types of phytochemicals including carbohydrates, fats, phenolic compounds, steroids, tripnoyids, tocopherols, carotenoids and quins that have beneficial effects on human health. Drought stress, caused by soil and atmospheric water deficiency, is one of the most significant environmental factors affecting plant growth and crop productivity in the majority of agricultural fields of the world. Nitrogen is one of the elements which its deficiency is noticeable in arid. semi-arid regions; because the amounts of organic matter which are the main source of nitrogen storage are very low in this region and in case of its existence, it decomposes immediately (Mengel, 2001). Nitrogen’s less or more availability to the plant causes some disorders in crop vital processes that may appear in the forms of abnormal growth and development, decrease in transpiration and even stunt in reproductive growth (Breemhaar, 1995).
The purpose of this investigation was study effects of irrigation regims and nitrogen on yield and yield components, essential oil medicinal plant Calendula. In order to study effects of irrigation regimes and nitrogen on yield and yield components, essence oil medicinal plant Calendula an experiment was conducted at Urmia Agricultural Station of Saat Lo at 2016 crop season. Field experiment was carried out by a split plot design based on completely randomized block design with three replications.
Treatments were four levels of irrigation levels (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 day) in main plots, and consumption of 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg/h nitrogen in sub plots. In this study, traits of number of heads per square meter, number of seeds per head, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, oil percentage, oil yield and dry flower yield and flower essence were measured. Statistical analysis was performed based on the statistical model of the design used by SAS 9.2 software. Comparison of meanings of each trait was performed using SNK test at 5% probability level. Analysis of variance showed that irrigation levels had significant effect on all understudied traits also there were significant differences between nitrogen fertilizer levels on all traits except of thousand kernel weight. Also the effect of irrigation levels × nitrogen levels on number of seeds per head, grain yield, oil percentage, oil yield and essential oil percentage were significant.
Result showed, with increasing irrigation interval from 5 to 20 days, the number of heads per square meter, number of seeds per head, thousand kernel weight, grain yield, oil percentage, oil yield and dry flower yield decreased, and irrigation levels after 5 and 10 days were the highest values of the mentioned traits. In this research, irrigation level after 10 days had the highest number of seeds per head (22.91 grain), thousand kernel weight (11.19 g), dry flower yield (598.44 kg/h). Result revealed nitrogen fertilizer had positive effect on calendula growth characteristics
Although the highest amount of number of seeds per head (22.25), thousand kernel weight (10.52 g) and dry flower yield (575.12 kg/h) belonged to level of 180 kg/h nitrogen fertilizer. Among irrigation levels × nitrogen levels interaction treatments the highest value of number of seeds per head, (24.43), grain yield (1133.3 kg/h), oil yield (356.3 kg/h) and essence percentage (25%) was belonged to 10 days with 80 kg/h nitrogen fertilizer. According to the results of this study, it can be stated that nitrogen fertilizer application is effective when sufficient water is available to the plant, and increasing nitrogen levels when there wasn’t enough could have harmful effect on grain yield, oil percentage, oil yield and dry flower yield, oil percentage and flower essence in Calendula. Considering the limitations of water in the area as well as preventing environmental problems, irrigation intervals after 10 days and consumption of 80 kg nitrogen fertilizer in the region to achieve maximum qualitative and quantitative qualities in Calendula is recommended.