a. hosseinzadeh

In this research, the efficiency of the parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) in integrated with Matrine and Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) subsp. Kurstaki (Btk) against Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), was investigated. Lethal and sublethal concentrations (LC30) of Matrine and Btk were determined by bioassay method on host larvae. To evaluate the preference of the host larval instars by the parasitoid, different larval instars were provided for parasitoid and the rate of parasitism was determined. The fourth and the fifth instar larvae of the host were treated with sublethal concentrations of Matrine and Btk then were provided for parasitoid in choice and non- choice conditions. The rate of paralysis, parasitism, egg-laying, emergence percentage and sex ratio of release wasps were determined. The results showed that female parasitoid preferred the fourth and fifth instar larvae of the host for parasitism. In the choice test, Matrine-treated larvae were more preferred by female parasitoid while in non-choice test, the highest amount of parasitism and egg-laying was related to the control treatment. The emergence percentage of adult wasps and their sex ratio (Female/Total), obtained from Matrine-treated fourth and fifth instar larvae, were 61 and 54% in the choice and 61 and 54% in the non-choice tests. The results showed that Matrine and Btk have significant potential in controlling of A. kuehniella. However, due to the sublethal adverse effects of these control agents on the efficiency of the parasitoid, simultaneous use of them with the parasitoid wasp, H. hebetor is not recommended.

Resolving social, economic and ecological challenges, analyzing the relationships between stakeholders and their surrounding environment is one of the requirements for empowering rangeland users. The interaction of humans and nature is defined as socio-ecological systems. Vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity have been identified as three characteristics related to the socio-ecological system. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to investigate the spatial changes of socio-ecological systems based on vulnerability, resilience and adaptation capacity criteria. Also, prioritization of the northern rural districts of Ardabil province using multi-criteria evaluation is another objective of the current study.
In this study, the research was conducted in the northern villages of Ardabil province. As per the Iranian Statistics Center's report from 2015, the northern region of Ardabil province comprises four cities: Meshginshahr, Germi, Bilasuvar, and Parsabad, along with 31 rural districts and 980 villages. The total population in this area is 237,907, residing in 61,412 households. The study focused on rural districts as the primary socio-ecological management units. These units encompass rural communities and rangeland ecosystems, each evaluated based on criteria such as resilience, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity. Based on the purpose of the research and different dimensions of socio-ecological systems, the research sub-criteria were selected. Data for the sub-criteria were gathered through mapping, climate data, and questionnaire analysis. To standardize the values across different rural districts, the maximum method was applied due to the varying nature of the criteria. Then, different weighting methods were then employed to evaluate and prioritize the rural districts accordingly.
The analysis results indicate that Shaban and Lahrud rural districts in Meshginshahr county have the highest vulnerability scores (0.871 and 0.867), while Aslandoz and North Qashlaq rural districts in Parsabad county have the lowest scores (0.448 and 0.483). This suggests that Shaban and Lahrud are in a more vulnerable situation compared to Aslandoz and North Qeshlaq. In terms of resilience, central Arshagh and West Qashlaq rural districts in Parsabad county have the lowest values (0.252 and 0.286), while the two western Meshgin and Meshginshahr Ghareso rural districts have the highest values (0.692 and 0.691) among all rural districts. Additionally, the adaptive capacity criterion shows that Dasht and Lahrud rural districts in Meshginshahr exhibit the highest favorability (0.797 and 0.864), whereas Angirlu and South Qeshlaq rural districts in Bilasuvar have lower favorability compared to other districts (0.111 and 0.145). Furthermore, the zoned maps of socio-ecological system index values revealed that when applying equal weighting or adjusting the weight of each criterion, there were no significant variations in the socio-ecological system index across rural districts. Notably, the analysis indicated that the southern rural districts in the research area exhibited more favorable socio-ecological conditions compared to other regions. Consequently, it is imperative to implement robust measures to conserve nature and the environment, provide support to rural communities, and align efforts with sustainable development objectives. This approach will facilitate informed decision-making and effective management of plans and projects aimed at enhancing social-ecological systems.
The results showed that the index of socio-ecological systems of Dasht, Lahrud, Qarasu, Western Meshgin and Eastern Meshgin rural districts in all four weighting approach conditions (with the same weighting, emphasis on vulnerability criteria, emphasis on resilience criteria and emphasis on adaptation capacity criteria) are more desirable compared to other rural districts. Overall, it is important to acknowledge that rural communities face greater challenges compared to urban areas in various aspects. When natural disasters strike, these communities are particularly vulnerable and have limited resources to recover. Therefore, it is crucial for management efforts to focus on maintaining favorable conditions and enhancing vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity in lower prioritized regions. Based on the research results, it is recommended to prioritize intra-regional and inter-regional equity to establish sustainable development and service indicators effectively. Special attention should be given to the spatial and physical organization of rural villages.

Dementia is a chronic disease that imposes a huge financial and social burden on the health system. Knowledge of the prevalence of dementia is essential for healthcare planning and ensuring that there is an adequate service for people with the condition. Considering that the prevalence and geographical variation of dementia are not well known in Iran, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of dementia and its geographic variations in Iran.

In this study, the prevalence of dementia was estimated indirectly using the frequency of prescribed specialized medicines in one year by generic and brand names in each province. Choropleth maps were used to visually assess the geographical variation of dementia prevalence at the provincial level. Moran I and Getis-Ord Gi (Gi) geographical tests were used to investigate the spatial autocorrelation and geographical variability of dementia prevalence at a significant level of 0.05, respectively.

In this study, the prevalence of dementia was 49.6 and 508.9 in 100000 in the general and over 60-year population, respectively. In the general population, the lowest prevalence was in Hormozgan Province (9.4/100000) and the highest prevalence was in East Azarbayjan Province (96.4/100000). In the over 60-year population, the lowest prevalence was in Hormozgan Province (141.5/100000) and the highest in Isfahan Province (862.5/1000000). According to Moran I and Getis-Ord Gi (Gi) tests, spatial autocorrelation and geographical variability of dementia prevalence were not significant.

The prevalence of dementia in the Iranian over 60-year population is lower compared to western countries; however, it is comparable with the reported dementia prevalence from developing countries. It should be noted that the dementia prevalence is high, similar to developed countries, in some developed provinces of Iran.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is the most important and destructive tomato pest in South and Central America, Europe and Iran, which has caused severe damage to greenhouses and tomato fields. In this study, the biological characteristics of this pest were studied on seven commercial tomato cultivars including Kimia Falat, CH Falat, Y Falat, Super Stone, Rio Grand, King Stone and Super 2270 inside the growth chamber set at 25±2°C, 65±5% RH and 16L:8D h. Damage of this pest was also examined in different tomato cultivars. The highest larval period was obtained on King Stone cultivar (11.98 days) and the lowest on Rio Grand cultivar (9.83 days). The lowest (5.48 days) and the highest (8.54 days) oviposition periods were observed on King Stone and Rio Grand cultivars, respectively. Female lifespan ranged from 7.83 days on King Stone to 11.54 days on Rio Grand. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) (0.105 day-1) was observed on King Stone cultivar and the highest (0.158 day-1) on Rio Grand cultivar. The lowest values ​​of net reproduction rate (R0) and finite population growth rate (λ) on were recorded King Stone cultivar (25.54 offspring and 1.110 day-1, respectively) and the highest values ​​of these two parameters on Rio Grand cultivar (81.28 offspring and 1.172 day-1, respectively). The lowest number of mines and also the lowest percentage of infected leaflets were on King Stone cultivar (19.25 and 19.33%, respectively) and the highest values ​​of these parameters on Rio Grand cultivar (70.00 and 76.21%, respectively). According to the results of this study, King Stone cultivar is the most resistant and therefore it can be used in integrated management programs of T. absoluta.

Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum West.) as a polyphage greenhouse pest with a large number of generations is one of the most important crop and greenhouse pests. In this study, the toxicity of emamectin, spinosad, buprofezin and imidacloprid on greenhouse whitefly and parasitoid wasps Encarsia formosa was investigated. The LC50 values obtained from the probit analysis of bioassay data as a result of the effect of different concentrations of emamectin, spinosad, buprofezin and imidacloprid on 3rd nymph stage of greenhouse whitefly after 24, 48 and 72 hours were (1.72, 1.33, 1.31 and 0.63), (1.40, 1.31, 1.27 and 0.44) and (1.15, 1.04, 0.93 and 0.31) ml L-1, respectively. According to these results, the most effective insecticide on 3rd nymph of whitefly was imidacloprid during 24, 48 and 72 hours and the least effective insecticide was emamectin. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of mean mortality due to treatments of emamectin, spinosad, buprofezin and imidacloprid on E. formosa after 5 days showed that buprofezin was the least dangerous and imidacloprid was the most dangerous insecticide for this natural enemy.Therefore, in integrated management of this pest, due to the ineffectiveness of buprofezin on E. formosa in comparison with other insecticides and also having high toxicity on the egg and 3rd nymph stage of the pest is recommended.

In the present study, the Charpy impact test on the 7075 aluminum sample performed in full size 55×10×10 mm with different notch depth and the fracture energy is measured. The force-displacement curves for Charpy samples with different notch depth were drawn by instrumented impact pendulum. Then the energy connection of the Charpy fracture is determined as a function of the changes in the initial crack depth. Using this relationship can determine the amount of error in measuring the energy fracture of the tested aluminum by measuring the available geometric dimensions of the initial crack including the allowable tolerances specified in the standard. Also, the microstructure of the fracture surface of several samples with different notch depth was investigated. Fractography observations showed that different fracture mechanisms occurred by changing the notch depth of the specimens, including ductile-brittle fracture, quasi-brittle fracture, and brittle fracture. As the depth of the notch depth increases, the fracture becomes more brittle, which is due to increase cleavage and decrease dimple in the fracture surface. Also, as the notch depth increases, the fracture energy decreases based on the E = 22.857e-0.355a exponential relationship, Using this equation, the exact amount of Charpy fracture energy can be calculated for each desired notch in the 7075 aluminum tested.

Here the general form of an fully Interval linear programming problems (FILP) is considered where all the parameters and variables are considered to be intervals. Moreover, in this study more general conditions for variables are considered, variables which are unrestricted in sign. Although this is the case in most of the real world problems. In this paper a new method is presented in order to obtain FILP.

In the present study, the Charpy impact test was performed on 7075-T651 Aluminum alloy specimens with different notch angles for fracture energy measurement. In this regard, specimens with seven different notch angles were prepared, and then fracture energy was measured using the Charpy impact test. By considering the experimental results a quadratic relationship between the fracture energy (CVN in J) and the notch angle of the Charpy specimens was achieved for the tested Aluminum alloy, so the fracture energy of the 7075-T651 AA specimens was calculated for each desired notch angle. The experimental data validation was performed using mathematical modeling. Furthermore, the fracture surface of the specimens was investigated at different notch angles using SEM. By increasing the notch angle to the standard specimen, the fracture surface becomes smoother and tends to feature a brittle fracture as well as the shear lip is reduced. Moreover, for the specimens with higher notch angle (from the standard), the fracture surface tends to feature a ductile fracture and the shear lip increases.

Medication errors are common incidences in the nursing profession, which could lead to the increased length of hospital stay and treatment costs and occasionally severe damage to the patients or even mortality. The Many studies have investigated medication errors, with a few considering medication errors as a severe issue in the clinical setting. Other findings have confirmed that the cooperation of medical personnel and medical system could influence the rate of medication errors. Considering the essential role of nurses in all the steps of medication preparation to administration, limited studies have evaluated nurses’ viewpoint regarding the influential factors in the incidences of medical malpractices, and mostly the viewpoints of emergency ward or ICU nurses have been investigated. The present study aimed to determine the influential factors in the medication errors by the nurses of the internal wards of the teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive study was conducted on 241 nurses employed in the internal wards of the teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran during June-September 2019. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the questionnaire of nurses’ views on medication errors designed by Bijani et al. (2013), which were completed by the nurses. Demographic data included age, gender, marital status, number of children, education level, interest in the nursing profession, nursing profession work experience (years), occupation status, working shift schedule, economic status, clinical workplace, workplace changes in recent months, and number of the off days in the past month. The questionnaire of nurses’ views on the influential factors in medication errors has been developed by Bijani et al. (2013) with 22 items in three domains of the factors related to nurses in medication errors (11 items), factors related to the ward in medication errors (seven items), and factors related to the nursing management in medication errors (four items). The scoring system for each item is based on the significance of each factor on a four-point Likert scale (Very Low, Low, Moderate, and High), and each option is assigned a score within the range of 1-4, respectively. The mean score of each domain was calculated, with the low mean scores indicating the low significance of the domain in the incidence of medication errors and the high mean scores indicating the high significance of the domain in the viewpoint of the nurses. The questionnaire was completed by the nurses in a self-report manner and delivered to the researcher after one week. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using statistical tests.

According to the results, exhaustion due to heavy workload (mean score: 3.11 ± 0.85) was the most common cause of medication errors in the dimension of medication errors by nurses. In the dimension of hospital ward, heavy workload (mean score: 3.09 ± 0.85) was the most frequent cause of medication errors, and in the dimension of nursing management, the insufficient number of nurses in proportion to the number of patients (mean score: 3.53 ± 0.61) was the most common cause of medication errors. In addition, the factor of nursing management (mean score: 2.77 ± 0.51) had the highest mean value, while the factor of ward (mean score: 2.55 ± 0.54) had the lowest mean value among the influential factors in the incidence of medication errors in the viewpoint of the surveyed nurses. Lack of educational workshops (mean score: 2.3 ± 0.81) was the least significant cause of medication errors. The numerical indices of the influential factors in the incidence of medication errors in the domains of nurses, wards, and nursing management based on the demographic characteristics of the nurses indicated that only the number of children had a significant correlation with the incidence of medication errors (P=0.023), and the achieved mean score by the nurses without children was significantly lower compared to those with children (P=0.017). The incidence of medication errors in the domains of ward and nursing management had no significant correlations with the demographic characteristics of the nurses (P>0.05).

According to the results, the most significant influential factors in the incidence of medication errors in the viewpoint of the nurses were respectively nursing management, nurses, and the conditions of the internal wards. Therefore, it is suggested that to reduce the incidence of medication errors, the approaches to nursing management be revised. In addition, the implementation of educational workshops regarding medication errors could effectively decrease the incidence of medication errors by nurses, which should be considered by the authorities of educational centers. The incidence of medication errors could be reduced through academic education and by applying theoretical and practical courses during master’s and bachelor’s degree education. Regarding the related factors to the ward, it is recommended that the workload of nurses be decreased by increasing the nursing staff in proportion to patients, so that the working hours and working shifts of nurses could decrease to change their schedule, which could in turn minimize the incidence of medication errors.

Keratomycosis is diagnosed more frequently in warm and humid temperature and associated with signifcantocular morbity and is considered as an important challenge to ophthalmologist and equine veterinarian. Fungiare normal inhabitant of equine environment and corneal-conjuctival microflora , and can be invasive by lack ofintegrity and stability of precorneal tear flm and corneal epithelial cell injury. The aim of this report is diagnosisand clinical manegment of keratomycosis in the horse and avoidance of ocular enuclation. The horse has beenreferred after small corneal injury and because of inappropriate medical therapy, with diffuse fungial infection.After subpalpebral lavage ,diluate povidine iodine used twice daily and ketoconazole (azole), flunixin meglumine(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent) and atropine as ophthalmic drop, applied. Natamycine (antifungial agent)in frst 24 hour in each hour and for 3 days every 4 hours and 2 drops applied up to third week every 6 hours.Keratomycosis in horses associates with corneal injury, is considered a common disease but a risk for eye visionand discomfort. Diagnostic, appropriate management of medical, surgical treatment and cooperation of horseowners are important factors for horse to return to exercise.

A 1 year male English bulldog, 20 kg body weight had been referred to the small animal clinic with refractoryhematuria. History taking showed that two operations were carried out for umbilical herniation within 2 months.Owner claimed that hematuria was relapsed after second operation on recurrent umbilical herniation and has lastedfor two weeks. In clinical examination fever, venerial tumor, and urethral prolapsed was noticed. Diagnosticimaging studies showed no caliculi on upper and lower urinary tract both on radiographical and ultrasonographicalinvestigations, but sediment in urinary bladder was detected ultrasonographically. Eexploratory operation wasrecommended. Surgery was performed through celiotomy. Vesicourachal diverticulum was found incidentallyand diverticulectomy was performed. Postoperative care was consisted of antibiotic administration. Hematuriawas stopped 24 hours postoperatively. This case study showed that a rare anomaly as vesicourachal diverticulumcould be coincident with other anomaly as umbilical herniation. Therefore clinicians must take the anomalies intoconsiderations and have meticulous caution for treatment in congenitally disordered patients.

Drought is a major factor limiting growth and development of crops such as mung bean (Vigna radiate (L.) wilczek) in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different timing and severity of drought stress on physiological traits of mung bean and its relation to grain yield. A field experiment was carried out during 2004 growing season at Experimental Farm of Agriculture College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Plants were exposed to moderate and severe water stresses at either vegetative (VS) or reproductive stages (RS). Physiological traits were measured at the end of vegetative and the middle of pod formation. Generally water stress reduced leaf net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and leaf relative water content at different growth stages. The effects of RS treatments were more severe than that of VS one. Severe VS treatment increased photosynthetic water use efficiency, whereas RS treatments decreased it significantly. However, leaf area index and total dry matter were more responsive in VS compared to RS treatments. VS treatments did not affect harvest index, while RS treatments reduced it significantly. Drought stress also reduced grain yield by 9 and 49 % (relative to control plants) in severe VS and severe RS treatments, respectively. Therefore irrigation is critical during reproductive stage mainly because of the higher demand for photoassimilate. It is concluded that to maximize mung bean grain yield in arid and semi-arid areas, appropriate watering should be practiced across all phenological stages in general, and during reproductive stage in particular.

The genetic diversity of major crops, including durum wheat, has suffered an overall reduction with time. The knowledge of patterns of genetic diversity enhances the efficiency of germplasm conservation and improvement. In this study, 87 Iranian landraces of Triticum turgidum var. durum originating from different geographical areas of Iran, along with 21 durum cultivars from ten countries were evaluated using ten primer combination SSAP markers. Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that transpose via RNA mediation. They have wide distributions in genome because molecular markers have been designed based on them in recent years. SSAP markers BARE-1,Thv19, Tagermina and Tar1 were also used. Thv19M+ACA primer combination had the most polymorphic band in both landraces and cultivar durum wheats. Approximately 26.7 % BARE-1 bands were polymorphic in landraces.Thv19 showed a polymorphism level of 51.5%, and Tar1 and Tagermina displayed polymorphism levels of 32.8% and 27.2%, respectively. The amount of polymorphism in the studied cultivars for retrotransposons BARE1, Tagermina, Thv19 and Tar1 were 24.4%, 24.3%, 51.5%, 28.5%, respectively. This results show that Thv19 and Tar1 have more transpositional activity in the evolutionary process. Finally, Dendrogram was constructed to use algorithm UPGMA and Dice similarity coefficients.

Information on germplasm diversity and relationships among elite materials is fundamentally important in crop improvement programs and especially will increase the efficiency of procedures used in hybrid breeding programs. In order to assess the possibility of grouping the maize inbred lines in maize breeding program, 52 inbreeds were evaluated for 40 morphological traits using randomized complete block design in three replications for two years(2002- 3) in experimental field of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. According to the analysis of variance, constancy and broad-sense heritability, 25 traits were selected for grouping the lines. Cluster analysis. based on standardized morphological data assigned the lines in four groups. According to step wise discrirnnant analysis, among the 25 traits, the most important ones were ear conicalness index, pedancul length out of flag leaf, kernel rows, length and area of flag leaf. The first seven principle components(PC) accounted for 83.5% of total variance. In the first PC, pedancul and ear shape were the most important, while, the second PC, described variations in ear diameter and kernel shape. The cluster analysis distinguished four clusters with seven PC clusters. The grouping of lines using these PCs, was in good agreement with morphological data. Some lines located in different groups, comparing the first groups. Concerning the independence of each PC, this grouping can be considered as a primary grouping for maize inbred lines.

The present study was conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to Russian wheat aphid (RWA) in two Iranian resistant wheat cultivars, Azadi and amid. The resistant cultivars were crossed with each other and with a susceptible cultivar, Sholeh. Seedling of both parents, F1, F2, BCS and BCR were screened for resistance to RWA under greenhouse condition. Twenty one days after infestation, the damage of aphid was measured quantitatively (percentage of leaf rolling) and qualitatively (scale 0-3).Inheritance of resistance to RWA, based on leaf rolling, was studied by Mendelian segregation ratios as a qualitative method, and mean and variance analysis of generations as a quantitative method. Mendelian ratios showed that one and two major genes in Azadi and amid, respectively control leaf rolling. Quantitative variations of this trait and presence of epistasis (based on generation mean analysis) indicated that I some minor genes have significant role in its control. Additive and dominance components and duplicate interactions (i, j and I) had also significant effects on controlling leaf rolling in cultivar Azadi. In amid cultivar, only additive component had significant effect. Leaf rolling showed high and moderate heritability in Azadi and amid, respectiveley. No allelism relationship was observed between major genes of two resistant cultivars. These different genes therefore, can be incorporated into adapted wheat cultivars to provide a durable resistance.

In order to study the genetic diversity of quantitative and qualitative traits of 36 lines and cultivars of rice, an experiment was conducted using a simple lattice design in 2000. In this study, 17traits including grain yield, number of panicle per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, 100 grain weight, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, plant height, culm length, amylose content of the grain, gel consistency, panicle weight, grain length, grain width, grain shape, days to 50% flowering and maturity were measured on 10 randomly selected plants for each plot. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all traits and revealed the existance of genetic variation among genotypes. The phenotypic coefficients of variability were greater than the genotypic ones for all the traits although differences for most of them were small. The highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were obtained respectively for gel consistency, leaf area, leaf width and number of panicle per plant. The highest general heritability was estimated for plant height and the lowest for panicle weight. Results of genotypic and phenotypic correlations indicated that number of panicle per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, panicle weight, days to 50% flowering and maturity had positive correlation with yield, wbile the rest of the traits had a negative correlation. Cluster analysis with Ward's method, classified all of the genotypes into five clusters. Genotypes of the third cluster including four pure lines Nos.4,21,22 and 24 had high yield, high number of panicle and filled grains per panicle, intermediate amylose and lower plant height, therefore, these suitable traits can be transfered through hybridization programs. Genotypes of the. first and fifth clusters can also be used to improve yield and grain cooking quality respectively.