a. sharifi

Background and subject :

The ability of Staphylococcus aureus for biofilm formation caused increase bacterial viability in the host environment and antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to comparison of the antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Cydonia oblonga,Hypericum perforatum with Clindamycin and synergistic effect of them against standard strain and clinical isolates  of Biofilm formation with simultaneous genes presentation of Staphylococcus Aureus.

In this descriptive and analytical study, 148 clinical strains were collected. Phenotypic analysis was performed by concord plate agar method and genotypic checking by PCR genes was performed simultaneously. MIC, were obtained by microbroth dilution method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21 and descriptive.

MIC of cydonia oblonga extract, Hypericum perforatum extract; Simultaneous use of them on different concentration and Concomitant use of them and clindamycin antibiotics in standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus were 3125,375,1500,12500 and 2.5 respectively. MBC of cydonia oblonga extract, Hypericum perforatum extract; Simultaneous use of them on different concentration and Concomitant use of them and clindamycin antibiotics in standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus were 6250, 1500,1500,12500 and 10 respectively.

 MIC and MBC of cydonia oblonga extract more precious than Hypericum perforatum extract and simultaneous of them and zone of inhibition diameter of Hypericum perforatum and hydroalcoholic extract of Cydonia oblonga extract and the antibiotic clindamycin was higher than this index in the case of hydroalcoholic extract.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs), especially in hospitals. Quinolones work by blocking bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, but the presence of qnr genes enables bacteria to survive despite these drugs. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility and the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS) in these isolates.

In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 142 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from UTI patients at Imam Sajjad and Kosar hospitals in Yasuj and Shiraz, Iran, during 2020-2021. The disk diffusion method assessed resistance to various antibiotics, with a focus on quinolones. Multiplex PCR was used to detect qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes in quinolone-resistant isolates.

Ciprofloxacin showed the highest resistance rate (60.6%). Sensitivity was comparatively higher for sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (39.4%) and nalidixic acid (39.7%). The qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes were found in 31.4%, 55.8%, and 10.5% of isolates, respectively. Coexistence of qnrA and qnrB occurred in 11 isolates, while qnrB and qnrS coexisted in 5 isolates. One isolate exhibited all three genes.

The study reveals a substantial prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from UTIs in these hospitals.

Every country relies on soil as a vital natural resource that significantly contributes to environmental conservation and food production. Preparation of soil nutrient distribution map serves as a valuable tool for managers to make decisions. Due to the time-consuming and expensive nature of laboratory analysis for these variables on a large scale, efforts have been made to explore soil nitrogen through remote sensing. The current research deals with the application of remote sensing methods along with regression and random forest models to predict total soil nitrogen in Gilan province. This study aimed to answer two main questions: (1) Can SAR data be used to quantify total soil nitrogen (TSN) (2) How do SVM, BRT and RF algorithms perform in predicting soil nitrogen content?

This study focused on evaluating the data capabilities of Landsat-9 and Sentinel-1 satellites individually and in combination, using advanced algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), and Random Forest (RF). The purpose of this evaluation was strategic, aiming to showcase the diverse conditions of the study area based on land cover/land use, climatic, and topographical parameters. Various variables, including climate parameters, topographic components, and remote sensing subscale indices, were investigated in conjunction with SAR data and optical images. Nonlinear machine learning algorithms, specifically SVM, RF, and BRT, were employed to predict total soil nitrogen status by modeling complex relationships between soil properties and environmental variables. R software, utilizing the CARET package for parameter input, was employed to implement the algorithm.

The results indicated the following: RF and BRT algorithms outperformed SVM and were effective in monitoring total soil nitrogen values. Multi-temporal SAR images showed higher accuracy in monitoring total soil nitrogen content compared to optical remote sensing data, facilitating more realistic predictions in paddy soils. The integration of environmental variables led to an increase in the accuracy of algorithms, where remote sensing variables played a crucial role, contributing to 61% and 51% effects in RF and BRT algorithms, respectively. The comparison of SVM and RF algorithms revealed that RF ranked second after the BRT algorithm, and the accuracy of total soil nitrogen estimation was not achieved with the SVM algorithm. However, both BRT and RF algorithms were able to monitor changes in total soil nitrogen. BRT performed better, accurately recording 58% of changes, as evidenced by a higher R2 value (0.58) and lower RMSE (0.25 mg/kg) and MAE (0.19 mg/kg) values.

In conclusion, the following key points were extracted from this research: 1) RF and BRT algorithms outperformed SVM in effectively monitoring total soil nitrogen levels; 2) multi-temporal SAR images demonstrated higher accuracy in tracking total soil nitrogen compared to optical remote sensing, enabling precise predictions in paddy soils; 3) the incorporation of environmental variables enhanced algorithmic accuracy; and 4) remote sensing variables contributed 61% and 51% to RF and BRT algorithms, respectively.

The lack of animal feed resources and the increase in animal feed costs relative to the total production costs have created challenges in supplying society with animal protein. Therefore, correctly estimating the nutritional value of feed, especially protein sources, can be an important step in meeting the needs of livestock and reducing production costs. Protein is the most important and expensive nutrient used in ruminant diets. Using non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources such as urea or its products can be considered a cheap alternative source in animal feeding. Iran is one of the most important urea-producing countries in the world; therefore, using urea or its slow-release products as a feed additive in animal nutrition can be beneficial. In the past years, various sources of slow-release urea have been produced and used in animal feeding. Biuret (heated urea) is one of the slow-release urea compounds, and its production cost is lower than other slow-release urea sources. Compared to urea, it has less solubility in water and is converted to ammonia in the rumen at a much slower rate. It is also less toxic than urea and has a lower negative effect on feed palatability, so it can be used to a greater extent than urea in the diet of ruminants. Biuret is very safe and it can be included in the diet of animals in an amount of 20 times higher than the toxic dose of urea. Biuret usually contains 248.5% crude protein (39.8% nitrogen content), which is a little less than urea. On the other hand, increasing the daily feeding frequency is one of the management methods that may improve the productive performance of livestock, as well as the quantity and quality of the carcass. Increasing the feed frequency may improve nitrogen retention and reduce body fat. It is believed that increasing the frequency of daily feeding will keep the feed fresh, reduce the amount of feed waste, and improve livestock performance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of NPN source, in high-protein diets, and feeding frequency on growth performance, rumen parameters, and the activity of rumen microbial enzymes of fattening lambs.
Twenty-eight male Lori-Bakhtiari fattening lambs (age: four to five months; live weight: 36.1±3 kg) were assessed for 60 days using a 2×2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four treatments and seven replications. The experimental high-protein diets (16% of DM) contained urea or biuret, which were given to the lambs in the form of a total mixed ration two or three times a day. The lambs were kept in 1×1.5 m2 individual stalls. Nutrient intake, growth performance, and ruminal parameters [on day 45 of the experiment at fasting (before morning feeding), three, and six h after feeding] including pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations, and microbial enzyme activity were measured.
Results showed that intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and ether extract, final weight, and total weight gain were not affected by NPN type or feeding frequency (P<0.05). Compared to urea, lambs consuming biuret had higher average daily gain and better feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The ruminal pH was not affected by the NPN source, feeding frequency, and their interaction (P<0.05). Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration at three and six hours after morning feeding was significantly higher in lambs fed the diet containing urea than in biuret (P<0.05). The effect of NPN source, feeding frequency, and their interaction was not significant at 0 and six h after feeding on the ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, iso-valerate, and acetate to propionate ratio (P<0.05). However, feeding a diet containing biuret and given three times a day increased total VFA and acetate concentration at three hours post-feeding (P<0.05). The ruminal activity of carboxymethyl cellulase at 0, three, and six hours after feeding increased in animals fed biuret-containing diet compared to urea (P<0.05). However, rumen protease activity significantly increased in lambs fed a urea-containing diet than biuret-containing diet (P<0.05). Feeding three times a day increased the activity of carboxymethyl cellulase at three hours post-feeding (P<0.05). Filter paper degrading activity at three and six hours after feeding in lambs fed biuret was significantly higher than those fed urea (P<0.05). The activity of microcrystalline cellulase and α-amylase was not affected by the NPN source, feeding frequency, and their interaction (P<0.05).
Using biuret compared to the urea, in high-protein diets, and feeding diets three times a day, compared to two times a day, improved rumen fermentation parameters and performance of fattening lambs.

Female genital tuberculosis is an infrequent form of tuberculosis that is often underestimated due to its low prevalence in developed countries, difficult and delayed diagnosis, and misleading clinical presentation. This systematic review aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of female genital tuberculosis during 2000-2021.

The current study is a systematic review that was conducted through exploration of English keywords like “female genital tuberculosis”, “vulva tuberculosis”, “tuberculosis”, and “genital system” as well as, Persian keywords. Furthermore, a similar search methodology was employed in various international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences, as well as in certain Iranian databases, like Irandoc and Magiran, between 2000 and 2021.

Most patients (37.5%) were from India. Upper genital tuberculosis was more common among women of reproductive age, and the most involved upper genital organs were the endometrium and fallopian tubes. In contrast, vulvar tuberculosis was more prevalent in postmenopausal women, and the vulva was the most common site involved in lower genital tuberculosis. Weight loss (31.25%) and vaginal discharge (31.25%) were the most common symptoms reported by the study participants. The main histologic finding in female genital TB was the presence of epithelioid cell granulomas (81.25%). 29 (90.6%) patients received the standard antibiotic therapy (combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide), all of whom responded positively.

Most patients experience prolonged vulva ulcers and inadvertently receive various antibiotics. The typical lesions are epithelioid cell granulomas, which may be accompanied by Langerhans giant cells.

In the present study, as a research background, the application of nanoparticles and herbal medicines in the treatment of diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of zinc nanoparticles (Zn) impregnated with Khuzestan savory (Satureja khuzestanica) essential oil on the expression of lasR gene in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are biofilm-forming bacteria, under extracellular conditions.

The present experimental study was conducted in 2019 on 150 non-repetitive and intermittent clinical samples suspected of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were collected from skin, blood, and urine samples of hospitalized patients in various wards of Imam Sajjad (AS) Hospital in Yasuj city. After the entry of 4 clinical strains along with a standard strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25922) as a sample, Khuzestan savory essential oil was prepared from Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Company (Kashan, Iran). Then, after identifying the Pseudomonas aeruginosa sample separated from the patients, PCR was performed to confirm the presence of lasR and DNA gyrase A genes, determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, broth microdilution test, checkerboard dilution, and agar test to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, and real-time PCR to investigate the expression of lasR gene under laboratory conditions. The collected data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, T-Test, and Paired T-Test statistical tests.

According to the results of the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, the highest resistance was related to amikacin (30 μg), colistin (10 μg), and ciprofloxacin (5 μg), and the lowest resistance was related to ceftazidime (30 μg) and imipenem (10 μg). Also, Khuzestan savory essential oil and zinc oxide nanoparticles had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 256-512 μg/mL against standard strains and clinical isolates. The relative minimum inhibitory concentration index (FIC) was equal to 1, which represents an increase in effect. Also, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was four times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The highest MIC was related to zinc oxide nanoparticles and the lowest was related to the simultaneous use of essential oil and nanoparticles. In the combined mode of treatments, half the MIC of separate treatments was required. Also, with the reduction of the effect m.

The results indicated that clinical strains were highly resistant to some antibiotics but sensitive to others. Also, Khuzestan savory essential oil and zinc oxide nanoparticles were effective against standard strains and clinical isolates. The main component of this essential oil was carvacrol, which has antimicrobial properties. The results showed that the combination of essential oil and nanoparticles led to a stronger and more effective reduction in lasR gene expression. The study concluded that the combination of Khuzestan savory essential oil and zinc oxide nanoparticles is a promising complementary and alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

 In addition to providing the necessary energy for photosynthesis, light controls many plant metabolic processes. Nowadays, the use of supplemental light significantly improves the quality of the food product in the conditions of lack of natural light in the autumn and winter seasons. Light-emitting diodes have been proposed as alternative light sources in controlled agricultural environments. These lamps are the first light sources with the ability to control the light spectrum. Therefore, by controlling the light spectrum and matching the wavelength of LED lamps with the photoreceptors of the plant, the performance and quality of the plant is improved. Cucumber is one of the most important greenhouse plants and its seedlings are generally produced during the autumn and winter seasons, when natural light is relatively low; therefore, the use of supplementary light is required. The use of artificial light sources in fully controlled conditions can change and improve the growth conditions of the plant and also improve its quantitative and qualitative traits. In this research, the aim was to investigate the effect of different qualities of light on the morphophysiological indicators of cucumber seedlings.

 This research was performed at the Horticultural Plants Biotechnology Department, Industrial Biotechnology Research Institute of Khorasan Razavi. First, the seeds of the cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus L. var. Officer) were planted in a planting tray, and placed under the light panel with different light treatments. The experimental treatments included four light qualities including white light (6000-6500K) blue light (460-470 nm), red light (625 nm) and combined light (blue + red + white). The amount of photosynthetic photon flux was considered the same in all light treatments, which was equal to 2.75 µol m-2 s-1 CO2 assimilation. Thirty days after planting of seeds, the growth of plants were measured in three stages every 10 days. In each stage, 4 plant samples were selected and then plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, plant dry matter index and leaf chlorophyll content were measured. Data preparation was done in Excel software, data analysis was done using JMP-8 software and treatment averages were compared using LSD test at 5% probability level.

The results of the experiments showed that the quality of light was significantly effective on the growth indicators of Cucumber plants. Plant height in red light and blue light treatments compared to the white light and combined light (red+blue+white with the same intensity) treatments, increased by more than 130% and 60%, respectively. The lowest height was observed in plants grown under combined light, 9 and 14.25 cm after 40 and 50 days of cultivation respectively. The exposure of cucumber seedlings to the red and combined lights recorded the highest and the lowest leaf area in the plants, 618.65 and 377.26 cm2 respectively. Also white light significantly improved the dry weight of the roots. It is worth to mention that the highest plant fresh weight was observed in blue and white lights, 20.9 and 19.5 g respectively. For parameters such as dry weight, dry matter index, and pigment content, the light treatments did not exert a significant effect. However, the utilization of red and blue light, both individually and in combination, positively impacted plant growth. Notably, exposure to red light alone led to a significant increase in leaf surface area, root dry weight, and plant height compared to other light conditions. Previous studies have indicated that red light enhances leaf area, stem length, and fresh weight of plants. Leaves play a critical role in plant photosynthesis and overall growth. Therefore, increasing the leaf area in the plant increases the amount of photosynthesis, growth and development of the plant. In this study, with the increases of the leaf area in the plant and the subsequent increases in the amount of photosynthesis, allocation of dry mater to root increased. The results of the research has been shown that the combination of blue and red wavelengths in pepper, tomato and cucumber seedlings is effective in stimulating plant growth and improving the morphological characteristics under controlled conditions. Blue and red lights can increase the proton flow rate of epidermal cells through the separation mechanism and thus affect leaf development. Blue light directly through the interaction with proton pumps and indirectly through receptors, affects proton pumps by modulating passive ion conduction of potassium and calcium channels.

 According to the results of this research, it was found that exposing the plant to different light quality had different responses in the cucumber plants. Although variables such as dry weight and the amount of photosynthetic pigments were not significantly affected by light quality, however, traits such as plant height, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant fresh weight were affected by light quality. The affected parameters are among the traits that are influenced by the gibberellin hormone and according to the reports related to the effect of light quality on the gibberellin biosynthesis and response to this hormone. It seems that plant action to the quality of light can be attributed to the regulation of this hormone. So it is possible to choose the appropriate light quality in fully controlled conditions according to the production goal and results. In this research, according to the plant leaf rea, root dry weight and plant height, it was determined that white light can be used in the seedling production stage.

Applying modern, eco-based and updated technologies has a key role in improving productivity, minimization of losses, as well as optimization of agricultural value chain management. Introduction of modern technologies, including IT, IoT, Artificial Intelligence, social networks, virtual education, and cloud computing facilitate science and information partitioning. The main constraints for introduction and application of these technologies in agriculture and natural resources sector in Iran include economic (high investment, provision and professional labor cost), infrastructural (lack of suitable platforms, weak interconnectedness between different parts of agricultural sector chain) and socio-cultural (low education, traditional and subsistence structure of agriculture in Iran and farmers lifestyle) factors. Results of present study shows that determining farmers and other stakeholders’ challenges for applying modern technologies, developing pilot farms and providing necessary structures are main strategies to promote and indigenize these technologies in agriculture and natural resources sector in Iran.

MADS-box genes play important roles in the regulation of floral organ development. In this gene family, AGAMOUS genes are responsible for stamen and carpel development. In the double-flowered form of Amaryllis, compared to its wild type, the stamen number is reduced to three, there is no pistil, and, in contrast, tepal numbers have increased. In this investigation, we examined the AGAMOUS (AG) gene function in these alterations. Therefore, we isolated one AGAMOUS coding sequence named AmAG. Then, the expression level of this gene in the wild form and double-flowered Amaryllis was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. The phylogenetic results showed that the partial AmAG gene has high homology with the sequences of AGAMOUS ortholog genes in the Amaryllidaceae family and plants close to this family. Also, there were no differences in the sequence of partial AmAG genes in wild and double-flowered forms. Real-time PCR revealed that, in wild form, AmAG gene expression was low in the first to third whorl and high only in the fourth whorl. While in double flowered form, AmAG gene expression in four whorls was low. The lower expression of AmAG in the fourth whorl of double-flowered form had caused such morphological alterations, the reasons for which should be determined in other experiments.

Soil compaction can be naturally occurred or can be machinery-induced. Subsoiling is often applied to loosen soil compaction and decrease soil strength to levels that allow for root development and growth. Variable-depth subsoiling which modifies the physical properties of soil only where the tillage is required for crop growth has the potential to reduce labor, costs and fuel, and energy requirements. Since this study aimed to perform subsoiling operations with variable depth, the variable-depth tillage (VDT) tool was developed. A pneumatic multi-nozzles sensor has been used to simultaneously predict the depth of a soil layer in three depths (15, 30, and 45 cm), and send a signal to control the depth of the VDT tool. Evaluation of the VDT tool system was performed by two methods namely static and dynamic tests. In static evaluation, the system response time was measured to reach 95% of the proposed depths. The dynamic evaluation of the tool was accomplished in two steps in the field. The amount of fuel consumption and the travel distance of the tool tine to reach the desired operation depth were measured and compared with the common subsoiler (when the depth control was OFF). The average fuel consumption by using the variable-depth tillage tool decreased by 17.36% compared to the constant depth. Furthermore, the pneumatic sensor tine penetrated into the soil perfectly and sent the control signal to the control unit of the VDT tool in real-time, and the VDT tool loosened the soil at the exact depths sent by the sensor.

Medicinal plants are considered as valuable natural sources. In this study, the antibacterial properties of Cirsium congestum essential oil and methanolic extract were investigated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumonia. The results of agar disc-diffusion method showed that essential oil and extract exhibited maximum and minimum inhibition zone diameter against Candida albicans and Escherichia coli respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oil and methanolic extract observed for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. Lowest MIC related to Candida albicans. Cirsium congestum essential oil had higher antibacterial activity in comparison with the extract. The chemical composition of the Cirsium congestum essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Twenty-six compounds representing 99.98% of the total essential oil was identified. The Results showed sescoe turpen hydrocarbons and imidazole 4- propionic acid were the major compounds in Cirsium congestum essential oil.

In the animal husbandry industry, more than 70% of the production costs are related to nutrition. Among the nutrients consumed by livestock, protein is one of the most important and expensive nutrients. Due to Iran's limitations in the production of oilseeds and consequently the production of protein meals, providing the protein needs of livestock has been associated with many problems. The use of new and especially local protein sources in ruminant feeding is one of the main solutions to cover the lack of protein sources and reduce the import of these sources, and it also reduces production costs in the livestock and poultry industry. Camelina sativa medicinal-oil plant has attracted a lot of attention, especially in recent years, and its most important advantage is extreme resistance to drought and cold conditions. The presence of high amounts of crude protein (CP), energy, and essential amino acids in camelina meal makes it a useful and potential option for use in the livestock and poultry feed industry. It was shown that the CP content of camelina meal was 41.9% of dry matter. Also, camelina meal has higher CP content and similar rumen undegradable protein compared to canola meal. In terms of lysine and methionine amino acids, which are important in muscle growth, camelina meal is considered a rich source. Camelina is a plant with a short growth period of 85-100 days and recently in Iran at the beginning of the camelina development project, the DH1025 line was produced, which is cultivated under the name of Soheil variety on a wide scale. Various studies have been conducted on the use of camelina meal for different purposes in ruminant nutrition. This is while there is little information about the nutrition of camelina meal and especially Soheil variety in the nutrition of ruminants in Iran. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of camelina meal on growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters, blood metabolites, and nutritional behavior of Lori-Bakhtiari lambs.
Thirteen Lori-Bakhtiari male lambs of four to five months of age with a mean live weight of 34.5±5 kg were used for 70 days of the experimental fattening period. Lambs were assigned to three experimental treatments (10 lambs per treatment) in a completely randomized design. Three experimental diets contained camelina meal at levels of zero (control), five, and 10% of dry matter (DM). Experimental diets were formulated according to nutritional requirement tables for small ruminants and were similar in terms of energy and protein. Also, the ratio of forage to concentrate in the diets was considered to be 30 to 70. From the first day, the animals were kept and reared in individual stalls. Two weeks before the start of the experiment (adaptation period), the lambs were vaccinated against enterotoxemia and the amount of 20 mL of anti-parasitic syrup (5% Clozantel) per 10 kg of body weight and niclosamide anti-parasitic syrup (seven to 10 mL per lamb) was fed to the lambs. Camelina meal used in this project was a genetically modified and localized variety. Experimental rations were provided in a completely mixed form (TMR) to the lambs daily at 8:00 am and 4:00 pm.
Results showed that increasing the level of camelina meal in the diet increased linearly the concentration of ruminal ammonia, propionate, and blood urea nitrogen (P<0.05), while ruminal pH and other individual volatile fatty acids, and blood parameters were not affected by the experimental diets (P>0.05). The activity of carboxymethyl cellulase enzymes decreased linearly with increasing the level of camelina meal in the diet (P<0.05). However, the activity of other rumen microbial enzymes was not affected by the experimental diets (P>0.05). In terms of behavioral traits, diets had no effect on DM and NDF intake, and also final body weight and average daily gain (P>0.05). Except for the amount of rumination and the ratio of rumination to DM intake, which increased linearly with increasing the level of camelina meal in the diet (P<0.05), other nutritional behaviors were not affected by the experimental diets (P>0.05).
In general, the results of the present study showed that the use of camelina meal, as a new source of protein, instead of soybean meal up to 10% of dietary DM of fattening lambs is recommended.

Control strategy of respiratory complex infections should address precipitating and predisposing causative agents in general and immunosuppressive agents in particular. In both clinical and subclinical forms, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is one of the most immunosuppressive diseases of young chickens. This study aimed to investigate the concurrent occurrence of subclinical infectious bursal disease (IBD) and multicausal respiratory complex infections caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in broilers. In this study, 800 tissue samples (e.g., trachea, cecal tonsil, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen) and 400 sera samples were collected from broilers with confirmed respiratory signs selected from 20 broiler farms in west Azerbaijan province, Iran, from October 2018 to February 2019. Pathogens in the tissue samples were detected using RT-PCR for the VP2 gene of IBDV, F gen of NDV, and N gene of aMPV. The amplified products were sequenced afterward. At the end of the husbandry period, sera samples were used to detect antibodies against IBDV, aMPV, and NDV using ELISA and HI tests. Molecular results showed that the 45% (9/20), 30% (6/20), and 15% (3/20) of tissue samples were positive for IBDV, NDV, and aMPV, respectively. Regarding co-infection, 5% (1/20) of farm isolates were positive for IBD and ND, while 10% (2/20) of farms isolates were positive for IBD and aMPV. Co-infection of IBD, ND, and aMPV was not detected in farm isolates. Serological results indicated that the IBD co-infected flocks had almost higher (P<0.05) antibody titers against IBD; however, IBDV-NDV co-infected flocks and IBDV-aMPV co-infected flocks had lower antibody titer against NDVand aMPV, respectively. It can be concluded that lower antibody titer against ND and aMPV in IBD-ND and IBD-aMPV co-infections indicated suppressive effects of IBD on these diseases. Therefore, vaccination against IBD even in regions without clinical form of IBD is inevitable for the reduction of immunosuppressive effects of subclinical IBD on immune responses against these diseases.

Ornamental foliage plants are commonly used for beautifying indoor spaces. Consequently, determining the best method of mass propagation in a short time, is necessary for these plants. For this purpose, an experiment was designed and performed to micropropagate the Singonium ornamental plant.

For the first stage, the effect of different plant growth plant growth regulators on the regeneration of nodule explants was evaluated. In this experiment, 1 cm nodal explants were placed in semi-solid MS culture medium containing different concentrations of BA and Kin (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) in combination with 0.2 mg/l IAA. This experiment was performed as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor included different types of cytokinin (BA and Kin) and the second factor included different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l). In the second stage, the effect of different types of culture medium and its different concentrations on plantlet proliferation was investigated. This study was performed as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with five replications. The first factor included the type of culture medium (MS and B5) and the second factor was the different concentrations of culture medium (0.5 and 1). In the third stage of the experiment, the acclimation of in vitro plantlet was investigated. This experiment was performed as a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments included different culture media: vermiculite, peat moss, vermiculite + peat moss, perlite + peat moss, perlite, coco peat + vermiculite, coco peat + perlite, coco peat and rock wool.

According to the results of the first experiment, it was found that the use of cytokinin in MS culture medium is effective on plant regeneration. The highest number of regenerated plantlet was observed in culture medium containing 4 mg/l BA with 0.2 mg/l IAA. It is noteworthy that with increasing BA concentration in the culture medium, the plant height decreased, but in contrast, the number of produced plantlets increased. Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) has been introduced as the most important and effective cytokinin in inducing and increasing branching in plants. Research has shown that the use of external benzyl adenine affects plant growth by affecting plant cells or by controlling the accumulation of a number of cytokinin compounds. As a result, the use of cytokinins in culture medium under in vitro culture conditions is necessary to induce and increase cell division. According to the second experimental results, produced plantlets in MS culture medium had higher height, number of roots and root length compared to B5 culture medium. Results also demonstrated that the use of ½ MS in the propagation stage of this plant is appropriate due to the improvement of growth traits such as plantlet height and root length. The use of optimal and suitable culture medium is very effective in the success of plant micropropagation. In the present study, the use of MS culture medium showed better performance compared to B5 culture medium. The appropriate amount of components, better ion strength and more minerals in this culture medium compared to B5 culture medium are probably the factors influencing its superiority in in vitro culture. In the acclimation stage, the use of vermiculite + peat moss culture medium led to 100% adaptation of plants and improvement of growth traits in the plant.

The results showed that the type and concentration of cytokinin had a significant effect on the most of the evaluated parameters. With increasing the concentration of cytokinin in the culture medium, the number of regenerated plantlet was increased, but on the other hand, the height of regenerated plantlet also decreased. The use of culture medium containing BA compared to KIN had a more pronounced effect on increasing the number of regenerated plantlets. Application of MS medium compared to B5 medium was more effective in increasing plantlet height, root length, number of roots and number of produced plantlets. Also, half-strength MS medium, increased plantlet height and root length. Therefore, at this stage of propagation, the application of ½ MS culture medium is recommended. In the acclimation stage, it can be stated that the use of vermiculite substrate in combination with peat moss is a suitable option considering 100% compatibility of syngonium plantlets and improvement of growth traits in comparison with other substrates.

Adenoid hypertrophy is one of the childhood complications in which bacteria are involved in its etiology. The aim of the present study was to determine the relative abundance of biofilms and genes associated with biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolates and also to determine the genotypic patterns of S. aureus isolates from adenoids and tonsils of children with adenoid hypertrophy by Spa typing method.

The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 86 pair isolates of S. aureus collected from adenoid and tonsil of children with adenoid hypertrophy. Phenotypic method used for assessing of biofilm production in S. aureus isolates and the presence of icaA,icaD,fnbA and clfA genes evaluated using polymerase chain reaction method. The spa typing method was apllied for typing of isolated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics method and SPSS software.

S. aureus isolated from adenoids and tonsils were positive in 49 (57%) and 40 (46.5%) biofilms, respectively. In 47 cases, pairs of isolates from the adenoids and tonsils were similar in terms of biofilm production. In the present study, 4 types of spa types were identified in S. aureus including t081 type, the most dominant type in 67.5%, t701 in 11.6%, t2419 in 9.3% and t4870 in 8.2% of adenoid isolates. In total, 79.45% of adenoid and tonsil isolates had similar typing. highest frequency of genes was related to fnbA, which was detected in adenoids in 64% and in tonsils in 41.9% of isolates.

Due to the relative frequency of biofilm formation, biofilm is of moderate importance in the establishment of Staphylococcus aureus in the tonsils and adenoids of patients. Moreover, the role of fnbA gene in biofilm formation was higher than other studied genes. High spa similarity Staphylococcus aureus isolates isolated from the adenoids and tonsils indicate the initial colonization of bacteria in the tonsils and then act as a source of infection for the adenoids.

Due to the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial agents, efforts are being made by researchers to replace the plant natural substances with antimicrobial properties and lower side effects. The aim of this study was hydro alcoholic extract of malva sylvestris as a food preservative with some microorganisms, which further cause contamination of food products

The present experimental laboratory study was conducted in 2016. Several experiments, such as gel diffusion and MIC and MLC measurements were performed to evaluate the storage properties of nutrients by a number of microorganisms that are more likely to contaminate food with malva sylvestris extract. After preparing the hydro alcoholic extract, it was applied to the culture medium containing tomato juice, grapefruit juice, pineapple juice and wheat flour, which were infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger. Correspondingly, the minimum growth inhibitory concentration and the minimum lethal concentration of extract as well as sodium benzoate were measured on above microorganisms and then the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of extract was compared with standard antibiotics. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests, i.e. the average of tables and graphs.

The present study indicated that at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/mm of the extract, the diameter of the growth inhibition zone for S. aureus is equal to; 6, 12, 15, 18, and 20 respectively but growth aura was observed for E. coli. On the hand  the MIC and MBC  of extract  at concentrations of  1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 against Aspergillus Niger and Candida Albicans was 25, 31, and 125 mg/ml. however, the growth of all microorganisms against sodium benzoate at a concentration of 2 mg / mm was stopped and the diameter of the growth inhibition zone was observed from 20 to 28 mm..

The results indicated that this extract in combination with chemical additives contaminated with S. areus revealed a high retention effect, but substances contaminated with E. coli had no effect on them. Also, this extract had a good effect on foods contaminated with fungi, but compared to sodium benzoate, this extract had less effect on all microorganisms. However, we hope that in the future, with more work being done on this plant can be used as a suitable alternative to food storage instead of chemical additives.

In recent years, the worldchr('39')s population has been growing, reaching about 7.7 billion in 2018. In the next five years, the worldchr('39')s population will increase to about ten billion, thus increasing the demand for food, water resources and fertile land for food production. Therefore, precision agriculture is trying to improve the quantity and quality of agricultural products by using new technologies. Precision farming is a new concept in modern agriculture and is based on the existence of heterogeneity at the farm level. One of the reasons for the growth of precision agriculture among scientists and farmers is the advancement of technology in various fields such as global coordinate system, imaging sensors and spatial information management tools. The use of remote sensing allows us to control a very large space in a very short time, which will reduce heavy costs. Along with rice and wheat, potatoes are the third most important food crop in the world, fed by more than one billion people, and the demand for this crop has increased as the population has grown; Therefore, better methods of product protection and management need to be used to improve production. In order to build the whole model, the images of the region were considered during the months of March to October in a period of two years, and pre-processing such as removing the cloud and other errors were done in order to have images with the least error. The NDVI index was then calculated using red and infrared bands (Figure 3). By calculating the NDVI index, useful information about the plant such as health, plant vigor, presence or absence of fall, and proper irrigation were obtained. On the other hand, land information, agricultural lands have been collected through questionnaires. For modeling, we deal with two sets of terrestrial and satellite data. Separate use of each of them will be associated with shortcomings and shortcomings; Therefore, for modeling, a combination of terrestrial and satellite information was used to build a model with minimal deficiencies and defects. It is common for modeling to work repetitively to obtain the best algorithm, so linear regression is the best choice for modeling. Univariate method was used for modeling and the date of 28 June was selected as the modeling interval. Because using multivariate methods, due to the fact that there was a high correlation in the information of different time periods, a lot of duplicate information was generated, and for this reason, we used the univariate method. Four machine learning algorithms were used for modeling, which Gaussian methods and support vector showed the best results. According to the production estimation model, it is possible to predict the amount of potatoes produced in each agricultural land and its health status with 50% accuracy three months before the harvest. The results of this study showed that estimation models will provide very valuable information for better management of crops to be used by agricultural planners to avoid wasting resources and prevent imports.

Considering the occurrence of successive droughts in our country and the necessity of optimal water consumption, the use of modern technologies such as closed systems to increase the efficiency of fertilizer and water use will have an effective role in reducing production costs and increasing yield. The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system is one of the hydroponic culture systems in which the nutrient solution is circulated continuously. In this system, a thin layer of nutrient solution will be available to the plant roots, which has a significant effect on reducing fertilizer and water consumption.

The present study was conducted to select an optimal system for cultivation of Gerbera plantlets. Plantlets were cultivated in different systems after the acclimation stage: Integrated bedding system as a closed system containing different culture media (Perlite, vermiculite, vermiculite: perlite, cocopeat: perlite and rock wool) and NFT hydroponic system as a closed system. For fertilization, the following fertilizer combination (mM) was used: K2SO4 (0.22), KNO3 (3.62), KH2PO4 (0.71), NH4H2PO4 (0.35), NH4NO3 (0.53), Ca (NO3)2,4H2O (1.48), MgSO4, 7H2O (0.4), MnCl2, 4H2O (0.0049), H3BO3 (0.020), ZnSO4 (0.0061), CuSO4, 5H2O (0.00048), NaMoO4, 2H2O (0.00058), FeSO4, 7H2O (0.0348), Na2EDTA (0.0384). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments in six replicates. During six months, the growth parameters of the plants including number of leaves, petiole length, fresh and dry shoot weight, leaf chlorosis percentage, leaf necrosis percentage, flower number, flower diameter, flowering stem height, number of days to flowering, end diameter of the stalk and the middle diameter of the stalk were evaluated. Data preparation was done in Excel and data analysis was performed using the Jump 8 software. Mean comparison between treatments was performed with LSD test at 5% probability level and charts were drawn using the Excel program.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments for the number of leaves (p <0.01). Seedlings cultivated in the vermiculite culture medium produced the highest number of leaves; however, there was no significant difference between seedlings cultured in vermiculite and vermiculite: perlite media. The lowest number of produced leaves was observed in plantlets grown in the NFT system. Also, the seedlings grown in the rock wool medium had no significant difference with the NFT system. In this regard, the drought stress on plants and the consequent poor growth of plantlets reduced the number of produced leaves. The percentage of necrotic leaves in the NFT system was more than twice the vermiculite culture medium. There was no significant difference between cocopeat: perlite, perlite, rock wool, and NFT systems. Also, the lowest amount of necrotic leaves was found in the vermiculite culture medium, which did not have a significant difference with vermiculite: perlite culture medium. Low levels of leaf necrosis in these treatments indicate the optimal absorption of nutrients and the proper growth of plantlets in these culture media. The results showed that plantlets cultivated in the vermiculite and vermiculite: perlite flowered more quickly than other culture media and also produced more flowers. Plantlets grown in the rock wool medium did not show the desirable performance, which is due to drought stress. Besides, the use of cocopeat in the culture medium did not have a beneficial effect on plants. Measuring the initial electrical conductivity in the cocopeat culture medium also indicates a high EC concentration in this culture medium, which could affect the growth parameters of the plant and lead to poor vegetative growth of plantlets. Since Gerbera plant has bulky roots, the roots of this plant cannot be developed well in the NFT system, so the use of the NFT system is not suitable for Gerbera cultivation. The best performance of plant samples was obtained from vermiculite culture media, but since there were no significant differences between vermiculite and vermiculite: perlite, so to reduce production costs, the use of vermiculite: perlite culture medium in the closed system is recommended for the cultivation of Gerbera plant.

Since Gerbera plant has bulky roots, the roots of this plant cannot be developed well in the NFT system, so the use of the NFT system is not suitable for Gerbera cultivation. The best performance of plant samples was obtained from vermiculite culture media, but since there were no significant differences between vermiculite and vermiculite: perlite, so to reduce production costs, the use of vermiculite: perlite culture medium in the closed system is recommended for the cultivation of Gerbera plant.

Early oral feeding, as one of the most important components of multimodal strategies referred to as Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), is now widely adopted for optimization of postoperative recovery of surgical patients.

To assess ERAS outcome in patients who underwent liver transplantation in our center.

In a prospective study, patients who underwent liver transplantation from April 2015 to June 2018 at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, were enrolled in this study. Serum albumin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and course of hospital stay were assessed.

39 (23 male) patients who underwent choledochojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis for liver transplantation were enrolled. The mean±SD pre-operative serum albumin and TIBC levels of patients were 3.0±0.6 (range: 1.9–4.1) g/dL and 304±75 (range: 154.0–437.0) µg/dL, respectively. The mean±SD time between the end of operation and starting oral feeding was 11.6±1.8 (range: 9.0–15.0) hours. All patients tolerated early oral feeding with liquids followed by solid foods; no vomiting reported in patients. Overall, patient survival rates at one month and three months were 89.7% and 89.7%, respectively. In our study, no leak of anastomosis was reported.

There was no major harm for ERAS after liver transplantation and it might be even helpful as in colorectal surgeries. As seen in our study, oral feeding was started as soon as possible after the end of operation in almost all patients and all of them tolerated early oral feeding. No one had vomiting or nausea.

 Interrill erosion is one of the major types of erosion playing key role in the transport of fine particles of the soil, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, which leads to the decrement of soil fertility and surface water pollution. Land-use change is one of the main ways which reflect the interaction of human activities and the natural environment and can impact soil aggregation, aggregate stability, and erodibility. Hence, this research aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of soils under different land-use types (four types) to interrill erosion using both rainfall simulation test and soil aggregate stability indexes. The location of study area was around Jiroft city.

 This study was conducted in four types of land use around Jiroft city in southern Iran, including disturbed pasture, undisturbed pasture, protected forests, and artificial forest. For each land use, 25 points were selected (A total of 100 points for all land uses). To measure soil physical and chemical properties, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from each point at a depth of 0–20 cm. The samples were transported to the laboratory where these samples were then air-dried. Some soil properties such as texture, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, soil acidity, calcium carbonate equivalent, and bulk density were measured, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil and sediment samples were also determined. Furthermore, some characteristics of soil particles, including the geometric mean diameter, geometric standard deviation, particulate organic matter, water-dispersible clay, tensile strength of soil aggregate, mean weight diameter and fractal dimension of aggregates were determined. To assess how susceptible are soils to interrill erosion, rainfall simulator was used to generate rainfall with an average intensity of 60 mm/h.

 According to the results, the undisturbed pasture revealed the highest content of organic matter, particulate organic matter, clay, and tensile strength, while the minimum values of bulk density, sand percentage, and fractal dimension have been observed in this land use. For this reason, it is assumed that the aggregates of undisturbed pasture (intact rangeland) show more stability than other three land uses. The maximum and minimum values of bulk densities were observed in the protected forest (1.58 g cm-3) and undisturbed pasture (1.43 g cm-3), respectively. On the other hand, the highest value of aggregates fractal dimension, as well as minimum values for mean weight diameter and dispersible clay in the protected forest demonstrated that this land use had either no aggregate or its aggregates were very fine. As a matter of fact, lack of organic matter and insufficient clay content can be considered to be the reasons for poor aggregate stability in this land use. The highest and lowest values for tensile strength of soil aggregate were found in the undisturbed rangeland (64.82 kPa) and protected forest (34.38 kPa), respectively. The variations in the tensile strength of soil aggregate can be attributed to the changes in the contents of clay and organic matter in different land uses. Moreover, despite the maximum amount of total organic matter in the undisturbed pasture (or intact rangeland), the amount of sediment organic matter in this land use was lower than the other three land uses. It is because of the fact that most of the OM in this area was of a stable organic matter type, which was under the soil surface and was accordingly protected from surface erosion. The particle size distribution of sediment was smaller in the undisturbed pasture, whereas it was found to be larger in the protected forest. The reason can be attributed to the coarse-textured soil in the forest compared to the finer-textured soil in the undisturbed pasture (or intact rangeland). In addition, the highest sediment concentration and the highest rate of erosion were observed in the disturbed pasture. The artificial forest accounted for the minimum sediment concentration, while the artificial forest, as well as the protected forest, revealed the lowest erosion rate.

 The results of the current research demonstrated the high rate of interrill erosion in all land uses so that the disturbed pasture and artificial forest accounted for the highest and the lowest rate of erosion (7 and 2 ton/ha) respectively. According the results, intrinsic soil characteristics such as soil texture played major role in some land uses, while for the others, the slope impact was more crucial. On the other hand, both erosion rate and sediment concentration revealed the same trend under four different land uses of the study area. Therefore, because of the fact that the highest and the lowest rate of erosion, as well as sediment concentration, were found to be in the disturbed pasture, and the artificial forest, respectively, therefore the sediment concentration can be considered to be an important index for soil erosion. Due to high rates of erosion occurring in the study areas, some measures have to be undertaken to prevent and control soil erosion in this area. To achieve this aim, preventing people from entering the vulnerable area, avoiding livestock grazing, protecting existing plants and restoration of native plants can be mentioned as efficient measures to improve conditions.

The purpose of this study was to present a return on investment on training and improvement of human resources.

The research method was applied in terms of purpose and terms of an exploratory sequential mixed one. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the study was managers and experts of Tehran municipality who were selected as a snowball and purposeful sampling. The statistical population in the quantitative section consisted of Tehran municipality’s managers who were selected using Cochran formula and stratified random sampling. To determine the face, content, and construct validity were used and to determine the validity, and to determine reliability, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used, all of which were confirmed. In a small part, factor analysis tests and structural equation modeling and T - group tests were used.

The findings showed that the components of organizational culture, leadership, professional competence were identified as effective factors on job satisfaction, organizational development, and job performance. Also, the components of the design or curriculum, data collection, disaggregation of program impacts, monetary data conversion, and program cost list, return on investment rate calculation, intangible benefits identification, and reporting were introduced as constituents.

Therefore, one of the most important factors in this regard is the attention to the Return on Investment (ROI) as an important model in evaluating the effectiveness of training and improving human resources.

Germination process can be used to improve the nutritional value of pulses. In this research, the effect of the germination process on nutritional values of mung bean such as moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, and phenolic compounds were evaluated. Germination process was carried out with soaking mung bean seeds for 24 hours and then incubating them in the wet condition for 48 and 72 hours at 15 °C and 25 °C. The germinated seeds were dried and milled at 50 °C. The nutritional values were measured in samples and compared with control samples using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The results of this study showed that protein and moisture content of the germinated seeds were increased as germination has proceeded. On the other hand, germination caused a reduction in the fat content of the mung bean. Germination also reduced the amount of ash, phosphorus and phenolic compounds in the mung bean. Germination until 48 hours increased the amount of crude fiber but after this time the amount of crude fiber was reduced. The amount of carbohydrates, iron, calcium, and zinc also increased after germination. According to the results, 72 hours at 25 °C are the best conditions for increasing the nutritional value of germinated seeds in mung bean.

Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in the clinical isolates, in most cases is caused by βlactamase enzymes. In recent years, The incidence of broad-spectrum β-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs) among clinical isolates especially E.coli is greatly increased, since the β-lactamase have several subfamilies, using universal primers designed to detect the following complete families could be useful. β-lactamase producing enzymes (ESBLs) of E. coli has created many problems for patients. β-lactamase CTX-M-1 gene is the cause of resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate CTX-M-1gene in E.coli.

In this practical study, susceptibility of isolated bacteria to 13 antibiotics were indicated by disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines and strains were analyzed for the presence of widespread βlactamase enzymes via two-disc synergy method. Thus، the prevalence of CTX-M1 ESBL gene samples were determined using PCR and the data were analyzed using ANOVA.

A total of 200 isolates of E.coli were isolated. The presence of CTX-M-1 gene were also isolated using the PCR method. From 200 strains studied, 62 (31%), of strains produced ESBL. After PCR processing of 62 produced ESBL, 43 isolates (69.4%) were identified as CTX-M-1 genes. Also, antibiotic susceptibility test showed the highest percentage of resistance to Cotrimoxazole antibiotic (50%) and the lowest antibiotic resistance to imipenem (0%).

The results of this study showed the high percentage of β-lactamase resistance among of E.coli strains. This is a serious public hazard that should be pointed out to measures for preventing this hazard. Considering the sensitivity of the studied beta-lactam resistant isolates and isolates in Iran to imipenem, a carbapenem with a non-beta-lactam antibiotic is recommended for the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by these strains

High resolution multi-spectral (HRMS) images are essential for most of the practical remote sensing applications. Pan-sharpening is an effective mechanism to produce HRMS image by integrating the significant structural details of panchromatic (PAN) image and rich spectral features of multi-spectral (MS) images.
The traditional pan-sharpening methods incur disadvantages like spectral distortion, spatial artifacts and lack of details preservation in the fused image. The pan-sharpening approach proposed in this paper is based on integrating wavelet decomposition and convolutional sparse representation (CSR). The wavelet decomposition is performed on PAN and MS images to obtain low-frequency and high-frequency bands. The low-frequency bands are fused by exploring the CSR based activity level measurement.
The HRMS image is restored by implementing the inverse transform on fused bands. The fusion rules are constructed, thus to transfer the crucial details from source images to the fused image effectively.
The proposed method produces HRMS images with rational spatial and spectral qualities. The visual outcomes and quantitative measures approve the eminence of the proposed fusion framework.

Staphylococcus aureus can colonize a variety of body sites such as skin, coetaneous membrane and especially the anterior nares.  The coagulase gene (coa) typing is a technique in which the organism is typed based on the polymorphic region of the coa gene. The aim of the present study was to determine the coa based typing of S. aureus isolates from health care workers in two teaching hospitals in Yasuj city.

 In the present cross- sectional study, a total of 125 S. aureus isolates were collected from the nasal nares of healthcare workers in Shahid Beheshti and Imam Sajjad Hospitals in Yasuj city. For typing of S. aureus isolates, amplification of the 3'-end region of the coa gene was performed. Finally, PCR products were digested with HaeIII restriction enzymes and then were electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose gel, and visualized under UV illumination. Bacterial strains were typed according to the DNA bands with diverse size and numbers in each strain. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics tests.

 Amplification of the coa gene indicated single band in nine different patterns ranging approximately from 400 to 860 base pair. The coa gene with 610 bp size was seen in 36 isolates and was considered a predominant type. After digestion of PCR products with HaeIII restriction enzymes, totally 15 distinct coa gene RFLP patterns, numbered C1 to C15, were coa observed. The C3 was the most frequent coa type with 24 isolates. There is no specific types belong to wards or professions in each hospitals.

S. auras isolated from anterior nares of HCWs showed genetic diversity in their coa gene, but only a few coa gene variants were predominant. Hence no prominent coa type was detected according to the wards or types of profession, the sources of bacteria for colonization in anterior nares of HCWs may be related to the hospital, probably the outside environment.