ata shakerian

Eric Burn's theory of mutual behavior analysis provides an image of the psychological structure of personalities in alignment with the communication between people and their internal relationships. By the assistance of this practical theory and considering the deep connection between literature and psychology, it is possible to analyze the characters of the stories of ancient Persian literary texts. Examining these texts based on psychological theories can be the subject of many interdisciplinary researches. Researches like this show the capacity and capabilities of ancient literary texts. Eric Berne's model of mutual behavior analysis is based on the emotional states of "I" (child, parent, and adult). In this essay, the authors have studied the character of Bahram Gur in Ganjavi's Haft Pykar Nezami system in a descriptive-analytical way and using library sources, according to the key concepts (my moods, caresses, mental games, and the chain of relationships). The findings show that Bahram Gur has a dynamic personality and is in the state of "child" with the predominance of "adult" who grows and reaches perfection in the course of life and the process of events. In this system, verbal caresses have a higher frequency than other caresses. Bahram Gur is mostly present in the role of a savior in psychological games, and in the chain of mutual relationships, his connections in the Haft Gonbad and the visit of the Haft Mazloum are complementary and parallel.

 Grief is a widespread phenomenon and a normal reaction to loss. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the painful experiences of loss and disability caused unbearable grief, regret, and even anger to the bereaved making it more difficult to cope with the loss in their lives. Religion and spirituality seem to be important factors in the reactions of the bereaved people to grief. People who experience high levels of religiosity and spirituality may better manage their stress and have more meaning in life. The aim of this study was to predict the reaction to grief based on the practice of religious beliefs and meaning seeking in the people bereaved due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

 The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study included those over 18 years old who were living in Sanandaj, Iran in 2021. They had lost a first-degree relative due to the Covid-19 pandemic at the time of the study. Using Tabachenik and Norcross sampling formulas, 106 participants were selected as the sample size by the available sampling method. Standard scales of sense of meaning in life, the practice of religious beliefs, and the mourning experience questionnaire were used to measure the research variables. Data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interest.

 The results of the regression analysis and multiple correlation coefficient indicated that the variables of religiosity and meaning seeking were significantly associated with grief reactions with a MR value of 55.0 and significance levels of P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively. Considering the coefficient of determination of 0.31, the predictor variables explained the variance in grief reactions.

 Religion and spirituality help people to better cope with external and internal adversity. Practicing religious beliefs and Seeking Meaning is an important factor in the process of grief and can help the bereaved person cope with their grief and stress.

Spirituality is an individual’s effort and searches for meaning and purpose in life. Spirituality includes the connection with religious beliefs and some of the chosen beliefs, values, and duties that give meaning to life to achieve the desired perfection. This study aimed to model the structural equations of the relationship between spirituality and psychological wellbeing mediated by spiritual health.

This was a descriptive and correlational study, especially of cause-effect modeling. The statistical population included students of higher education centers in Sanandaj City, Iran, in 2018. Of them, 464 subjects were selected as the research sample by cluster random sampling approach. Measurement tools included researcher-made spirituality questionnaires (2020), Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (1980), and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (Paloutzian & Ellison, 1983).

Data analysis was performed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, heuristic factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis by structural equation modeling. The results on the model of the relationship between spirituality, psychological well-being, and spiritual health indicated the acceptable desirability of the indicators of goodness of fit of the model (P≤0.01). Other results suggested that higher levels of spirituality were associated with psychological wellbeing and spiritual health.

The present research data revealed an overlap between spirituality, psychological well-being, and spiritual health. Spirituality positively affected psychological wellbeing and spiritual health concerning individual and social adjustment.

As universal concept that generally denotes a connection with a transcendental power and specifically defined as a search for finding a purpose in life, spirituality has gained attention in academic, educational, and cultural areas more than before. Therefore, it is a necessity to design and use the proper tools to measure this phenomenon. This study aims to develop and validate a questionnaire to “measure spirituality” among university students.

This is a descriptive-analytical study with a statistical society of 464 university students in Sanandaj province. The research tools include a demographic and a spirituality questionnaire. Data analysis involved a two-phase approach including an exploratory factor analysis using principal components analyses method via varimax rotation approach, and confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported to conflicts of interest.

The results of Exploratory factor analysis pointed to the existence of two main dimensions named spiritual experiences and religious experiences which explained 56% of the variance in the spirituality questionnaire. Cronbach alpha coefficient for the dimensions confirmed in factor analysis including spirituality experiences and religious experiences and for the whole questionnaire was 0/88, 0/90, and 0/92, respectively. Convergent validity of the spirituality questionnaire, measured by Parsian and Dunning Spirituality questionnaire, was 0/66.

The findings indicated that, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) of this model is acceptable and could be used as a reliable tool in measurement of university students’ spirituality scale, health psychology, and spirituality well-being.

Marital infidelity is one of the intricate and harmful emotional problems among couples. Infidelity in marital relations could be considered as a stressful phenomenon, which results in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disorder signs in individuals. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on stress, anxiety, and depression improvement in females, who had experienced infidelity in marital relations in Sanandaj City.
This was a semi-experimental study, which used pre-test, post-test design on the control group. The sample size was 30 females, who had experienced infidelity in their marital relations, and were attending the family court of Sanandaj City, during year 2015. They were allocated based on convenience and random sampling to two groups (15 control and 15 experimental). Research tools were depression short inventory, anxiety, stress (DASS-21) and interruptive group therapy based on acceptance and commitment therapy, accomplished during 12 treatment sessions of 90 minutes on the basis of weekly routines. In order to analyze the data on descriptive level, the researchers used mean statistics and standard deviation, and in inferential level, the researchers used One-way Analysis of Covariance Test (ANCOVA).
Interruptive group therapy method based on acceptance and commitment directly decreased and improved stress signs, anxiety and depression of females under the study (P Findings of this study indicate the importance and effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment to reduce stress, anxiety and depression of females, who had experienced infidelity in marital relations. Therefore, this kind of therapy could be used to decrease and improve infidelity’s harmful effects in marital relations.

Diagnosis, treatment, consequences, treatment side effects and recurrence of breast cancer can lead to depression, anxiety and stress. Cognitive behavioral group therapy is one of the most effective interventions in the women with breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy on depression, anxiety and stress in the women with breast cancer. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest/posttest and control group. We used purposive sampling and selected 24 women with breast cancer who had been admitted to Ahwaz Medical Sciences Hospitals. The patients were assigned to control and experiment groups (12 patients in each group). Measurement tools included Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-short Form (DASS-21) and intervention method was cognitive behavioral group therapy which consisted of 10 weekly 90-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed by means of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one-way analysis of covariance). The results revealed that cognitive behavioral group therapy had significant effects on decreasing depression, anxiety, and stress in the experimental group compared to the control group (p< 0/001). Cognitive behavioral therapy in oncology centers can be considered as a complementary therapy along with medical therapies and can have an essential role in the improvement of the relationship between doctor and patient.

The present study investigates the effects of similar and dissimilar personality traits on the marital adjustment of university students. This comparative study included 200 couples, ranging from students pursuing Associate Diplomas to PhDs at Islamic Azad University, who were selected using 2-stage cluster sampling. The assessment tools used were the NEO form short questionnaire, and the Locke-Wallas Marital Adjustment Scale (LWMAS). Data were analyzed using variance analysis. Results of neuroticism scales indicated that when both parties were rated as stable, marital adjustment was more likely than when both rated highly in neuroticism. Additionally, in instances when males were accommodating and females were not accommodating, marital adjustment was more frequent than when both parties were not accommodating. [Remark 7] These findings suggest that certain personality traits may predict successful marital adjustment, as well as the importance of personality factors for married couples.

Personality characteristics are important factors, which have significant effects on marital adjustment. Since personality traits play silent roles in all aspects of human life, as well as social affairs, it can influence marital adjustment and living satisfaction. The present study investigated the role of personality trait dimensions and gender in predicting marital adjustment. Studding population included Art bachelor, master and PhD students in Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj branch. 224 couples were selected from students using two phases clustering sampling method. Short NEO-form tests and Lack-Wallas marital adjustment tests were used for data collection. Findings showed significant correlation coefficient between extraversion (P<0/05), agreeableness (P<0/01), consciousness (P<0/01), neuroticism (P<0/01), and gender (P<0/05) to predict the marital adjustment characteristics. Also, impact factors of gender coefficient variable (B=0/436) with regard to T statistics, indicates that sexuality variable by 0/99 certainty could predict marital adjustment variation. Women's marital adjustment was more frequent than men in this study. Research findings of the role of personality trait dimensions and gender in predicting marital adjustment indicates that extraversion personality trait, agreeableness, consciousness, neuroticism, and gender all could predict marital adjustment.

Personality traits are the fundamental factors that can influence the quality of couples’ relationships. Several studies have indicated that marital satisfaction has been affected deeply by couples’ personality traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits of the five factor model and marital satisfaction. Using descriptive-correlation method, 240 married students were selected randomly from Islamic Azad University in Sanandaj. Data were collected by using NEO-five factor criteria, marital satisfaction questionnaire, and a researcher made questionnaire and were analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistical tests such as correlation and multiple linear regression. The results of this study showed a significant negative correlation between neuroticism and marital satisfaction, and a significant positive correlation between extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeability with marital satisfaction. Couples’ personality traits are significant determinants predicting marital satisfaction.

This study was planned to compare family drawings created by children aged 5 to 10 years living in single parent and normal families. This descriptive study was conducted in spring 2009 in Sanandaj city, western part of Iran. The study was performed on 160 children (60 preschool and 100 elementary school children) aged 5 to 10 years. Eighty single parent children were selected based on systematic cluster sampling. Also 80 Normal children were randomly selected among normal families in Sanandaj. Subjects were assessed by Corman family drawing test. The children were free in their family drawings. The information remained confidential and they were analyzed using the descriptive indices plus chi square, t-dependent and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Children who are grown in single-parent families, comparing to children of normal families, had more tendency to exhibit emotional reactions in their drawings, for instance eliminate themselves or some parts of their body (P=0.001), eliminate one of the parents (P=0.001), draw their parents separately (P=0.017) and use less variety of coloration (P=0.001). Single parent children show some emotional reactions in their family drawings, different from drawings created by children with normal family.

One of the important aspects of human life is marriage and marital satisfaction. Marital satisfaction is a situation in which, couples have satisfaction and happy feeling of marriage and living together. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors influencing marital satisfaction in the students of Islamic Azad University in Sanandaj. This was a descriptive analytic study. The study population included 240 couples in this university who were selected by means of random sampling. The results of this study were collected by means of marital satisfaction inventory (M.S.I) and a researcher made questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by statistical regression test and variance analysis. The results of this study indicated that prediction of marital satisfaction by demographic variables (age, sex, education, occupation and number of off springs) is possible. Other results of this research indicated that with increasing age marital satisfaction decreases and there is a significant relation between marital years and factors such as attractiveness, rapport, attitude and spiritual matters with marital satisfaction. Demographic variables can be used to predict marital satisfaction in university students.