dr. vafa yazdanmanesh

The Regional literature contains descriptions of the characteristics of nature and people in specific areas. All regions of the world have a great deal of literature of this type, including Persian and Urdu literature. Several works in Regional literature have been produced by Ali Abbas Hosseini on the subcontinent of India and Pakistan and Mahmoud Dolatabadi in Iran. The Regional literature contains descriptions of the characteristics of nature and people in specific areas. All regions of the world have a great deal of literature of this type, including Persian and Urdu literature. Several works in Regional literature have been produced by Ali Abbas Hosseini on the subcontinent of India and Pakistan and Mahmoud Dolatabadi in Iran. First, the existing definitions of Regional literature and the history of Regional literature in Persian and Urdu literature will be briefly explained, and then, in an analytical and inferential manner, the elements and characteristics of Regional literature in the stories of Ali Abbas Hosseini and Mahmoud Dolat Abadi will be explored. First, the existing definitions of Regional literature and the history of Regional literature in Persian and Urdu literature will be briefly explained, and then, in an analytical and inferential manner, the elements and characteristics of Regional literature in the stories of Ali Abbas Hosseini and Mahmoud Dolat Abadi will be explored.

The book “Tahrik-e- Azadi men urdu ka hisa” (Army’s share in the freedom movement) is the work of the famous contemporary scholar Moinuddin Aqeel. The book, published in 2008, is one of the scholar's most valuable works on the history of Urdu in terms of Islamism, nationalism, libertarianism, and its impact on strengthening the Islamic mentality and promoting the social consciousness of Muslims. Here, the author has studied all the literary and non-literary forms of literature, including poetry and literary prose, even lectures, sermons, and conventions. The introduction of religious, political and literary movements on this subject has added to the scientific value and data of this research.

When British came to the India in the 19th century, Muslim has been faced with West and their accomplishments as well. Sultan Jahan Begum, the last Begum of Bhopal, was one of the most significant and influential Muslim who had a well-connected and close relationship with British in this time. she not only considered the education of Muslim women necessary, but also attached more importance to their education than men, and believed that if women were properly educated, the family and, consequently, society would prosper. Therefore, she spent an important part of her life in educating Indian Muslim girls and women. In this research, Which is compiled in the library method, after a brief introduction to Sultan Jahan Begum, her activities on the education of Muslim girls and women are described. Findings declare that Sultan jahan begum has taken various practical and theoretical measures to advance her educational aims

The literary phenomena of artists are reflection of their ideas, beliefs and spiritual greatness that emanates from their own outlook on universe and self-awareness.
Majid Amjad and Sohrab Sepehri are amongst those Poets that use religion, mysticism and Quranic verses in their poems.
Amjad who had a religious view towards the universe at first , got far from that perspective but after obtaining some scientific experiences ,he returned toward Religion and achieved self-realization in the last years of his life .
Sepehri has also got to know mystical methods in his life,he was always respecting all religions based on the principle of Monotheism . He reached to a mystic place at the end of his life by realizing the principle of unity and seeing the manifestation of God in all manifestations of nature. Our purpose is to examine the different approaches of religion, mysticism and Quranic verses in these two Persian and Urdu poets.
We will try to discuss it with descriptive, inferential and analysis methods based on their poems.

With the arrival of Islam in the Indian subcontinent, local languages of this area borrowed elements from Persian, Arabic, Turkish and also got the Arabic script and then formed the Urdu language.
Due to the Persian language which was the language of the courts of sultans of the different parts of this area such as Punjab, Deccan, and the north of India, the influence of Persian was greater than the other languages.
On the other hand, plenty of Iranian Sufis, in order to preach Islam, used words of local languages in their poems.
By the development of Urdu scientific, academic and translation centers helped to upgrade it purposefully.
The Urdu journals that published one after another in the Indian subcontinent to cover different topics had a significant role in increasing the awareness of Muslims in their religion and to establish their shared goal of gaining freedom.
Important Political and social figures such as Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Zafar Ali Khan, Abul Kalam Azad, Muhammad Ali Jannah and Iqbal Lahori, had great efforts for the convergence of Muslims by using this language in their writings and speeches.
Therefore, the Urdu language that got into the people’s political and social activities, and especially in the literature, had a great role in the separation of India and Pakistan establishment.

In the second half of the nineteenth century realistic stories were replaced by fictive ones in Urdu Literature. Wisdom and the important purposes of the Aligarh movement made very big changes in the fiction and novel. Nazir Ahmad and Abul-Halim Sharar were the first authors who created the novel. Their traditional beliefs could be felt in their novels. In their books and stories، first they were pointing to the role of women in the society and the family. Nazir Ahmad who did not like the European culture، started warning about westernization and the effects and problems which would come as a result.. He negated all the superstitious and religious misconceptions. Sharar started to write historical novels to create samples from Islamic Myths and in his novels cleared many things about the parties and groups which were not true. Ratan nath Sarshar، who was a Hindu، was well aware of Muslims and their beliefs، and started to describe muslim ‘s life and beliefs in the form of consolation. The varieties offered in the novels of these two writers has enriched Urdu literature.

England, to spread its increasing power, established Fort William College in the city of Calcutta in 1800. To promote the awareness of their officers, unintentionally they used the aboriginal culture and the language of the Indian subcontinent, and consequently helped increase the richness of the Urdu language. Writing in Urdu grew more and more, and this approach both extended the scope of the Urdu language and led to compilations in grammar. The result was the translation of Persian stories into Urdu that drew spectrums of people towards them. It seems that the cessation of the influence of the Persian language and its culture was the dominant policy of the British. Although Fort William’s life was too short, and was finally removed by its establishers, there still exists its wonderful back ground.In the present paper we attempt to investigate the motive of creating such a brilliant consequence concerning the basis and factors of closing Fort William. The focus of the article is to merge the investigation of the Britain’s policy and imposition of their views, the impact of the Persian language and literature on the texts produced there, and the formation procedure of prose literature of Urdu. The method of research is using reliable Urdu texts and analysis of the focus of the article.