fereidoon yazdani

Various factors can predict teachers' educational performance, one of which is their use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools. The role of these tools in influencing teachers' performance warrants a detailed review. This study investigates the correlation between the use of ICT tools and job performance among elementary school teachers.A descriptive cross-sectional approach was utilized for the methodology. The population included all public elementary school teachers (n=201) in the Sardroud region of Razan City, Iran, from September to November 2023. A total of 132 teachers participated in the study using a random sampling method. Two researcher-made questionnaires were utilized to gather data, each demonstrating a reliability exceeding 0.75. Consequently, the impact of ICT on teachers' job performance across cognitive, emotional, and skill dimensions was assessed.The study's findings indicated a direct and significant correlation between teachers' use of ICT tools in the teaching-learning process of the classroom with their cognitive (r=0.38, p=0.009), emotional (r=0.48, p=0.003) and skill (r=0.46, p=0.003) functions.The research findings indicate that teachers should be encouraged to incorporate ICT tools effectively into the classroom environment to improve their job performance and enhance the overall teaching and learning experience for their students.

The purpose of this research was to investigate ways of promoting the culture of praying among female students of elementary schools in Malayer city, in the academic year of 1401-1402. The research method is descriptive and survey-type and its statistical population include all the female students of the fourth, fifth and sixth grades of Malayer city, numbering 2541 people. Therefore, based on the sample size table of Karjesi and Morgan (1970, p,608), the number of 337 people was selected by the available method. The tool used was a researcher-made questionnaire titled "Measuring strategies for promoting the culture of prayer" whose content and form validity were confirmed by measurement and measurement professors and its reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha formula of 0.84.The data were analyzed with Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Friedman tests. In general, the results showed that from the point of view of the respondents, the “quality of physical facilities and cultural programs” can be the most important factor in attracting students to pray. The influence of other components included: “the behavior of teachers and school officials”, “the attitude and knowledge of students themselves”, the “family”, and finally “the curriculum and classmates”.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between organizational trust and organizational resilience with the perception of organizational silence among the art teachers in the city of Karbala, Iraq. Its research method was correlational and its statistical population included all secondary schools art teachers of Karbala city in 2023, numbering 146 people. Stratified random method was used for sampling, and based on this, 103 teachers were selected and participated in the study based on the sample size formula of Krejcie & Morgan (1970). Data were collected through three questionnaires: organizational trust made by Shafiee (1390), organizational resilience made by Amiri et al. (1397) and organizational silence made by Zakhariapour (1393). To measure the content validity of the scales, the Lawshe's Content Validity Index was used. So, the content validity of each scale was calculated as: 0.78, 0.74 and 0.75 respectively, which shows that the scales have sufficient content validity. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to measure the reliability of the tools. Based on this, the reliability of each scale was estimated as: 0.70, 0.82 and 0.81 respectively, which shows that the tools have sufficient reliability. SPSS version 26 software and correlation and regression tests were used for data analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational trust and organizational resilience with organizational silence (p>0.01). It was also found that three components of organizational trust and two components of organizational resilience are strong and negative predictors of organizational silence (p>0.01).

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the role of perception of managers' moral leadership style in teachers' motivation and job satisfaction. The research method was of correlational type & its statistical population included all secondary school teachers of Nahavand city in number of 366, using stratified random sampling method, 188 people were selected and participated in the study. Data collection tools included scales of: Kalshoven et al.'s (2011) Ethical Leadership Style, Blais' (1994) Self-determination Career motivation, and Minnesota Job Satisfaction (Weiss et al., 1967). To validate them, Lawshe's Content Validity Index was used. So, the validity of the scales was calculated as: 0.66, 0.58, and 0.49 respectively, which shows that the scales have validity. Cronbach's alpha was also used to measure the reliability of them. So, the reliability of each scale was estimated as: 0.81, 0.77, and 0.70 respectively, which shows that the tools have reliability. SPSS version 26 software & correlation and regression tests were used for data analysis. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between moral leadership and motivation & job satisfaction (p>0.05). It was also found that among the components of ethical leadership, the dimensions: "power sharing", "fairness" and "integrity" respectively play the most important role in predicting teachers' job motivation, and the dimensions: "people orientation", "fairness" & "role clarification" also respectively, they play the biggest role in predicting teachers' job satisfaction. so, it is suggested to teach ethical leadership methods to managers and encourage them to follow these methods.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of the implementation of the Islamic rites and life skills training plan. The research method was survey. The statistical population included all the implementers (principals and teachers) of the plan, the total number of whom was 223 in the academic year 2020-2021. Due to the small size of the population, the census method was used; accordingly, the views of all participants were tested through a researcher-made questionnaire, but only 149 questionnaires were completed and returned by the presenters, and therefore the final analysis was performed only on this number of samples. The questionnaire used in this project was based on 6 basic components of the plan. These components include: "Proportionality of the content used in the project", "Proportionality of project implementation methods", "Proportionality of project evaluation methods", "Proportionality of administrative and managerial support methods", "Effectiveness of the project in creating Islamic life rites and skills And "alignment of design programs with the needs and goals of teachers." The questionnaire was based on the Likert scale and content and face validity were used to ensure its validity; Cronbach's alpha test was used to determine its reliability; Based on this, the value of reliability coefficient for all items: 0.91 was obtained. The results showed that from the implementers’ point of view this plan was successful, but the results of component analysis showed that this plan was not successful in the third component (the appropriateness of the evaluation methods of the project).

Research showed that play therapy has improved behavioral disorders, but could play therapy also be effective for anxiety disorder in students?

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of play therapy on reducing anxiety in elementary school students.

The present study was a quasi-experimental  design with pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of the present study included all elementary second grade female students from SAMA schools in the city of Malayer (68 students). Among them, a sample of 30 students who had the highest  scores of anxiety on Kingery et al. (2009) child anxiety scale was selected and placed randomly into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 10 sessions of play therapy(Mohammad-Esmaeil, 2010) intervention and no intervention was performed on the control group. The scores of screening test for  students’ anxiety were considered as pre-test, and after the intervention, the children anxiety test was readministered to both groups and its scores were considered as post-test. The data were analyzed by ANCOVA analysis and independent t-tests.

The results showed that play therapy had positive significant effects on reducing social anxiety, separation anxiety, and harm avoidance (p<0/05), whereas it had no significant effects on children’s physical symptoms (p>0/05).

Play therapy can be an effective treatment on anxiety disorder of elementary female students.

specialists belives that the perfectionism can be related to much psychological traits of heman beings; such as self-esteem, academic achievement and academic motivation variables. the main purpose of this research was to determine the relationships between perfectionism with self-esteem, academic achievement and academic motivation, among the elementary students of Famenin city, between the academic years of 2017-2018. the research method was descriptive, kind of correlational base. The statistical population of it include all sixth grade elementary students of Famenin city. The total number of this students were 245 people. So, in terms of one-phase cluster sampling method, 150 individual (including 95 female and 57 male) were selected based on the Krejcie & Morgan (1970) formula. The instruments were the valid and reliable scales (the Persian copy): the Scale of Hill’s Perfectionism, Harter’s Academic Motivation questionnaire, and also Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory. Also for assessing the academic achievement of the students, the scours of their midterm were used. the results showed that there are significant and positive relationship between the students’ positive perfectionism with self-esteem and academic achievement and significant and negative relation between the negative perfectionism with self-esteem and academic achievement (P> 0/05). Also there are respectively a positive and negative significant relationships between the positive perfectionism with intrinsic and extrinsic academic motivation; and a negative and positive significant relationships between the negative perfectionism with intrinsic and extrinsic academic motivation (P> 0/05).  inorder to increase the students’ self-esteem, academic achievement and academic motivation, we must learn them to concentrate upon the positive aspects of perfectionism.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of teachers’ in-service virtual training system. The method of the study was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study included all 2040 teachers who have participated at least once in one of the teachers’ in-service virtual training courses. For sampling، a convenience method was used، through which 325 subjects were selected. For data gathering، a researcher-made questionnaire، namely ''questionnaire for value-satisfaction assessment of virtual training system'' was used. Validity of the questionnaire based on Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio was 0. 63. Reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using Chronbach''s Alpha test that was 0. 92 and 0. 90 for constructs value and satisfaction، respectively. Results revealed that there was no significant correlation between value and satisfaction constructs، so they were independent constructs. Furthermore، the results out of the data analysis with value-satisfaction grid analysis indicated that teachers'' in-service virtual training system was effective neither at any one of four dimensions (supporting quality، content quality، availability and technology) nor with respect to the overall system. In addition، the results out of data analysis by benchmarking instrument of LeVIS index showed that the effectiveness status of teachers’ virtual system both at any one of four dimensions and with respect to the overall system was moderate.

the general aim of this research was to make a reliable and valid test for assessing the students’ information literacy at Payame-Noor University. the method of this research was descriptive (survey) research, and statistical population of it included all students that enrolled in all branches of Payam-Noor University of Hamedan province. The total number of those were 28530 people. For sampling ofpopulation, a cluster sampling method was used. On the basis of this method, the 387 subjects were selected. For gathering of dada a research-made questionnaire was used. This questionnaire has made based on the Likert scale (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low). The component of scale (questionnaire) included 5 standard competency of ACRL. The questionnaire included 30 items in the form of self-report statements. For becoming suitable of items, the discriminative power method was used and formal, content and constructive (convergent validity and factor analysis) methods were used for validating of it. Based on the convergent validity, the correlation coefficient between my questionnaire and Asgharnia’s Questionnaire (2009) was 0.77. Also, results of explanatory factor analysis on the items of questionnaire lead to extraction of 6 factors with a total cumulative variance explained nearly 66/5%. Also, on the basis of confirmatory factor analysis, the 5 factors with a total cumulative variance explained nearly 63%, were extracted. For making items reliable, the Cronbach’s alpha was used (α=0.94). in general, results show that the research-made scale (information literacy questionnaire) is a suitable and reliable instrument for assessing the information literacy of distance learner. Also, other result of research shows that the level of students’ information literacy skills at Payam-e-Noor University is moderate. one of the results of this study was that the instrument (scale) is valid & reliable, so using this scale is proposed for assessing of Students’ Information Literacy at other branches of Payam-e-Noor University. Another result of research was that level of students’ information literacy in PNU isn’t desirable and there is a gap between status quo and desirable situation; therefore some interventions (such as: formal and informal instruction) for rising of students’ information literacy is proposed.

The aim of this research was to make a valid and reliable questionnaire for assessing the information literacy of distance learners. The statistical population of it included all students that enrolled in all branches of Payam-e-Noor University of Hamedan province. The total number of those was 28530 people. For sampling of subjects، a cluster sampling method was used. On the basis of this method، 387 subjects were selected based on Kerejsi and Morgan table. To gather data، a research-made questionnaire was used. This questionnaire was made based on the Likert scale (very high، high، moderate، low، and very low). The components of the instrument (questionnaire) included 5 standard competency of ACRL. The questionnaire is composed of 30 items in the form of self-report statements. To make the items suitable، discriminative power method was used، and to validate the items، content، formal and construct validity (convergent validity and factor analysis) were used. Based on the convergent validity، the correlation coefficient between this questionnaire and Asghrnia’s Questionnaire (2009) was 0/77. Also، results of explanatory factor analysis on the items of questionnaire led to extraction of 6 factors with a total cumulative variance explained nearly 66%. For making items reliable، the Cronbach’s alpha was used (a=0/94). Results show that the research-made scale (information literacy questionnaire) is a suitable and a reliable instrument for assessing the information literacy of distance learners. Moreover، other results of the research shows that there are a significant and positive correlation between learners’ level of information literacy skills and their age.

Today, many of universities and private institutions are founding in design of e-learning systems. Understanding of what factors or components are important in evaluation of these systems effectiveness from the learners’ point of view, help to focus funding upon effective components and ignore or exclusion of ineffective or neutral factors. Therefore, this paper with purpose of offering a fairly comprehensive perspective from effectiveness of e-learning systems, has tried to recognize and extract effective factors or components on effectiveness of e-learning systems. At the same time, the Shahr-e-Rey’s virtual college of anecdote sciences as an example has investigated. The research method of this research was descriptive (survey research). The statistical population was included all postgraduate and undergraduate student of mentioned virtual college. The total number of this student was 1296 people that in autumn semester of 2009 were enrolled and studied all the semester. For sampling of subjects, a biased method was used. Therefore, based on this biased method, the 325 subjects were selected. For gathering of data, the Levy’s questionnaire of assessing the value-satisfaction with e-learning systems’ characteristics was used. For determination of validity of mentioned questionnaire, the content, construct and formal validity were used. Also, for approving the reliability of this questionnaire, the test of Cronbach’s Alpha was used. Thus, in terms of this test, the alpha for both constructs (value and satisfaction) respectively was: 0.95 and 0.94. However, the results of this study showed that these constructs (value and satisfaction) were distinct (independent) constructs and results of factor analysis showed that these constructs had different factor structures and also factor analysis in any one (value & satisfaction) lead to extraction of different factors. Afterward, on the basis of confirmatory factor analysis in value construct, the four factors (learners’ environmental support; technology; technical support & classmates; course & professor) with a total cumulative variance explained nearly 61.5%, were extracted and as well as, on the basis of confirmatory factor analysis in satisfaction construct, the four factors (course & professor; availability; technology & technical support; learner & classmates) with a total cumulative variance explained nearly 50%, were extracted. Furthermore, another result of this survey showed that there wasn’t any significant correlation between value and satisfaction measures.

E-learning as the youngest generation of distance education, rapidly has developed in recent years, in majority of institutional systems. But in spite of its rapid growth, there are many challenges and ambiguities about it. Some of these challenges are: the lack of a clear and definite definition for it, the lack of a precise classification for kinds of e-learning formats, and finally, the accurate and appropriate forms of interaction in e-leaning environment, in current literature, was not available.In this paper, authors by using theoretical methods of research have tried to respond to all above proposed ambiguities. Initially, by made a comprehensive review on various definitions that is existed in available literature, authors has endeavoured to find a good definition for it and then, refined its defects. Second, have tried to offer and present a comprehensive classification for e-learning formats and explored the features of them. Finally, different forms of interaction in e-learning environments have discussed. Author believes that this article is very applicable and useful for all educational specialists and it can open a new vision in front of all practitioners’ eye.