h. rafiee

In contemporary marketing, maintaining and enhancing customer loyalty toward a company's products or services has become a primary focus. Among the factors influencing customer loyalty is ethical marketing, a field of applied ethics related to the principles governing behavior, advertising, and regulation in marketing. Over the past two decades, ethical consumerism has grown in importance due to increasing social and environmental concerns. This study examines the impact of ethical components on Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) for dairy product consumers in Tehran in 2023. A total of 710 questionnaires were completed, and the GWRFM method was employed to extract the necessary information for calculating CLV. The results revealed a high frequency of clusters with low lifetime value. In the subsequent phase, multinomial logit regression was utilized to analyze the effect of ethical components on CLV, highlighting the significant positive impact of adherence to industry regulations and acceptance of social responsibility. Therefore, it is recommended that stakeholders in the dairy industry assure customers of their compliance with regulations and social responsibility to elevate them to higher-value clusters and foster loyalty. By respecting ethical norms, a substantial portion of consumers of cheese, yogurt, and ayran products may transition toward becoming valuable customers in this sector.

Iran Mercantile Exchange is striving to become a regional hub for price discovery of essential commodities and raw materials, providing producers with financial instruments and risk management tools. This study investigates the optimal hedge ratio in future and commodity deposit receipts (spot) contracts for Round Fandoghi pistachios. Using the BEKK-VAR-TARCH model, the impact of seasonal and daily volatility on returns and hedge ratios was assessed over the period from 19 October 2018 to 18 January 2022. The results showed that volatility on specific days of the week and during different seasons affect speculative and investment decisions in the commodity exchange. Particularly, sharp volatility during certain periods can lead to significant changes in returns and hedge ratios. These findings suggest that investors should update their investment strategies based on seasonal and daily volatilities. Additionally, the importance of utilizing financial instruments suited to market conditions for managing existing risks was confirmed. Ultimately, investors, speculators, and policymakers in the commodity exchange are advised to pay special attention to temporal changes and existing volatilities when composing their investment portfolios and adjusting hedge strategies. Furthermore, the use of futures contracts and derivative instruments is recommended as risk management approaches. This study contributes to a better understanding of volatility behavior and offers strategies for improved risk management in the Round Fandoghi pistachio market.

The performance of Bank Keshavarzi of Iran (BKI)/ Agriculture Bank of Iran in the field of facility repayment indicates a decrease in the amount of facility repayment, which can be a serious issue for the survival of financial and credit institutions. Therefore, this study aimed at ranking the factors affecting the credit risk of agricultural facilities in fattening units in Ardabil province of Iran. The data was collected in 2019 through questionnaires and interviews with banking experts and facility recipients. The results of the logit model showed that the variables of being a previous customer of the bank, years of repayment, experience, amount of facilities and cash flow at the level of five percent and variables of hall area, farmyard and number of installments, education and ownership at level ten percent would affect the repayment of the facility; in addition, based on qualitative analysis, from the facility recipients’ viewpoints, the most important factors affecting non-repayment would include the lack of food input at a reasonable price and lack of government support, natural disasters and failure to evaluate the plan at the current price.

 In the modern world, there is interdependence between the economies of different countries and it is difficult to find a country that has a closed economy. In other words, all the economies of the world are interconnected, but the degree of openness of the economy varies from country to country. One of the ways to reach global markets in transition countries is to develop the export of non-oil products, especially agricultural products, which cannot be achieved without considering the market structure of exportable commodities. Due to the high share of the country in the production of this product versus its small share in the export of this product and on the other hand the lack of comprehensive research on determining appropriate target markets and active presence in it, the present study seeks to examine the comparative advantage , The structure of the export market and finally the prioritization of the target countries of Iranian tomato export using numerical taxonomy (by prioritizing the target countries of Iran based on a set of indicators) to provide scientific solutions to producers of this product to identify and select the appropriate target market.

 Considering the high potential of the country in the field of tomato production and export, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the comparative advantage, determining the structure of the export market and prioritizing the export target markets of this product in Iran. The study period of this research is 2001-2018. For this purpose, the present study has examined the business model and structure of the export market of tomatoes in Iran and the world using the revealed comparative advantage, symmetric revealed comparative advantage, concentration ratios and Herfindahl-Hirschman index. After introducing the indicators of comparative advantage, the market structure index will be examined. Market structure reflects the organizational characteristics of the market, including the concentration of sellers, buyers' concentration, entry conditions and the degree of homogeneity of goods, which can be identified by identifying the nature of pricing, market competition and market type between competition and complete monopoly. Then, in order to prioritize the target markets of Iranian tomatoes, the method of numerical taxonomy analysis was used, which can be used to rank the regions in terms of comparative advantages and potentials and capacities. In this method, first each set is transformed into a homogeneous set based on the desired indicators and then prioritization will be done based on the expressed indicators.

 The study of tomato export trends in recent years shows that there is a growth in the export value of this product, but in contrast to the export advantage of Iranian tomatoes during the period under review has been accompanied by many fluctuations and this indicates a competitive risk for tomato exporters in the country. Therefore, adopting policies for permanent monitoring and policy-making to improve the level of competitiveness of Iranian exporters, such as raising the quality of packaging, advertising to introduce the product in new and developed markets, as well as setting preferential tariffs with other countries seems necessary. The study of the structure of the Iranian tomato market showed that during the period under review, the structure of the Iranian tomato export market was not diverse and focused on a few specific countries, which caused instability and a decrease in foreign currency income from tomato exports. The bargaining power of Iran in the world market of this product has decreased, which has ultimately been to the detriment of Iran and the benefit of importing countries. Therefore, it is recommended in the field of trade of this product by identifying new and emerging export target markets and shipping commodities to these countries, as well as increasing the number of export target markets and bringing Iran's export market closer to a competitive state, to prevent Iran's tomato exports to concentrate on a few limited and traditional markets (dominant firm).

 In this study, using the method of numerical taxonomy analysis as an efficient method, we tried to identify Iran's export target markets during the period 2001-2009. Finally, according to the ten indicators of market attractiveness, potential target markets for future exports of Iranian tomatoes were selected. The results of prioritizing the target markets of Iranian tomatoes showed that out of 25 countries importing Iranian tomatoes, 23 countries were among the target markets for exporting Iranian tomatoes. Among the major actual markets of Iranian tomatoes, which account for the largest imports of this product from Iran, only 4 countries, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, UAE and Armenia are among the 10 countries with high priority, and the rest of the importers of tomatoes from Iran is considered as a target market with low priority. Therefore, in the export of tomatoes, a policy should be adopted that shifts the main focus to high-priority countries to penetrate them with full awareness of all the conditions of the target markets, especially the tastes of customers.

The date is one of the most important export products in the Iranian agricultural sector. The significant share of dates in Iranian non-oil exports indicates the importance of the production and export of this product over the other agricultural products. Using numerical taxonomy approach, the present study aimed at investigating and determining the export pattern of Iranian dates based on market continuity indices, standard market continuity, average of price of date (US$), average import share of target country, coefficient of price fluctuation of date (US$), and coefficient of imported share of the target country fluctuation. The stugy results from prioritization of date exports to target countries indicated that the best export markets of Iranian Zahedi dates were Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey, the best export markets of Iranian Stameran dates were Australia, UAE, Canada, UK and Poland, the best export markets of Iranian Mazafati dates were India, UAE, Turkey, Pakistan and Azerbaijan, the best export markets of Iranian Kabkab dates were Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, UAE and Iraq and the best export markets of Iranian Shahani dates were UAE and India. Considering the results of prioritization of the target countries in different tariff codes, it is recommended to take advantage of the preferential and bilateral agreements in the marketing of dates in the countries prioritized in each tariff code (presented in the results) so that the required conditions for export pattern change and access to the suggested pattern are provided.

Agricultural and food industry exports are one of the strategies for export development and sustainable economic growth in developing countries. Since Iran has been among the top ten countries in the export of tomatoes and tomato paste in recent years, the purpose of this article was to compare the global market structure of these two products as two links in the tomato supply chain and calculate the revealed comparative advantage of their exports in the world and the target countries. According to the results, the global market structure of both products in the period 2010-2018, despite the high share of the top four market powers, has been an open oligopoly for most of the years, which indicates a small share of the most competitors and high competition between them. However, due to the large share and stability of market leadership, it is unlikely that small countries will be able to capture the share of large countries. Therefore, it is suggested that Iran, with an average share of 1.61 percent in the tomato market and 5.30 percent in the paste market, prioritize a number of markets in which it has more competitiveness for market penetration, market development, and branding. On average, exports of tomatoes and tomato paste to Turkmenistan, Iraq, and Afghanistan have had the greatest comparative advantage for Iran. It is proposed to prioritize competition, market development, and branding in a number of markets in which it has competitiveness and stability based on the revealed comparative advantage index, including Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. It is worth mentioning that due to the higher comparative advantage of tomato paste compared to tomato, its higher added value, more branding, and storage and transportation capabilities, it is recommended, with the development of investment in food processing industries and the completion of supply chain and marketing. Development of the export market of tomato paste should be a priority of the country.

In this study, in order to investigate the effects of climatic-economic variables on the degradation of forests in Iran, the Autoregressive Distributed-lagged model (ARDL) has been applied during the period from 1991 to 2014. The results of the short-term estimation revealed that the dependent variable is significant at the 10% level and also, according to the "Bannerji statistics", the long-term relationship between the variables is confirmed. Long-term model results reveal that the per capita income has a negative sign which is significant at 1% level. The second-power variable has a positive sign which is significant at 1% level, in other words, there is U-shaped relationship between the degradation of forest and per capita income, which means that Kuznets's environmental hypothesis is not in line with the degradation of forests in Iran. Moreover, the elasticity of per capita income reveals that with a one percent increase in per capita income, the degradation of forest will decline by 4.03 percent. Considering that per capita income is derived from GDP into the population, therefore, in order to achieve the least degradation in the relationship between per capita income and deforestation, it is recommended to pay attention to environmental considerations in domestic production. In other words, considering green accounting, in addition to importing forest income, forest degradation costs are also included. In case of harvesting, the conditions of planting and restoration should be considered. It is also suggested that in the field of population, demographic policies should also be oriented towards the proportionate populations with resources. Also, the variables of rainfall to temperature ratio and the second power of precipitation to temperature ratio have negative and positive signs respectively. In other words, there is a U-shaped relationship between forest degradation and precipitation to temperature.

The development of economic valuation techniques and their potential applications to environmental assessment have important role in environmental economics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the conservation value of the Khabr National Park in Iran and peoplechr('39')s willingness to pay for preserving it. This park is one of the most important environmental resources of the country in terms of its flora and fauna in Iran. A contingent valuation method with a dichotomous choice questionnaire based on a logit model was applied to determine the conservation value and peoplechr('39')s willingness to pay for preserving the park. The required data was collected through completed questionnaires. Results indicated that the influence of the variables of bid, monthly income, gender, job and education level on households’ willingness to pay are statistically significant. Therefore, an increase in income, education level, and peoplechr('39')s expertise increases their willingness to pay, and an increase in bid decreases their willingness to pay. The Iranian householdschr('39') average monthly willingness to pay for this parkchr('39')s conservation value was estimated at 4,328.6 Rials. The results of the study indicated that the use of the public capacities to protect the natural resources and the environment is a step in financing and participation of people for better protection of the environment.

Different fromterrestrial WSNs, the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network shave many uniquecharacteristics,such ashigherdynamictopology and sparse node density.UASN are affected by ambientenvironmental conditions leading toTransmission loss, Noise, Multi path, Doppler spread and largeand variablePropagation delays intransmissions.Furthermore,Low bandwidth,leading to greater bit-error rates (BER).Nodes are mostly battery powered and it is difficult to replenish their supply.Considering that our country has a wide sea borders on the Persian Gulf region and this region is of particular economic and military conditions,research in this area is so important.The fundamentaldifferences between underwater acoustic propagation andterrestrial radio propagation call for new criteria forthe design of routing protocols.The objective of this paper,is to identify issuesrelated to the underwater environment, to provide the appropriate routing protocols forrelevant networks.

According to the importance of date export in Iran, this study investigates short run and long run relationship between date export and important economical variable, specifically exchange rate. For this purpose, an autoregressive distributed lag approach (ARDL) to cointegration is applied to annually time-series data from 1981 to 2007. Results showed that the exchange rate, export price of date and agricultural value added have positive and statistically significant impacts on export value of date in both long and short-run. According to the results, it’s recommended to apply appropriate policy about exchange rate. Finally, according to estimated coefficient of the Error Correction Model (ECM), in each period 66 percent of short run imbalance toward the long-run equilibrium is adjusted.

Clinical learning environment has an important role in clinical learning of nursing students. Differences between expected and actual clinical learning environment of nursing student reduces their interest in clinical environment and clinical performance. Therefore, the aim of present study was to compare the perception of nursing students of expected and actual clinical learning environment in medical-surgical wards.

This descriptive-longitudinal study was conducted 75 baccalaureate nursing students from Urmia nursing & midwifery faculty. In the beginning of the semester, the expected perception of their clinical environment was determined and in the end of semester the actual perception of students of their clinical environment was determined again. For data analysis, clinical learning environment inventory was used that contain 49 item in six areas. Data analysis was conducted by SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The findings showed that the average score of nursing students’ perception of expected clinical learning environment was 154.89 ± 14.05 and the average score of nursing students’ perception of actual clinical learning environment was 108.41 ± 12.78. The dependent sample t-test showed that there were statistical differences between actual and expected perception on nursing students regarding clinical learning environment.

The gap between nursing students’ perception of expected and actual clinical learning environment may have negative effects on their clinical learning. This indicates that nursing education managers should further attend to clinical learning environment of nursing students.

Agricultural insurance is one of the most effective tool that can support farmers against natural disasters. The Goal of this study is effective factors indentify to satisfaction farmers, in three groups of agricultural, horticulturists and livestock in the province of Khorasan Razavi in 2009. For sampling used method of multi-stage cluster and sample size were determined 503 samples in farmers, 250 samples of horticulturists and 270 samples of livestock. Result display in attitude variables, education and precedent variables in the group of livestock is statistically significant. In Functional variable, variables of time of participate in extension classes in agricultural units, membership of agricultural organizations in livestock units, timely services in livestock units, amount of compensation in the agricultural and horticulturists units, information have a significant effect in three groups of farming , horticulturists and livestock. In Structural variables, the rules and regulations in the three groups with high sure percent, it has been significant and premium rate is been a significant and negative impact in livestock units only.

Land and its size are important as the most basic factors of production in agriculture .Fragmentation is one of the main problems that rice producers of Mazandaran province are confronted with. Non-efficiency in farm management, inability in effective using of agriculture technology and machinery, and low range productivity of production are all related to land fragmentation. In order to overcome the problems and consequences originating from land fragmentation, specialists recommend the logical solution of land consolidation process, which is a basic strategy for changing the farm size. The purpose of this research was to identify and determine effective factors in land consolidation adoption by rice producers in Mazandaran province by using Logit Regression model. In this study, 150 rice producers from 5 villages have been investigated since 2007. Results show that variables of education, land quality, fragment distance and extension effort (learning programs) are the most important factors in land consolidation adoption by rice producers in this province (Sig=1%) . Also, number of the household and credit support are the next factors affecting in land consolidation adoption (Sig= 5%). I t must be noted that other variable such as age, farmer’s income, children education, experience of rice producers, cultivation area, membership in cooperatives, land situation, number of pieces and technical supports were not significantly involved.