hossein karimzadeh

Improving entrepreneurship and businesses of tourism destinations, especially rural tourism, has a very important role in the sustainability of villages and can provide the basis for reducing heavy damages caused by COVID-19 and achieving sustainability. the goal of this research; The analysis of the key driving forces in entrepreneurship and post-corona tourism businesses on the sustainability of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari tourism target villages. The current research is of an applied type and based on its nature, descriptive-analytical, data collection was done by documentary and field method. The questionnaire was prepared in the form of a mik-mik questionnaire and distributed and completed among the members of the sample community in order to extract the key drivers of entrepreneurship and post-coronavirus tourism businesses on the sustainability of the target villages. A total of 36 questionnaires were prepared for the experts of the rural area and the relevant organizations. Mic Mac software was used for data analysis and structural analysis of the impact of each of the indicators in entrepreneurship and post-corona tourism businesses on sustainability. The results of the research show that among the 54 investigated factors, 15 influential key drivers have been identified, which according to the high score of direct and indirect influence, in the order of the factors: creating businesses related to ecotourism accommodations with influence, direct (12+) indirect (20228+) ), encouraging local investors to create job opportunities with impact, direct (10+) indirect (17266+), activity level of rural managers to expand entrepreneurship, familiarization with new business fields with impact, direct (8+) indirect (6202+) They are more effective than other engines.

Context and Purpose :

The tourism industry has been greatly impacted by the outbreak of the Coronavirus, resulting in a period of stagnation and job losses. To improve conditions and expedite the reconstruction of this industry, it is important to understand the factors and components that affect tourism businesses in the post-coronavirus era. To this end, a research study was conducted to investigate and identify these factors, particularly as they apply to rural tourism businesses.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The study used a quantitative research method and was carried out through the descriptive-analytical approach in the spring of 2023. The study area was in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, and the statistical population of the research included all heads of rural households living in 13 villages targeted for tourism in this province. The questionnaire used in the study was validated by professors and elites, and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha.

The results of the study showed that seven factors extracted from the data explained 62.56% of the total variance of the dependent variable.

The explanation percentage of the seven extracted factors in order of importance is as follows: the first factor is infrastructure-support, 16.75; the second factor is educational-cultural, 12.42; the third factor is potential measurement and recognition of capacities, 9.97; the fourth factor is recovery of health and mental conditions, 8.74; the fifth factor is technology development, 5.26; the sixth factor is change of approach and management flexibility, 4.83; and the seventh factor is central environment explain, 59.4% of the total variance of the dependent variable.

Originality/value:

 Reviewing the literature related to the factors affecting rural tourism businesses and their extraction in the post-Covid era can be very valuable as a guide for policies and operations. Based on this, a study was conducted to identify the factors affecting tourism businesses and entrepreneurship in the post-Covid era in tourism villages of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces.

Nowadays foresight is widely used across an array of sciences, planning and policy makings. Scenario planning is one the methods of future studies- a tool for analyzing the policies, understanding the conditions, the threats, the needs and the superior values of the future. In this regard, the present study tries to address the formulation of tourism sustainable development scenarios of tourism destination villages - saqez county using Morphol software. This research is an applied one and it is descriptive-analytic in nature and method. The data and information required for the research are a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collected through documentary and survey studies (interviewing experts). FL MicMac software was used to analyze data and identifying key factors and Morphological analysis and Morphol software were used to analyze and formulate the scenarios. The results of the study indicate the impact of 10 key factors. According to the scenario analyses, these factors lead to 40 possible conditions. The results of the Morphol software indicate that there are four scenarios with strong compatibility that are more likely to occur in the future development of sustainable tourism in the study villages. Then, by comparing the scenarios with the help of components such as "probability percentage", "inertia value" and "degree of utility ", the third scenario is selected as the optimal scenario which shows the movement towards relative participation and solidarity between people and tourists, system planning for climate sustainability of tourism destination villages, relative awareness of people and tourists, relative competition between tourism destination villages. Establish integrated rural management and concessions to the private sector for more activity in the field of tourism need such a move. This scenario seeks to grow tourism through the implementation of a comprehensive tourism plan and attract investors from outside the region. Through increasing the attention of governmental and non-governmental institutions create the fundamental changes in tourism resource quality planning to travel to the studied villages.

This research aims to qualitatively-quantitatively analyze the relationship between regional advantages and effective factors in rural tourism entrepreneurship.

To explain the effective regional advantages in rural tourism ‎entrepreneurship, firstly, the analyzed indicators were collected using ‎theoretical references from various sources, and a qualitative interview ‎method was used to analyze the effective factors in rural tourism ‎entrepreneurship. Then, the overall results obtained from both steps of the ‎qualitative method were coded for analysis in the quantitative part, ‎using the structural equation model by Smart PLS software, were ‎analyzed.‎

In the variable of effective factors in rural tourism entrepreneurship, in the ‎institutional dimension, the factor of easy access to institutions and ‎cooperatives supporting entrepreneurial activities, and in the social ‎dimension,  the factor of not having stress in difficult situations showed the ‎highest level of influence. In the variable of regional advantages ‎effective in rural tourism entrepreneurship, in the political-legal dimension, ‎the factor of the existence of government incentives for entrepreneurs in ‎line with rural entrepreneurship, and in the infrastructural dimension, the ‎factor of access to the gasoline and fuel distribution point, showed the ‎highest level of influence. ‎

The research results show that the relationship between regional advantages and effective factors in rural tourism entrepreneurship is confirmed with a value of 4.39.

Innovation: 

Based on the background of the studies, efforts were made to fill the research gap. Several unique approaches were made to better understand rural tourism entrepreneurship. However, a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) was used to select the most suitable model to investigate this relationship by evaluating different points of view. The findings of this study will be useful in future planning.

The theory of non-representation is especially related to employment and promises to create alternative jobs to maintain population and income in rural areas. In this regard, the creative village approach is a new concept in the postmodern space. After the discovery of new thinking and the creative mind in the direction of the creative village approach in Ujan-e Gharbi Rural District in Bostanabad county, the key drivers of the creative village were identified in the realm of non-representational theory. The simultaneous use of two qualitative and quantitative methods, i.e., phenomenology and foresight, in the form of a research method mixed with the method of tool development, is the method used in the present research, which is analytical-structural in nature and practical in terms of purpose. According to the results of the research, the creative village is a space consisting of drivers and effective formations relying on forward-looking "leadership" and multidimensional and divergent thinking along with the power of influence in the local society, which has the objective dimension of social "participation" (network of social interactions) as the first and The main condition is governing it and it has the necessary "flexibility" in the ability to establish a relationship with mutual respect (empathy); It provides the necessary platform for "initiative" and innovation in the path of entrepreneurship and the process of generating new ideas, and along with all these issues, it has the power of "risk-taking" in all types of venture investments.

Access, plays an important role in rural development as there is a meaningful relationship between rural development and access to infrastructure services. Villages that have less access to essential services, especially transport, faced with a lot of structural and socio-economic constraints, which are obstacles to sustainable rural development. The present study seeks to examine the accessibility and the factors affecting it. Accordingly, it is considered with descriptive-analytic research method. The statistical population of the study, consisted of villages in the central District of Tabriz County (52 villages) that there needed data were gathered from rural municipals. After validity and reliability of the research, in order to evaluate accessibility, we used the Dematel technique and ANP, then to assess the role of different elements in accessibility of rural areas, we used SEM in Amos software. Initial results of Rural Accessibility Survey showed that the Mayan Sefli village had the highest accessibility and the final result of the research are determining the role of factors in rural accessibility based on factors such as distance from the city, service centers and social status of the village are more effective than other factors in accessibility.

Food security and nutrition are the main themes of national development that new attitudes, necessities and priorities have been revealed at the policy-making level and have become one of the challenges of the 21st century in recent years. The current study is practical and in terms of nature and methodology is descriptive and analytical. For collecting data, (questionnaire, interview, and observation) has been used. The context of study is Heris and Bostanabad Counties in East Azerbaijan city.Three factors were considered in selecting the sample villages in the above-mentioned cities; 1) Geographical distribution in rural areas, 2) Topographic factor and altitude, and 3) Number of rural population and households (villages with more than 50 households), and thus 18 villages from Bostanabad county and 10 villages from Heris county were selected for research. The statistical population consists of heads of rural households. The selected villages have a population of 26,087 people and 7,574 rural households, of which 392 households were selected using the Cochran's formula. In order to analyze the data, sample t-tests, SAW technique, Kendall, Kruskalovalis, etc. were used. The results showed that the status of all food security indicators (access, access, consumption method and stability) in the study area was evaluated favorably and the villages of Jigheh, shirvanehdeh and Charmkhurane-Sofla are in the first to third ranks in terms of food security and food security is high compared to other villages studied. Meanwhile, the villages of Khashndarq, Ein al-Din and Baroug are in the last ranks in terms of food security in the study area and in these villages, food security is low compared to other villages. Also, economic factor (income, employment, production, exploitation, economic diversification, etc.) has been identified as the most important factors in increasing food security in rural areas from the perspective of research respondents.

Non-representational theories have influenced rural geography, and geographers are dealing with rural issues not only discursively, but also as part of a set of embodied, practiced, and experienced elements of life. Local plans of rural settlements are among the important rural issues and the present study aims to identify the shortcomings and inadequacies of these plans in East Azerbaijan province. Research in the context of NRT as a mixed inductive thinking method has used a qualitative method (phenomenology with MAXQDA) to discover propositions; from the mixed method (Q) to subjectivize and discover mental patterns and finally, the quantitative method (SEM by LISREL method) to determine the final effective factors in rural local planning. "Lack of a clear management system for the village" (local management); "Lack of attention to local production methods" (knowledge-based); "Weakness in the procurement system (scientific weakness of consulting engineers in recognizing the needs of the villagers)" (evaluation-oriented); "Process and content ambiguity in how policies and programs are formulated" (explicit); And "Lack of attention to local indigenous knowledge and rural participation in local planning" (participatory and eco-oriented) were identified as five perspectives or mental models on the most important shortcomings of local rural development planning. The final comparison and validation of quantitative and qualitative methods showed that the "lack of a clear management system for the village" and "weakness in the local planning system" as the main shortcomings are two important propositions that provincial experts, local managers, and members of the local rural community agree on them.

the present study examines the sustainability of development in rural areas of Jiroft and spatial factors affecting it. In terms of purpose, practical and in terms of nature and method of performance, descriptive-analytical. In order to collect the data, 38 sample villages located in Jiroft county were selected. The sample size of the present study consists of two groups of household heads and experts in the field of rural planning. CoCoSo multi-criteria decision making technique and K-cluster analysis have been used to evaluate the sustainability of development in rural settlements and analyze the data obtained from the Household Survey Questionnaire and Friedman test in SPSS software environment was used to analyze the data obtained from the expert questionnaire in relation to the prioritization of spatial factors affecting development sustainability. Villages are ranked and graded according to the value of (Ki) based on CoCoSo technique, It indicates the results of the study of the stability of economic, social, environmental and physical-spatial dimensions of development in the study area, which are in a state of "weak or unstable stability" in the villages of Abbasabad, Darrehroud and Hishinsofla. In contrast, the highest level of stability is related to the villages of Dolatabad Esfahdah, Dolatabad Markazi, Daryacheh, Ferdows, Saghder, Pashtlor and Hosseinabaddehdar. The results of Friedman test indicated that spatial factors such as government investment, rural population, and distance from county center had the most influence on this phenomenon, respectively.

Since food security is an indicator of health at the household and individual levels and food insecurity can be a predictor of developmental, health, and nutritional problems, it is necessary to determine its related factors in any society. It is one of the phenomena affecting all economic, social, and political dimensions. The concept of food security is very broad and is defined by the interaction of a range of biological, economic, social, agricultural, and physical factors. Understanding the food security situation of each region can make planning more efficient with more promising results. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the zone of food security in the rural areas of the two cities of Heris and Bostanabad. This was an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in terms of methodology. In this study, 22 agricultural indices derived from the results of the 2014 General Agricultural Census were used and the outputs were classified into very good, good, medium, poor, and very poor categories. The information was gained through Fuzzy Logic and Shanon Entropy methods. The research findings indicated that out of 293 rural areas studied, 8 (2.73%), 22 (7.51%), 50 (17.06%), 110 (37.54%), and 103 (35.15%) villages were in very good, good, moderate, poor, and very poor conditions, respectively. Overall, from the agricultural perspective, food security was in a dangerous situation in 72.70% of the villages in the study areas and required the officials’ special attention, especially in the area of sustainable development of agricultural sector.

Over the past decades, the attitude to the role of rural industries as an influential factor in the economic construction of rural areas, has led to these industries as a basis for the development of rural areas. However, these industries have brought many positive and negative effects in the surrounding rural areas, which requires scientific study. The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic effects of the activity of industrial towns on the surrounding rural settlements in the Shahid Salimi industrial town of Tabriz. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In terms of collection methods, it is a field-library research. To select villages in terms of economic impact, 14 villages within a 10 km radius of the industrial town were selected, which according to the 2016 census had a population of 15084 people and 4629 households, using the Cochran's formula, 306 rural households were selected as a sample. Then, SMART PLS 3 software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the most important economic effect of the establishment of Shahid Salimi industrial town in the surrounding villages was the creation of added value of agricultural products with an average of 0.366.

With the growth and boom of tourism, new needs and demands arise and the demand for existing goods, services and facilities increases. This provides the environment for the creation of new businesses and enhances the entrepreneurial spirit among the villagers, leading to increased investment and the creation of new businesses in rural areas. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of rural tourism development on micro business boom. The basis of this research based on pragmatism was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and library and field studies were used for data collection. The spatial domain of the research is Barough district which according to the Census of 2016 has 3429 households and 12024 population. The sample of the quantitative phase was based on Cochran formula of 294 rural households and in the qualitative phase semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 saturated interviews. Households were selected from households with small businesses or in tourism and services, and semi-structured interviews with rural managers, business owners, local experts, tourists and business owners. Has been. Quantitative data were analyzed using correlation tests, sample t-test, regression and path analysis and qualitative analysis was used as the basis theory. The results showed that there are different areas for creating new businesses in agriculture, industry, services and tourism in the study area, but the most important business area in this area is the development of services and processing of agricultural products. However, there is a significant relationship between the expansion of rural tourism and the creation of small businesses in economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions at 0.05% alpha level. Also, rural tourism development based on the route-analysis technique in non-agricultural jobs such as service jobs with 0.786 beta and rural industries with 0.389 had significant effects and agricultural sector with -0.254 due to dehydration in the region and the decline in production efficiency is lower.

In many cities, the spatial pattern of educational uses for various reasons such as the location of annoying uses such as industrial, military, gas stations, medical use, etc. is not very favorable. This reduces the quality of school services and the negative impact It has a body on the students. Therefore, in locating educational spaces, the necessary principles and criteria must be observed so that these spaces are compatible with other urban uses. In this regard, the present study evaluates and spatially analyzes the uses of high school educational centers in district one of Tabriz metropolis with other urban uses using a combination of multi-criteria decision models AHP and fuzzy model and using the facilities of GIS to analyze the criteria Compatibility, desirability, capacity and dependence have been taken. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the sample size includes all high schools in one district of Tabriz. The results of the spatial spatial status of high schools in district one of Tabriz metropolis show the unfavorable situation of high schools in this area in terms of spatial distribution. In evaluating the utility matrix in relation to slope and distance indicators from the river, except for 4 schools which are in relatively unfavorable condition, all schools are in good condition. Out of 77 high schools studied in this area, 11 high schools are in the perfectly suitable range and 15 high schools are in the relatively suitable range, also 30 high schools in this area are in poor condition in terms of spatial distribution.

More than 20 million people now lives in the country, most of them do not have access to minimum health and education services to meet their needs. Even in places where such services exist, the level of service provision is so low that it cannot be said that their access needs are met. At the level of villages in Tabriz, lack of access to educational and health services has caused people problems and, while prolonging travel and increasing their time, has increased the cost of individuals.

This research is designed to answer this question, using descriptive-analytical methods, based on secondary data analysis. Required information was extracted based on library studies and statistical publications of the Statistical Center of Iran, then statistical analysis has been performed.

that based on this, after creating a spatial database of therapeutic and educational spaces in ArcGIS software and using estimation models Access, status of access indicators of rural districts in Central Part of Tabriz County was determined for each service. Then the Lorenz curve was used to show the distribution of services in the villages.

The innovation of this paper is in the spatial analysis of access to services in the villages and the computation time of their travel time. so far, this study has been done mostly in cities and there is no research in the villages of Iran.

The result of this analysis is the lack of consistency between the distribution of population and the distribution of educational and health services. In other words, the central and large villages have better access to the periphery, but because of lack of adequate services, they have poor coverage.

Recently, Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization of Iran has focused on construction of disaster management and support bases. To reach such an aim, it is necessary to investigate different areas and select an appropriate geographical location for this type of land use. The selected location must be safe in critical conditions and make the base as efficient as possible. Accurate site selection is a necessary step towards prevention, preparedness and dealing with various disasters. Selecting an appropriate location for these bases is extremely important in their relief operations. Thus, the bases must be properly accessible while having a strong structure unthreatened by any risk. Disaster management measures are based on information analysis and take advantage of geographical information tools for spatial analysis. Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used in all stages of disaster management. Geographic information system is a very useful tool for implementation of logical models, decision making about land use allocation, selection of the most suitable site, evaluation of suitable options and finally reaching an integrated choice. Geographical location of Baneh in vicinity of Iran-Iraq border, and related natural hazards (geological, climatic, and etc.) and unnatural threats (political-security) have made passive defense and especially site selection for disaster management and support bases a crucial issue in this border area. Therefore, the present study seeks to select the best possible site for disaster management and support bases in Baneh. 

Data have been collected through library research and questionnaires distributed among experts. Research criteria have also been classified into natural and unnatural (man-made) categories which include altitude, slope, slope direction, vegetation, lithology, distance from fault line, distance from river, climatic factor (precipitation), link roads, distance from city, distance from village, gas stations, health centers, relief agencies, military and police stations, open spaces and distance from the international Iran-Iraq border. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to analyze the questionnaires and Expert Choice and Arc GIS software were used for data processing. The importance coefficient of the criteria were analyzed in Arc GIS software using AHP FUZZY model and the final results were presented in the form of a map.

Results indicate that unnatural (man-made) criteria received a higher weight as compared to natural criteria. Among these criteria, vicinity to health centers received the highest weight (0.151), while vegetation and slope direction received the lowest weight (0.016). ​​Baneh generally lacks a proper situation for the construction of disaster management and support bases except for the cities in the middle of the county.

Due to the occurrence of various natural disasters and unnatural (human) threats in the border areas of the country including the county of Baneh which have affected the security of the region by their serious damages and high death tolls, it is necessary to focus on passive defense in site selection for disaster management and support bases in these areas. Results indicated that quick and easy access from bases to health centers and relief agencies, link roads, police stations and proximity to cities have the highest priority in site selection for disaster management and support bases. Other desirable passive defense criteria include distance from Iran-Iraq border and distance from fault lines. The final map shows unacceptable situation of the county in terms of disaster management bases. Except for cities located in the middle of this county such as Baneh, Buin, Armardeh and Kanisour, other cities lack a proper situation for construction of these bases. Such a situation results in higher vulnerability of these areas in probable disasters. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt short-term and practical programs along with important and effective criteria of passive defense to find the most optimal sites for disaster management and support bases in Baneh County.

Due to its geographical location and climatic conditions, Iran is facing water shortages. A large part of the country is in arid and semi-arid climates. In addition to the dry weather of the country, mismanagement, short knowledge of farmers, outdated infrastructure, low level of technology have led to low water productivity in rural areas. The Qaleh chai watershed is one of the catchments located around Lake Urmia, which is facing water shortage due to drought conditions. This area with 36 villages is known as one of the hubs of agricultural and livestock production. According to the obtained data, the water efficiency level in the basin is less than 50%. Lack of water resources has led to the need to pay attention to ways to improve water efficiency. It seems that several factors play a role in the quantity and quality of water use, in other words, in the level of its productivity in The Qaleh Chai, and the most important ones include geographical conditions such as slope, location of villages, amount of products produced. Literacy level, number of rural households, water resources, amount of water available. By identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the promotion of water productivity in the basin, the amount of water productivity can be improved. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and find a scientific answer to the question of what is the spatial distribution of factors affecting water productivity in villages located in The Qale chai? And to what extent can the studied variables explain the changes related to water productivity?

The research method is descriptive-analytical and inferential, which has based on documentary studies, libraries, and field studies. Local Moran correlation tests and geographic weight regression (GWR) tests were used to analyze the data. The variables used in this study included 19 environmental components affecting water productivity: Number and spatial distribution of springs, number and spatial distribution of wells, river water volume, water abstraction from wells, water abstraction from rivers, water abstraction from springs, length of concrete irrigation canals of all canals, the total volume of water in Consumption, number of households, unemployment rate, the employment rate in agriculture, literacy rate, rial value of tree products, rial value of rainfed products, rial value of summer crops, rial value of light livestock products, rial value of heavy livestock products, agricultural and medium irrigated land area Slope of villages to percent.Water productivity has been used to calculate the rial value of livestock products, agricultural products, and human variables. The study area of this research is the Qaleh chai which has 36 villages located in it. The region of this basin is equal to 249.63 square kilometers, which has located in East Azerbaijan province and the southeast of Lake Urmia.

Research Findings show that the number of spring water resources is higher in mountainous villages and, the number of wells is higher in plain rural. The results of Moran showed that the variables of the Iranian Rial value of livestock production and the total amount of available water lack spatial autocorrelation. Also, the variable of the Iranian Rial value of all agricultural products has no spatial autocorrelation, but the total number of water resources has a spatial correlation. There is also an intense spatial correlation in the average slope of the villages, but the results of this test on the final water productivity lack spatial correlation. According to the results, the literacy variable of spatial autocorrelation is cluster type. The variables of household size and employment have no spatial correlation. Results The GWR regarding the causal role of the variable related to the final value of agricultural products and livestock products with water productivity showed that the last value of products with a correlation of R2 = 229 can explain water productivity. Based on the results of the geographical weight regression test, the value of R2 for social variables was equal to R2 = 0.129, which is lower than the final value variables of livestock and agricultural products.

Findings :

of this study show that factors such as the number of agricultural products produced, water resources, the volume of water available from water resources, land slope, number of water pumps and Iranian Rial value of livestock and agricultural products, literacy rate, employment rate, population have a significant relationship with water productivity. According to the research findings, it is clear that to achieve an efficient solution to improve water productivity in the villages located in the Qalah Chai watershed, it must have all the operative factors, including natural elements. Human factors, management factors, and physical characteristics are based on accurate, reliable data and planning occurrence.

To evaluate the model, tourists who have referred to the destination villages of tourism and villages with tourism potential in the Kaleybar region during the first 4 months of 1998-99 have been selected as the statistical population. By measuring the reliability of the questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha, the total reliability of the questionnaire and the validity of the questionnaire in this study were examined. In the present study, for multivariate analyzes, have been used statistical techniques related to structural equation modeling. In this research, SPSS software and Amos Graphic version 22 have been used to determine the structural relationships between variables of the current study. According to the results, it was found that the intellectual and psychological dimension of pleasure with a coefficient of 0.03, has a positive and significant effect on the behavioral intention of tourists in the Kaleybar city. Also, the physical and environmental dimension with a coefficient of 0.03, has a positive and significant effect on the behavioral intention of tourists in the Kaleybar city. Also, the individual and psychological dimension of pleasure with a coefficient of 1.01 has a positive and significant effect on the behavioral intention of tourists.

The present research has been carried out to analyze the behavior of the rural community of Varzaqan in the territory of electoral geography and the approach used in it is "spatial-behavioral". Research based on the purpose is practical and in terms of collecting data, itchr('39')s a mixed type (exploratory design - tool development model). According to the research goal, using the qualitative method, through the phenomenological method, the deep understanding, complexity, detail and texture of the studied phenomena have been studied. Then, using this initial identification (in order to arrive at a generalized result), it was attempted to develop the tool using the SEM. Using a targeted sampling method, the sample size of the first phase is 25, and for the second phase, 32 people are localized. Phenomenological results show that the Electoral Behaviors of rural community in Varzaqan county can be analyzed in three main categories: (a) "geographic features" with the themes of "sense of location, neighborhood impact, and localism"; (b) "individual and social" with the themes of "social stimulus and individual stimulus"; and (c) "political" Themes "Engagement Conditions, Affective Role, Political Orientation, and Religion." This behavior is in accordance with the categories of "geographical and political characteristics" with the "rational choice theory", and in terms of "individual and social" with "the pattern of political economy (wise reformed approach)". Modeling results also show that the variable "geographical features" and "individual and social factors" are at the "significant" threshold and the variable "political factors" is within the "average" threshold; The quality test of the structural model shows that "political agents" and "social factors" have "strong" values and "geographic features" have average values to determine the predictive power of the electoral model.  The general model of the SME shows the goodness of fit in the model and shows its generalizability.

Sustainable rural development based on information and communication technology can be realized as the enjoyment and use of ICT in the area of public services’ support, general management, and interaction between the planners and the rural community and it has to cause contingent participation of the villagers in the decision-makings, improvement of the social and economic development in the villages and protection of the natural resources for the future generations. On the other hand, the existence of spatial inequality in the enjoyment of the ICT-based facilities and services can cause diversion and imbalance in the development amongst the rural regions. In this regard and based on the investigations, it seems that Iran’s rural regions hence Jiroft County do not enjoy a so much optimal situation in terms of the ICT-based sustainable development indices despite possession of abilities like high populational potentials and agricultural economy. Therefore, the present study intends to adopt a novel approach towards ICT-based sustainable development concept for elaborating and valuating its indices in line with planning and achieving sustainable development; to do so, the position and the levels of rural region’s enjoyment in Jiroft County will be assessed and evaluated in terms of the distribution of the ICT-based sustainable development indices and an answer will be found to the following question:
How is the status of the villages in Jiroft County in terms of the ICT-based sustainable development level?

The present study is applied research in terms of the objectives and it is descriptive-analytical research in terms of nature and method. For collecting the information and data, use has been made of the documentary and field methods. The study area of the present research includes the rural regions in Jiroft County. For selecting the sample volume from the study population, two sets of villages, one with and another without ICT centers, were taken into consideration. In sum, 19 villages were found having ICT centers in Jiroft County until 2016; efforts were also made to select another group of the villages by considering several important indices (number of households, the village’s distance to the center of the county, and the village’s elevation from sea level) and some conditions similar or in contrast to those of the villages from the first set. In a match with the total number of the sample villages’ households, i.e. 16170 households, the study sample volume of this group was selected equal to 376 households based on Cochran Formula and the share of the questioned cases was determined in proportion to the number of households in every village.
After confirming the validity of the study’s operationalized framework, some elites’ ideas were gathered for determining the weight of the indices in proportion to the conditions of the country’s rural society. Next, COPRAS multiscale decision-making model was employed for analyzing the data and rating Jiroft County’s rural regions in terms of the ICT-based sustainable development. In the end, use was made of K-cluster analysis in SPSS Software’s environment for determining the homogeneous regions and, after determining the level of development in the studied villages, the weights obtained for every village were added within the format of a field to the layer of villages in ArcGIS Software and the results were offered in the form of a map.

In line with achieving the study’s objective and assessing the level of ICT-based sustainable development in Jiroft County’s rural regions, 17 indices were applied. The items related to each of the indices were measured in Likert’s scale and the mean of every index was considered according to the idea of the sample households in every village as a basis for the formation of a matrix indicating the status quo of the ICT-based sustainable development level and rating of the studied villages. In the second step and after the formation of the status quo matrix and to normalize the existent status quo matrix, the indices’ weight determination had to be seminally done. Based thereon, electronic instruction in the social aspect, electronic marketing in the economic aspect, and electronic risk management in the bioenvironmental aspect were found with the highest weights. Then, after finishing the calculational stages of the COPRAS decision-making model, the villages were rated based on Qj’s amount; this way, the villages with the highest amounts of Qj and Nj were found in the highest ranks of ICT-based sustainable development and, on the contrary, the villages with the lowest Qj, were found in the lowest development ranks. Moreover, use was made in this part of Nj for performing K-cluster analysis based on which the studied villages were categorized into five clusters in terms of ICT-based sustainable development level. Therefore, considering the results of the cluster analysis, it can be stated that 8 villages fall in the cluster “developed”, 11 villages in the “relatively developed” cluster, 6 villages in the cluster “intermediate (normal) development”, 8 villages in the “relatively deprived” cluster and, finally, 5 villages in the “deprived” cluster in terms of the ICT-based sustainable development.

The study results indicated that the rural regions of Jiroft County enjoy a different situation in terms of ICT-based development. Based on the study’s investigations and observations, it can be stated that villages like Dwolatabad Esfandagheh, Dowlatabad Markazi, Daryacheh, Doboneh, Poshtlor, Hosseinabad Dehdar, Ferdows and Saghdar that have the highest development levels under the current conditions enjoy auspicious environmental and spatial states like good position on the plain, high groundwater levels, suitable soil, closeness to the city center and appropriate connective routes and they have also accommodated more population. The aforesaid villages also have better situations regarding cases like ICT infrastructures and equipment, trained human workforce, and services offered in the area of ICT. In opposite, villages named Abshour, Kohan, Hishinsofla, Darrehroud, and Abbasabad that enjoy the lowest level of ICT-based development from the perspective of the study sample volume are small and distant villages usually located in mountainous regions and often with unstable populations. Weakness in access to ICT-based equipment, facilities, and services, as well, in the aforementioned villages is an evident phenomenon. The collection of these conditions have caused the witnessing of different levels of ICT-based sustainable rural development in the rural regions of Jiroft County. The collection of the indices offered in this research can be utilized as a pattern for analyzing the level of ICT-based sustainable development in the other rural regions; additionally, this collection can assist the rural development planners in offering development programs and policies.

As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. Though, the growth of the capitalist relation in cities has turned the land economy and the resulting surplus value to the means of gaining economic benefit, which is created by supply constraints and increasing demand; in such a way that this surplus value inspires citizens to change their land-use even illegally and replace it with profitable uses proportionate with this value. This change eliminates the user-functional inconsistencies in the detailed plans and it causes unrest in cities. If the increase in land value in parts of this area and the resulting rent intensify the incentives to trade in the land market, district 1 of Tabriz, as an economically active district and one of the commercial centers of the city, will probably not be an exception to this rule.

The current article is applied research based on the purpose of research, in terms of nature and data collection it is descriptive-analytical. The land price in the neighborhoods of district one of Tabriz is the independent variable and land-use change based on a detailed plan is the dependent variable. Land-use changes in the area are harvested in the field and land prices by neighborhoods are also obtained through real estate agencies. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the two variables and the hotspot analysis function was used to determine the distribution of changes in the range. The kernel function is also used to examine the relationship between the changes and the access network.

Land prices for the two periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2015 and land-use changes in the District through field harvesting and in the neighborhoods of the district were collected and to determine the relationship between price and the amount of change, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used in SPSS software. Its result for the first period is 0.840 and the second period is 0.853. Likewise, the hotspot analysis model has been used to analyze the distribution and focus of changes in the GIS environment. The results indicate a positive and high correlation between price variables and the amount of change in the neighborhoods of the District so that the highest concentration of change is seen in neighborhoods with more land prices. About 96% of the total change occurred within a hundred meters of the road network, of which 52.6% was within 25 meters of the main roads. Abbasi Street along the east and west, Abersan crossroads to Pasdaran Highway, and most parts of Valiasr are areas prone to change. In this case, the role of economic centrality and the existence of uses with regional and supra-regional functions can be considered as the causes of this phenomenon. One of the economic components that can affect the land use planning process in cities; is the price of land. In some parts of the city, the existence of some benefits increases the price of land and creates additional value for them, and thus affects the decision of property owners in the type of use. Regarding the hypotheses and analyzes, the results reveal that land price is not only a factor but also a qualitative factor and a high-impact economic component that results from various physical and environmental factors to government policies. It is the reason for land-use change and material benefit can be a robust stimulus for any change, whether positive or negative, towards society. The economic value of land in the study area has had a high impact on the formation of land-use change in this area and changes have occurred mostly in areas where land prices are high. Hotspot analysis on changes indicates a major accumulation of changes in areas where the land value is high and there is a direct relationship between land-use change and access network.

Achieving sustainable rural development is not possible without the targeted participation of various groups of people, including women. But the marginalization of women in society and their lack of use of facilities and opportunities compared to men intensifies their sense of insecurity in society. Providing the ground for the feeling of security of rural women to improve the quality of their social activities is essential and its realization depends on recognizing the state of women's sense of security and the factors affecting it. The present study is applied purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection is the library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study is the households of West Kharqan District located in Avaj County, which was determined as the sample size using Cochran's formula of 182 people. Structural equation modeling (SEM) in the form of LISREL software was used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that most of the components of feeling safe in the study area are below the desired level (number 3) and in other words, women living in the area do not feel comfortable. Also, the most important factors influencing the sense of security of women in the study area are social factors with a coefficient of 0.99, cultural factors with a coefficient of 0.82, and economic factors with a coefficient of 0.81.

Methods of data collection and information include field methods for collecting data and library methodology for studying the literature and theoretical foundations of the research. The sample size is determined by the Cochran formula, which shows the maximum sample size. Regarding the research population, 964 households were selected, among which 350 families were selected as samples. The questionnaire was designed in 4 dimensions and 32 items based on the Likert spectrum. Structural equations modeling has been used to analyze the data and to investigate the relationship between factors and determine the share of each of them. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 and 24 AMOS software, and also for spatial analysis, the IDW interpolation method was used in ARC GIS software. The findings of the study show that according to the findings of the structural equation model of AMOS, in the study area, the greatest effect of urban creep on the areas of the annexation of the village in the field of economic dimension (with factor load 2.63), in the second degree social-cultural dimension (with load Factor 2.21) were in the third degree physical dimension (with a factor load of 1.97) and in the fourth order administrative-administrative dimension (with a factor load of 1.15). According to the findings of the spatial analysis of the research, the villages that are closer to the city of Marivan are more affected by the changes in urban creep than the distant villages.

The urban creep pattern of the 1960s has been taken seriously in urban discourse and has long been regarded as a phenomenon specific to American cities due to the abundance of cheap land, the overcrowding of roads, and the over-production of cars in the country. It happened. But today it has become a global phenomenon that most developed and developing countries are facing (Meshkini, 2013: 53). The most important cause of this phenomenon can be considered the increasing population growth and increasing rural-urban migration. As the rapid growth of urban population causes problems such as marginalization, rising housing prices, lack of services and facilities, environmental pollution, uneven development of the city, disruption, etc., the issue of attention to the spatial structure of the city and Finding solutions to control and guide the transformation of the shape of the city is of great importance (Varesi, 2012: 137). So that metropolitan areas have grown rapidly within rural areas, and rural settlements have been rapidly migrating. In addition, during the second half of the 20th century, migration to the city center was reversed, and the population flowed out of the city and into the suburbs. This has further complicated urban-rural land use issues and has emerged as a fundamental issue for change in metropolitan areas (Krieger, 1999: 15-16). This affects the economic, social, cultural, spatial and physical dimensions of the near and far rural centers, which in many cases are due to the surges of these flows, those villages which are in the closest distance to the cities. Accepts the type of effects. There are numerous consequences of sprawling urban spatial-spatial dimensions on peripheral villages, the most important of which are changes in land use and land use. (Parry, 1990; Meyer & Turner, 1994).

The purpose of this study is applied and in terms of method and nature of data collection descriptive - survey and field. Documentary-library method was used for data collection in the theoretical section and interview and questionnaire-based survey method was used in the field. The statistical population of the study consists of attachment villages to the city of Marivan, consisting of 964 households (based on 2016 statistics). The simple random sampling method and the Cochran formula, which shows the maximum number of samples, were used to determine the sample size. 350 households were selected as the sample size. Structural equations were used to analyze the data and investigate the relationship between the factors and determine their contribution. Structural equation modeling is a comprehensive statistical method for testing hypotheses about the relationships between observed variables and present variables. It should be noted that for data analysis SPSS 22 software was used for data sorting and descriptive analysis of surveyed villages and respondents and 24 AMOS software was used for structural equation modeling, also for spatial analysis and production Mapping based on statistical data, IDW interpolation method was used in ARC GIS software.

The growth and expansion of the city of Marivan provides a perfect example of the conversion of agricultural lands and the degradation of sustainable environmental resources, as well as the incorporation of Taze Abad villages, Musk, etc. into the city has increased the challenges of urban management and the adjacent rural areas of the city. According to the findings of AMOS structural equation modeling, in the study area the greatest impact of urban creep on the rural areas of the economic aspect (with a factor of 2.63) such as the impossibility of performing some of the usual economic activities in the villages such as livestock and herding, Increasing luxury and tendency to buy luxury goods among the villagers and ... and increasing dependence on the provision of food and dairy to the city, which is in line with the results of Sheikh Biyglu and Akbarian Roniizi (2018), Jalalian et al (2013). After the economic dimension, the most impact of urban creep on rural areas is the socio-cultural dimension (with a factor of 2.21), such as conflicts (social, cultural, etc.) caused by the incorporation of rural areas, people's participation and ... , Which is in agreement with the results of Saeedi et al. (2016), Alavi et al. (2017), Afrakhte and Hajipour (2013) and Martinuzzi et al (2007). And also after the physical dimension, the greatest impact of urban creep on rural areas is the administrative-administrative dimension (with a factor of 1.15), such as how to manage agricultural lands, confusion of urban backyard management and so on. According to the findings of the study, urban creep has many positive and negative effects on rural areas, but its negative effects are far greater. The most negative effects of urban creep in Marivan are the increasing tendency for agricultural land infrastructure, urban texture ruralization and urbanization of rural texture, socio-cultural conflicts, and so on. This is in line with the study of Harayini in 2016.

 In general, if you do not take the policy and measures necessary to prevent this process from continuing, it will have irreversible economic impacts on the region. High population densities have also caused many inequalities (education and ...) at the regional level, and environmental degradation will result in the destruction of valuable agricultural land due to pressure on resources, conversion and land use change. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the enforcement of regular and strict land use laws and to supervise such construction. Unless there are clear management and policy making in the Marivan area and surrounding villages, the urban creep process and land use changes will continue.

Evaluation is one of the important stages of development planning and structural critique and evaluation of the country's rural development programs are one of the well-known scientific methods to show the idea, method, and management of sustainable rural development planning in the process of programs. Rural development has a different place in economic, social, and cultural development programs, and therefore rural communities are often affected by the same five-year plans, and Varzeqan county is no exception, and therefore, the rural community of the study area, often It is affected by planning damage. It seems that the lack of a local intellectual basis due to lack of proper management and the non-participation of stakeholders in the first stage of planning continues all stages of planning to the detriment of the rural community and causes serious problems in the rural community. Accordingly, because of the issues and issues raised, the present study aims to analyze the barriers to intervention in the effectiveness of rural development planning in Varzeqan city to the pathology of rural development programs.

The present research is philosophically based on the pragmatism approach, in terms of purpose it is related to applied research and in terms of nature and method, it is of descriptive-analytical type (mixed method). Library and field studies have been used to collect data and information.The realm of research space is Varzeqan county. In the quantitative method, the data were collected from local experts by a researcher-made questionnaire and 150 questionnaires were distributed, which were coded by deducting the returned and distorted questionnaires and 132 questionnaires for analysis and analysis in the SPSS software. Responsible local experts include knowledgeable individuals with relevant disciplines and specializations in the development, rural, planning, and sociology of rural development.Using LISREL graphic software to perform structural equations to structurally evaluate the barriers to the effectiveness of rural development programs. In the qualitative method, grounded theory has been used to achieve the desired result.

In the results of the structural equation model, the fitness table shows the fitness of the drawn model and shows that the results of this study can be generalized to other statistical communities; Covariance analysis of independent variables shows that all independent variables concerning each other with the standard error of 0.5 have significance and interaction. The lisrel output interpretation shows that all the variables extracted from theoretical foundations with different impact coefficients are effective factors in development programs. All the various latent variables are effective in generating damage to development programs in the development, compilation, content, and implementation of development programs, which are ranked higher than the other variables:- "Weak information structure, statistical and inappropriate information system", "rapid change of discourse and dominant slogans in society" and "severe dependence of the economy on oil revenues" in the requirements of the development plan; - "Non-participation of stakeholders in development programs", "inflexibility and instability" and "Lack of attention to real and executive constraints" in the development of development programs; - "The generality and interpretation of some materials and the extreme detail of some", "the lack of a clear pattern and causal relationship between the components of the program" and "the imbalance between cost and achievement of goals" in the content of the development program; And - "Ambiguities in the way reports are presented", "weak government administrative capabilities to implement extensive programs" and "low motivation of executives to enforce the law" in the implementation of the development program. At the same time, using a quantitative method, the theory of At the same time, using a quantitative method, the theory of fundamental theory has been used to investigate and create a deeper understanding of the subject of research. Using basic theory, information was collected, concepts and categories, and the main category were created. Due to the repetition of the category "program damage" in the information, this category was selected as the main phenomenon and a paradigm model was created. Grounded Theory has been used to investigate and create a deeper understanding of the subject of research. Using basic theory, information was collected, concepts and categories, and the main category were created. Due to the repetition of the category "program damage" in the information, this category was selected as the main phenomenon and a paradigm model was created.

The quantitative results show "weak information structure, statistical system and inappropriate information" in the requirements of the development plan; "Non-participation of stakeholders in development programs" in the development of development programs; "The generality and interpretation of the vector of some materials and the extreme detail of some" in the content of the development program; And "ambiguities in how reports are presented" in the implementation of the development plan are among the most important obstacles to the effectiveness of development programs in the study area; Qualitative results also show: decrease and increase in prices, lack of coordination between agencies, different decisions of governments, ignoring the capacities of the region, weak administrative system, ignoring knowledge, information and experience and especially the interests of stakeholders, not paying attention to sustainable rural development, lack of Attention to small-scale agriculture, use of regional facilities for the benefit of central regions, destruction of resources and mines in the region in favor of upstream and lack of attention to the future of the region and more attention to the city, insufficient attention to deprived villages and remote areas, different role of MPs Together with the government and the use of non-indigenous forces in civil works are some of the causal conditions: Strategies for villagers to participate in determining their own destiny, defining the right thinking about the village, defining a specific strategy for rural development, defining rural unit management and adopting a downward trend. Demands. Comparing the results of both quantitative and qualitative methods shows the common quantitative and qualitative results from local experts and local informed people.

This research aims at the pathology of the consequences of development plans in the rural areas of Varzaqan city. The research was conducted through a mixed method. In terms of purpose, it is functional, and, in nature, it is a descriptive-analytical study. In terms of data collection, it is a mixed type, and it is philosophically based on a pragmatist approach. The statistical population consisted of 132 local experts who participated in a quantitative section by responding to a researcher-made questionnaire and 51 experts who took part in two stages of qualitative semi-structured interviews and observations. Lack of suitable employment opportunities for young people, lack of productive activities, unsuccessful establishment of industries connected with the existing mines in the region, unsuccessful industries and small workshops of agricultural employment, and increasing poverty and social deprivation were the most important findings of the qualitative analysis by the Grounded theory. The results of the goodness-fit assessment obtained from the PLS structural model showed that the proposed model was compatible with the experimental data at an optimal level. Also, in the study area, there was a unified relationship among social, economic, physical and comprehensive consequences. The economic and social consequences of developmental plans were found to have led to certain spatial and comprehensive situations. The analysis of the spatial outcomes with comprehensive implications showed the weakening of rural and agricultural status in national development attempts and the mismatch of measures with the foundations of sustainable development. These two parameters were among the most important variables with high impact coefficients.

Due to the dewatering of Karun Dam, the village of Southern Donbaleh Roud of Izeh County has been surrounded by water since 2004 until now and has been deprived of services and amenities and communication. Moreover, their access to the cities of Dehdez and Izeh has been limited. Given the importance of the issue, the aim of this study is to assess and evaluate the sustainability of development in rural areas of Southern Donbaleh Roud District. This research is based on the applied purpose and has an analytical- descriptive nature. Required data were collected using library and field (questionnaire) method. The area under study includes 18 villages and 1460 households. The sample size was estimated based on Cochran formula of 300 family guardians and the questionnaires were distributed among them. To analyze the data from the questionnaire, the Prometheus model (in the visual Prometheus software environment) and the fuzzy inference system (in MATLAB software) were used. Based on the Prometheus model, the villages are ranked according to three positive (Phi+), negative (Phi-) and pure flows. The villages with the highest positive minimum negative flows are in the first place, and the villages with the least positive and the most negative flows are at the last place of development sustainability. The results obtained from the Fuzzy inference system also indicate that the sustainability of the studied rural area is between the medium and low levels. There have been a lot of changes in spatial organization of the studied villages due to water logging of the villages. These changes have created disruptions in the system and functioning of the settlements and have affected the quality of life and wellbeing of the inhabitants. Because the construction of dams has destroyed the communicative routes between villages and the city, agricultural lands and gardens, schools, rural healthcare centers, residential houses, provincial villages and… and the villages have been left behind the dam so far. Therefore, considering the special circumstances of these settlements, the problems of these villages have been scientifically examined and addressed to planners and officials. Because, through this, the authorities and development experts gain knowledge about the opportunities and capabilities, limitations and impasse of the villages.