javad ebrahimi

The bat algorithm is an example of meta-heuristic algorithms from the collective swarm intelligence, which is based on the echolocation behavior of bats. This algorithm preserves the diversity of the solution by using a frequency tuning method that can quickly and efficiently shift from exploration to exploitation. Therefore, when a fast and accurate solution is needed, this algorithm becomes an efficient optimizer for any application. Although the bat algorithm has many practical benefits, it also has some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages that reduces its efficiency is being trapped in the local optimum. To solve the mentioned problem in this research, the position and speed of the initial population is updated in three ways with different formulas, this makes the final answer of the problem not trapped in the local optimum and diversity occurs in the population. In this article, the performance of the improved bat algorithm on 11 sample objective functions has been investigated and compared with other similar algorithms, and finally the results show the superiority and accuracy of this algorithm compared to similar samples.

The dominant measures taken in distribution networks to solve the problem of voltage instability include feeder reconfiguration techniques, allocation of capacitor banks, use of tap changers, etc. However, these traditional methods suffer from numerous problems. Many studies have been carried out to solve these problems in recent years. Compared with traditional methods, reactive power control (RPC) of photovoltaic (PV) inverters does not require additional investment, and given that PV inverters often function at a capacity below their rated value, the excess capacity can be utilized to assist in supplying reactive power to the grid. However, achieving voltage regulation in imbalanced distribution networks via RPC is a complex issue. Hence, the primary objective of this work is to utilize the reactive power capacity of photovoltaic inverters to achieve decentralized regulation of effective voltage of the network using a consensus algorithm and PID controller in two stages.

A two-layer combined control method is developed for a four-leg Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM). The method aims at harmonics reduction, demand-generation equilibrium, power factor modification, voltage adjustment, and neutral current modification in a 3ph 4-wire distribution system. In the first layer, a recursive Least Error Square algorithm (RLES) based on a new fuzzy logic-based variable forgetting factor is used for Real-time estimation of voltage and current signals and their constituting components. The second layer’s duty is to extract the reference currents using the outputs of the first layer. Besides the high accuracy and convergence speed, the suggested algorithm is independent of coordinate transformations and complex computation when attempting to derive the reference currents of DSTATCOM. To enhance the dynamic performance of DSATATCOM, an adaptive hysteresis band current controller was utilized to generate switching signals. The effectiveness of the presented control strategy was verified via simulation studies implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Restructuring the distribution system in the presence of distributed generation (DG) sources is an effective solution to reduce the cost of power generation and improve the technical and economic parameters of networks. This paper models the optimal design of the location and capacity of DGs in a distribution system as a multi-objective optimization problem. The technical parameters of the problem include network losses, voltage stability index, and voltage profile improvement. Moreover, the economic parameters of the problem are the capital and operation costs of the system. The optimization problem presented in this paper is of mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) type, so the enhanced imperialist competition algorithm (EICA) is adopted to minimize the objective function. In this algorithm, adding a new implementation phase to the ICA increases searchability and thus enhances the algorithm's efficiency over ICA. The proposed method is first implemented on a standard IEEE 33-bus system. Then, a real network is incorporated to optimize the technical and economic parameters. The analysis and comparison of the results demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested algorithm in the optimal design of the system compared to the original ICA. In this article, we are finally able to bring the voltage profile and voltage stability index of the "Rahdarkhaneh" distribution feeder close to 1 pu and significantly reduce the network losses.

The mismatch between production and consumption and concern for providing the energy needed in the power grid has always been one of the problems of grid operators. Also, large-scale electricity production has always been a costly and polluting industry. Therefore, engineers and power generation companies have always been looking for a cheap and clean way to generate power so that they can overcome the power imbalance and ensure stability and the allowed level of pollutants in the network. The most common sources used in the power grid to generate power are gas and thermal units, these units enter the circuit faster and, of course, have a higher production cost. When to use thermal units and when to use gas units in the network is a complex issue, which depends on various factors such as peak time, fuel price and gas supply network conditions. None of these things are certain in their true state. Therefore, in this article, the uncertainty of gas sources and the variability of gas prices in the problem of the participation of power plant units in the power system have been modeled and analyzed by GAMS software. Also, the mixed integer non-linear programming solution method has been used to solve the problem. The results show that if there is uncertainty in the gas sources, there is a greater tendency to use other power plants in the network in order to maintain the security and stability of the network.

One of the biggest and most important reasons for the removal fossil cars from the global car markets is their pollution, which has caused air pollution. But the use of electric cars does not have these many problems and has led to the increasing popularity of electric cars. In most of the articles, the charging rate is considered continuous, while the charging stations work with a discrete rate and are mostly of single rate type. In this paper, the mathematical model for electric vehicles charging with a discrete rate is stated, in which the benefit of the electric vehicle consumers, the benefit of the charging coordinating unit, and the benefit of the network operator are met equally. Then, the problem of preventing high disconnections and connections that lead to damage to the charging station is expressed in mathematical form and applied to the problem. Finally, the development planning model of the discrete rate charging station in the network is proposed as an innovation and optimized by the mixed integer non-linear programming method. The results show that the electric vehicle's discrete charging rate, while simple, can bring many benefits from the point of view of flattening the load profile, providing the power required by the consumers, and meeting the network security restrictions. But the lack of development of the distribution network will prevent the growth of penetration of electric vehicles in the network. Also, the presence of these stations and their optimal planning will reduce the emission of pollutants in the environment.

"Human dignity" has been particularly emphasized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the present era, but "intrinsic and acquired dignity" has been a topic of discussion in divine religions since ancient times. "Dignity" can be one of the foundations of human education, and "respect" can be established as a principle governing all educational activities. "Educational Jurisprudence" is a growing field of educational research, and formulating rules in this field is of great importance. The present study explores the possibility of considering "respect" as a "principle" in educational jurisprudence, and through an interpretive method, it provides evidence to support the content of this principle. The research results indicate that "respect" conceptually refers to "any action that a person takes to preserve their dignity or any action that preserves the dignity of the individual." Based on the Quranic evidence of the seventieth verse of Surah Al-Isra, the "principle of respect" is provable, and based on rational and traditional evidence, such as the indication of the narration "Honor your children" and the indication of many narrations about the "behavior and speech of the infallibles," respecting children is "recommended" and the ruling of observing the dignity of students in education is "recommended." The most credible evidence for this is the seventieth verse of Surah Al-Isra, and the convergence of narrations regarding "honoring children." This research has shown that respect is applicable in various aspects of education and can be applied in various discussions of educational jurisprudence, and the recommendation of respect can appropriately be used as a jurisprudential principle in the realm of educational jurisprudence.

Today, due to environmental and political reasons, countries around the world are required to use green energies, such as wind and solar energy. Also, most countries have switched to using electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce environmental pollution. Since smart distribution systems’ distributed generation (DG) power output is limited, this paper addresses this issue by planningcharging parking lots of EVs. The problem was formulated as a nonlinear optimization model. The objective function was to increase the power output, reduce the loss cost, and reduce the bus voltage deviations. Also, technical and economic limitations were considered in solving the planning problem. The uncertainty of consumption load, the behavior of EVs, and the output power of wind DGs were modeled using a combination of Monte Carlo and means methods. The improved gray wolf optimization (IGWO) algorithm was adopted to optimize the objective function. A standard IEEE 33-bus smart distribution system was studied to show the efficacy of the suggested solution. The results demonstrated the proposed solutions' high performance in improving the wind DG power output of the distribution system (PODS).

This research is organized by library method and searches the laws and approvals related to hijab and chastity. First, the lexical and idiomatic dimensions of hijab and chastity have been examined.
Then it analyzed the view of the legislator of the constitution and the cultural policy maker towards this issue and in addition to the legislator's definition of hijab, some examples have been extracted from the laws. It seems that the approvals of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution can be reviewed and evaluated in several areas.
 The first evaluation is in terms of programming and codification, the second from the point of view of effectiveness and its cultural effects, and the fourth from the aspect of guaranteeing implementation and ensuring the fulfillment of the legislator's goals.
In this research, it has been tried to examine the above-mentioned dimensions and the ratio of the approval of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution on the issue of hijab and chastity with the mentioned elements should be determined

The purpose of this research is the pathology and role of beltways in Sari city traffic. The research methodology is qualitative and subject-based analysis, and the statistical community in the quantitative and minor sector are formed by managers with academic background and executive and urban experts. The size of the sample was in the quantitative section with the achievement of the theoretical saturation (equivalent to 5 people) and in the small section included the size of 30 experts and specialists in the city of Sari who were specialized in the field of traffic and issues related to the city. After analyzing the indicators, using the Friedman test in SPSS software, the resulting indicators were prioritized and using the one-sample t-test, the beltways of Sari city were measured in terms of traffic and its management. The findings from the Quantitative Department and theoretical studies showed that criteria related to the traumatic role of belts in urban traffic as a whole included the management, economic and social problems of the belts project. The results obtained from the small segment in terms of priority indicators showed that the index of malfunctions of the system of holding disputes in some executive mechanisms and the dominance of relations rather than restrictions in the first priority and the system failure indicator for prioritizing half-life projects and preventing the allocation of favorable budget in the second priority. Also, the results of the one-sample t-test have shown that the role of the ring road in the traffic of Sari city was in an unfavorable condition, which indicates that the ring roads of Sari city have not been able to manage and control the traffic of the city properly.

One of the rudimentary elements of the educational system is the use of appropriate educational methods to achieve the desired education. Among the training methods, the role model method is based on the selection of an excellent role model, which makes the role model, his manner and character, the criterion and standard of his behavior. This writing was done using the analytical descriptive method, and its purpose is to investigate the positive functions and possible harms of using the model-based method from a religious perspective, by using the verses of the Qur'an and the traditions of the Prophet of God and the Ahl al-Bayt. The functions of the model-based method are both cognitive and emotional, and the harms surrounding it are about the important elements including the model, selection and the method involving the method of selecting the role model.Among the most important positive functions of this method are the recognition of weaknesses and defects, the criterion for measuring the growth of the traits and strengthening the tendency towards virtues and perfections. The most important harms of this method include undeveloped patterns, lack of access to patterns, carelessness in selection of the model, lack of motivation, ambiguity in messages, and the influence of prejudice and ignorance in the adopting the model process. Finally, by comparing the positive functions and the possible harms of the model-based method of education and relying on religious documents, it was concluded that this method, despite the possible harms, has a high capacity to be used in the field of education. Because it is a practical tool at the disposal of the trainer, which is a serious facilitator of teaching and transfer of teachings, and by strengthening the awareness and motivation of the audience, it helps him face unrealistic patterns, so it can be the source of educational developments.

Tarbiya (proper upbringing), addressed by scholars from different dimensions, is one of the most complex and important skills in enabling human beings to achieve perfection. One of the most important and effective areas of education is sex education. The general rules of jurisprudence, which are based on verses and hadiths and can be applied to educational issues, can express the strategy needed in sexual education. Therefore, the present article aims to present a jurisprudential rule concerning the interaction between jurisprudence and sex education. The researcher is trying to answer the question as to how it is possible to derive the rule of "no sexual stimulation for children" from valid jurisprudential evidence.In the present article, some of the arguments associated with the rule mentioned above are examined by relying on an inferential methodology. It seems that it is possible to extract the principle of no sexual stimulation of children by examining the proofs of the prohibition of sexual intercourse in the presence of children, the narrations concerning the need to separate the bed of ten-year-old children, the narrations regarding the necessity of covering the private parts in front of children, the proofs of the necessity of covering the child's private parts, and the narrations concerning the prohibition of kissing a six-year-old female child.According to the aforementioned rule, it is forbidden for parents and educators to behave in a way that provides grounds for sexual stimulation in trainees in all of their educational actions that take place in front of children and trainees.

The responsibility of individuals for their direct or indirect actions makes them liable for the thing leading to a loss. Obviously, this naturally leads to a kind of cautious approach and staying away from essential areas such as sports activities, which are inherently risky actions. Finding a solution to this problem has attracted the attention of many managers, CEOs and executives in charge. One of the effective factors in relieving liability from the cause of loss is pre-warning. The present article seeks to study this issue from juridical and legal perspectives. It responds to a number of questions including the following: Among the jurisprudential rules which relieve liability from the cause of the damage, what rule or maxim can be relied upon? And in general, what are the limits, domain and jurisprudential ruling derived from those rules?In response to these questions, it can be briefly said that from the point of view of jurisprudence and law, the 'warning rule' can be cited to absolve individuals in educational, sports, medical, etc. activities. The application of this rule has conditions such as announcing and giving necessary warnings, etc. If a person participates in competitions and sports activities and suffers losses in this area despite prior knowledge and warning, the principle of innocence governs and overrules the evidence of proving responsibility. Therefore, no responsibility (civil or criminal) is on the other party, but he himself is responsible.

Formation, preservation and upbringing of the family at the holy shrine is a popular affair and numerous verses and traditions have emphasized the importance of this holy center. But can family solidarity serve as a basis for discovering religious law? This study considers the importance of family solidarity in the context of the dominant form of family solidarity based on the Holy Quran's approach to the principle of family solidarity; in this way, the principle of solidarity is considered to be one of the fundamental values. There are various arguments to prove that such as transactional reason, rational reason, preservation of human system, rule of law and so on. Finally, the conclusions reached show that this principle as the major destination of Shari'ah in the family domain can be an effective element in the inferences. Come up with the religious orders. Some examples of the influence of family solidarity principles on jurisprudence are outlined.

This paper is treated with optimum energy management in a DC/AC Microgrid (MG) containing hybrid power sources to supply the load within cost minimization. In this hybrid electrical networks, energy sources are exploited as DC and AC manner, in which the Independent System Operator (ISO) should provide a practical coordination between them in order to procure the demand load optimally. This paper presents a framework that all available resources are formulated mathematically in hybrid microgrid with full constraints along with Demand Response (DR) programs implementation. The network under consideration can operate both in grid-tied and autonomous modes to manage power exchanging. Uncertainty and intermittent of Photovoltaic (PV) with Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) equipped, Wind Turbine (WT), Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and DR programs are also considered to achieve the optimal control and operation. The ESSs are capable to connect both DC and AC links and the State of Charge (SOC) is maintained within permissible range. The proposed DG control framework and operation scheduling hasfacilitated the energy management of renewables using dynamic programing approach. A 24-hour time horizon simulation and discussion through three scenarios verified on a IEEE 33 bus distribution network, is done to representthe effectiveness of proposed energy management strategy to keep the whole hybrid grid stable.

Power switches are among the equipment that can help improve the distribution system condition and reduce the cost of failure at times of error. Finding the optimal location and number of these switches in the distribution system can be modeled with a variety of objective functions as a nonlinear optimization problem to improve reliability, reduce energy not supplied and other system costs. In this paper, a Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization with Sinusoidal and Cosine Acceleration Coefficients (H-PSO-SCAC) is used to solve the problem of optimal placement of switches with the goal of reducing the cost of switches installation and outage simultaneously in a software format for the use of Malayer Distribution Company operators and other sections. The simulation results have been tested using the corresponding algorithm on the Malayer 108-bus distribution feeder and IEEE 118-bus sampling network and compared with the results of other methods. The results show that the algorithm (H-PSO-SCAC) is better than other algorithms in terms of response quality and computational efficiency, also its implementation in a user friendly software has made it easy for operators and Users to use.

The financial resources of the education sector in Iran are limited, hence the way in which these resources are spent, as well as the appropriateness of distribution indicators with the goals of the planners, is of great importance. This study is a combination of descriptive and empirical methods, and the statistical society of the research is the financial statements. The credits of the IAL General Education Department is a nine-year period. The tools used for information were using statistical resources, financial statements, and documentary and library information. In the Delphi analysis section, the questionnaire was also used. The results of the research show that the salaries and benefits of the employees had the highest share of the property and assets and had the lowest share of the budget. The average total growth rate of actual current credits during the studied period was 3.64% per year, and its correlation with the growth rate of the student population was 8.83%, with the growth rate of the number of employees 2.19% and the growth rate of the number of rooms Educational classes were -4.99%. The cost of each student during the study period and by the traditional cost method has risen from 34.1 million rials in 2008 to 52.6 million rials in 2016. The proposed final model is based on student per capita indicators, per capita educational and staffing staff, educational space per capita, administrative space per capita and depreciation coefficient, and maintaining the weight and importance of each indicator

Drug utilization evaluation of antibiotics leads to identifying drug-related problems, preventing antibiotic resistance ,and controling pharmacotherapy costs . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of parenteral ciprofloxacin in an inpatient setting and cost of its inappropriate use.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Afzalipour teaching hospital in Kerman from October 2016 to December 2016. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system and the Defined Daily Dose were used and the DDD/100 bed-days was calculated. The cost of parenteral ciprofloxacin use was also determined. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used for data analysis.
One hundred and twelve patients received parenteral ciprofloxacin during the study period. The total cost of parenteral ciprofloxacin use was 13381.94 dollars. The use of parenteral ciprofloxacin in 34 (30.36%) patients was inappropriate and the cost of it was 2572.11 dollars. The dose of parenteral ciprofloxacin was not adjusted in 29 (25.89%) patients with chronic kidney disease. The overall parenteral ciprofloxacin utilization was 9.12 DDD/100 bed-days. The ratio of mean prescribed daily dose to Defined Daily Dose was 1.43.
The total parenteral ciprofloxacin use and also its cost were higher than other countries. So it is necessary to develop appropriative strategies to reduce its use.

A simple, green and efficient method for synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles is described via three-component cyclocondensation of benzil or benzoin, aldehyde and ammonium acetate by using the nano SiO2-supported ferric hydrogen sulfate (FHS/SiO2), as a catalyst, under solvent-free conditions. The nano SiO2 support and catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and IR spectroscopy. In this project, the optimum conditions such as: reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst were investigated. The major advantages of the present method are high yields, shorter reaction times, easy work-up, purification of products by non-chromatographic method and the reusability of the catalyst.

This research aims to codify and organize the effectual factors in the determination of the exigency of contracts. Firstly, primary object of the research relating to contracts and literal meaning of the exigency has been presented and subsequently to access a discipline and logical rule we have divided contracts into nominate and innominate contracts. In nominate contracts with regard to the results of the survey what is acceptable in nominate contracts as a source and reference for the determination of the exigency of contracts is social custom and statute (law) and Islamic law and indications of terms cannot be used for the determination of the exigency of contracts. But the nominate contracts are divided into what popular in custom and what have no precedent. In the well-known (conventional) contracts, recognizing the exigency is public custom and law scholars have strengthened this attitude and contracts with no precedent the main source of the determination of the exigency of contracts is the common intent of two parties in making contract if the jurisprudential-legal issues create no problems but if it does not, the custom torch should be used for guidance and enlightenment.

In this paper, we use generalized incremental predictive control to stabilize attitude of satellite. We compare GPC with GIPC algorithm and present that GIPC has better performance. The three-axis attitude control systems are activated in pulse mode. Consequently, a modulation of the torque command is compelling in order to avoid high non-linear control action. This work considers the Pulse-Width Pulse-Frequency modulator is composed of a Schmitt trigger, a first order filter, and a feedback loop. PWPF modulator has several advantages over classical bang-bang controllers such as close to linear operation, high accuracy, and reduced propellant consumption.

Since the properly religious training of children is the main concern of many religious families in modern era، so the importance and necessity of this research is clear. This paper does research on different dimensions of children''s prayer and their forcing to prayer by parents and criterions and range of this forcing according to time of validity and parents'' authorized and unauthorized actions. In this paper، views were expressed about forcing to religious duties and their legitimacy and illegitimacy; view selected with authentic documents was theory of immature children''s legitimacy of prayers that had some effects. In this brief research، Qur''an and sunnah of Prophet (pbuh) and infallible Imams (AS) were as the main sources of research and intellect was used in order to emphasize and understand better this subject.

Background and Population aging and advancing longevity is one of the achievements of the present century. Life satisfaction is considered as a typical sign of a successful adaptation to changes in various life situations. It seems that self-efficacy and social support may be associated with life satisfaction. There are limited publications in this field, so this study was done to investigate the relationship between life satisfactions, self-efficacy and social support in community-dwelling elderly in Sari, north of Iran. In this descriptive-analytic study 129 elderly who agreed to participate were randomly selected from 10 health centers in Sari. The samples who aged more than 60 years of old were included and exclusion criteria were having incurables disease such as cancer, dementia, and severe psychological diseases. The data was collected using demographic questionnaires, Ed Diener life satisfaction, social support and self-efficacy questionnaires. To analyze the data SPSS V. 16 was applied. The mean age of the elderly and life satisfaction were 67.86 ± 7.49 and 20.64 ± 8.36, respectively. We observed a significant correlation between life satisfaction and demographic variables such as economic status (P=0.002) and home status (P=0.01). Total average of social support and self-efficacy were 25.08 ± 5.98, 24.35 ± 7.55, respectively. This study found a significant association between life satisfaction with social support (r=0.44, P=0.001) and self-efficacy (r=0.49, P=0.001). According to the results of this study, there is a direct relationship between life satisfaction, social support, and self-efficacy. Life satisfaction in elderly can be increased by strengthening the support, independence and dignity of older people, thereby improving their social support and self-efficacy conditions.

To shape a coherent and unified criminal policy in the scope of society is inevitable because of the changes of time and space circumstance s with its requirements – whether economic, political, social and cultural developments in the Islamic society of Iran. In addition to this, with respect to Islamic society of Iran, criminal policy which complies with the beliefs and opinions of people and the ruling system and scientific method seems to be necessary

Family is the most fundamental social unit which can undergo a trauma when a new member joins it, leading to changes in its structure and function, thus inevitably altering the roles, duties and expectation of the members. Therefore, conformity and nonconformity of family members and the subsequent effects on the family gains significance. Other than the addition of a newborn baby and adoption, such change may occur following the marriage of one of the members; especially the remarriage of the father and addition of a step-mother to the family, with the first wife still living with the family. If the new addition fails to even out the relationship of this new member – who is considered as the rival of the first wife–with those of the others, it gives rise to negative emotional and psychological damages, which may in turn affect the psychological and mental health of the existing family members. The available literature on this issue shows that upon the addition of the second wife to such families, the existing members encounter many challenges including social and economic changes and conflicts as well as the transformation of their internal and external interactions, thus their subsequent effects on the members are significant. This research is a comparative study on the mental health of children living in monogamy & bigamy families in the Iranian city of Khaf. Population of the study consists of all girls and boys studying literature, science and mathematic at public high schools during 2007-2008 school year. Using random sampling 30 boys and 38 girls of bigamy families are selected for the purpose of the study. In the same manner, the same number of boys and girls are selected from monogamy families. The research takes advantage of casual-comparative method. Data analysis of the two independent groups covers a wide range of methods including descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as t-test and assessment of the data includes SCL-90_R checklist. The results show that there is a meaningful difference between the mental health of children living in polygamy and those living in bigamy families. Moreover, the findings of the study reveal that children of monogamy families enjoy a greater level of mental health than bigamy families in terms of aspects such as stress, physical complaints, compulsion, aggression, psychosis, interpersonal relations sensitivity. The findings also prove that there is not any meaningful difference between their paranoid ideas, depression and phobia.