javad mousavi

Theme parks can be considered an attractive industry to create a fun and entertaining recreation in open or closed spaces. Lack of codified studies in Iran regarding the criteria for creating theme parks and not paying attention to the needs of those involved in the design and construction to the needs of visitors and tourists who are the main players in the industry network reveals the fact that without sufficient information and resources Had. According to studies conducted in other countries, the security index has been proposed as the most important measure of quality in service from the perspective of visitors. The present study is qualitative and examines the success criteria for the construction of creative projects, such as the construction of an ice cream park in District 11 of Isfahan Municipality. In this method, first 12 open questions were asked from experts and the review of the answers led to the determination of 12 criteria and 120 sub-criteria. Finally, the sub-criteria that scored an average score above 4.5 were selected as the most important indicators. In this research, the conceptual model, the result of coding and classification of criteria represent that the success of theme parks includes four main components of environment and landscape, location branding, health and economy that can be generalized in the construction of theme parks in Iranian cities. Emphasis on using the opinion of experts for design and construction, the use of local quality materials and also the security of return on investment is of particular importance for investors and creating security and attention to health issues is one of the most important indicators when providing services to visitors.

The Caspian Sea has always been the most important northern waterway of Iran during all historical periods. The Safavids played an important role in establishing the security and commercial prosperity of the Caspian Sea ports by restoring Iran's sovereignty over its borders and the existence of local governments subordinate to them in the north of Iran. With the fall of the Safavids and the dominance of the Afghans, a turbulent period was created, which brought commercial stagnation, especially maritime trade. After Nadir Shah Afshar (1735-1747 AD/ 1148-1160 AH) came to power, it became necessary to be directly present and seize the vital resources of the Caspian Sea, so Nadir, by providing facilities for the establishment of the navy, created a suitable ground for the resumption of activity. provided maritime trade. The central issue of this research, in addition to examining the policies and efforts of Nadir Shah in improving the state of trade, seafaring and shipbuilding, is his motivation and goals for establishing a naval fleet in the Caspian Sea and the reasons for the Russian government's suspicions regarding this matter. Is the main data of this research consists of historical texts and content analysis extracted from them, and in addition, archaeological evidence such as the sunken ship on the shores of Chamkhale, Langarud and its analysis using a historical approach have also been used. The findings of the research indicate that Nadir Shah intended to help commercial prosperity by forming a naval fleet in the Caspian Sea and, in

First principle calculations of nanolayered ZnO polymorphs (Wurzite–, Zinc blende–, Rocksalt–structures) in the scheme of density functional theory were performed with the help of full potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. The exchange - correlation potential is described by generalized gradient approximation as proposed by Perdew–Burke–Ernzrhof (GGA–PBE) and modified Becke–Johnson (mBJ) approximation. The electronic behavior and the optical properties of the structures are investigated and compared to experimental data, where available. The electronic structure of w–ZnO and z–ZnO revealed a 3.01 eV and 2.59 eV direct energy gap in (Γ→Γ) direction by applying mBJ potential. In contrast to w– and z–ZnO the electronic structure of r–ZnO shows an indirect 2.81 eV energy gap in (Γ→L) direction. Reflectivity, transmittance and refractive index spectra for three nano layered of ZnO phases in Uv – visible region have been calculated. The electron effective mass values at the bottom of conduction band were evaluated for the three geometries.

One pollutant which seriously threatens water resources is dye. Therefore, finding a suitable method to separate the dye in water resources is very important. An adsorption process that uses low cost adsorbents is considered as an efficient strategy for this purpose. In this study, Erythrosine dye removal from an aquatic environment using natural absorbents, namely Sorghum and Ziziphus nummularia pyrene, was reviewed. The effects of different parameters such as pH, contact time, initial density, and the adsorbent amount in the batch system were investigated. The results indicated that increased temperature has no significant effect on the removal of Erythrosine dye, and the highest adsorption was achieved in the first 30 min of adsorbent- dye contact time. Also, most of the adsorption occurred at pH values of 4-8. Moreover, the highest amount of dye removal was observed in a concentration of 20 mg/L for the Ziziphus nummularia pyrene adsorbent and 5 mg/L of the Sorghum adsorbent. Also, the Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to analyze the adsorption process, where both the Sorghum and Ziziphus nummularia pyrene adsorbents showed a better agreement with the Langmuir isotherm.

Every year a large number of Muslims, especially from Iran, travel to holy places in Iraq for pilgrimage. Like Hajj and other mass gatherings, the health of pilgrims in Iraq is a major issue. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diseases in pilgrims referring to Iranian clinics in Iraq.

This descriptive study was conducted in April and May, 2013. All Iranian pilgrims referring to clinics in Najaf, Karbala, Baghdad, or Kazmain during this one-month period were entered in the study. Data was gathered from medical records in these clinics and analyzed using SPSS software version 16.

From 22 April to 20 May, 2013, a total of 26,574 patients were admitted to Iranian clinics in Iraq, 42% of whom were women and 58% were men. The main causes for referring to the clinics were signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infection (48%), musculoskeletal problems (19%), control of underlying disease (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, gastritis) (16%), and gastroenteritis (7%). The prevalence of underlying conditions was higher in women.

According to the survey results and specific conditions in terms of climate and the infrastructure of facilities in Iraq, it seems that infectious and communicable diseases can be prevented by providing appropriate training prior to the pilgrimage and emphasizing and monitoring the use of personal protective equipment. Moreover, vaccination, medical examination before deployment, and establishing medical records can be better ways to treat underlying diseases, control health, and ensure the better health of pilgrims.

According to the increasing rate of intestinal parasitic infection in rural areas compared to urban areas, this study deals with the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in elementary school students in Silvana rural district.

350 students of both sexes were selected randomly. All samples were studied with routine parasitology methods, such as wet mount method and formalin – ether concentration. Microscopic examination of Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia saginata eggs carried out with 10 and 40 lenses.

The study showed that the total prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections is 52%,And prevalence of protozoan infections (50.57%) is more than helminthes infection (Oxyuris 24.9%, Ascaris 0.28%, Hymenolepis nana 1.14%).Relative frequencies of intestinal protozoan were as follows: Giardia lamblelia (37.57%), Entamoeaba coli (26.86%), Iodamoeba butchlii (8%), Blastocystis hominis (4.28%). The study showed a significant opposite correlation between mother’s education and prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in subjects (P- value = 0.03).

The result of the present study indicated the high prevalence of protozoan infections and Oxyuriasis in this area. Other studies and present study indicate the world wide spread of intestinal parasitic infections.

Calendula (Calendula officinalis) is relatively cold tolerant plant، but in some years plant seriously injured due to harsh winter. In order to evaluate freezing tolerance of calendula an experiment was carried out at college of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhadin a factorial-completely randomized design with three replications andplants of two sowing dates (summer and autumn) were exposed to12 temperatures (0، -2، -4، -6، -8، -10، -12، 14-، 16-، -18، -20 and -22oC). Seeds of calendula plants were sown in summer (summer plant) and autumn (autumn plant) in the bed and in six to eight-leaf stages were transplanted to the pots. After the cold acclimation in natural condition، freezing stress was applied with using a thermogradient freezer. To employ stability of cytoplasmic membrane، percentage of electrolyte leakage (EL%) was measured after freezing. Also survival percentage (Su%) and regrowth of calendula plants determined after three weeks recovery. Leaves EL% in autumn plants wassignificantly more than summer plants and autumn plants havehigher Su%، but plant height، number of lateral branches، numbers of reproductive traits، total dry matter، vegetative and reproductive dry matter in summer plants were more than autumn plants. However، there were no difference between calendula plants for LT50el in both autumn and summer plants،but there was significant difference between them for LT50su and total dry matter، and LT50su and reduced dry matter temperature50 (RDMT50) for summer plants were -18. 6 oC and -11. 3 oC and for autumn plants were -19. 4 oC and -13. 7 oC، respectively.

In order to evaluation of freezing tolerance in viola (Viola gracilis L.) under controlled conditions, a trial carried out in completely randomized design with six replications at college of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2008-2009. Seeds were planted in bed and seedlings were acclimated during natural conditions in autumn and at 5-7 leaves stage plants transferred to the thermo-gradient freezer to apply 12 freezing temperatures (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12, -14, -16, -18, -20 and -22°C). Leaf cell’s membrane integrity was measured through electrolyte leakage (EL) after the freezing and survival percentage and plant recovery (e.g. plant height and dry weight, number of branches and flowers and flower’s diameter) were determined after three weeks of plant re-growth in the cold frame. As temperature decreased, EL% increased significantly and reached to the maximum in -20oC. Survival percentage did not affected by temperatures between 0oC to -18oC but all plants killed in -22oC. LT50el and LT50su were -20.0°C and -19.4°C, respectively. Decreasing the temperature lower than -18 oC reduced plant dry matter severely and RDMT50 was -19.2°C.

Streptococcal pneumoneae is the most common etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumococcal isolation from sputum can only demonstrate the possibility of pnumococcal infection because of the possibility of carrying. Definitive diagnosis is made by isolation of pnumococcus from blood and sterile body fluids. Real percentage of positive blood culture in pnumococcal pneumonia is around 15-30%. If urine pneumococcal antigen detection is added to conventional laboratory methods, pnumococcal diagnosis can be increased by 38.9%. The aim of this survey was determining the prevalence of pnumococcal pneumonia in bacterial pneumonia through isolation of pneumococcal antigen from urine. Patients and This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on patients diagnosed with acute bacterial pneumonia. The subjects were above the age of 18 and admitted to Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital in 2007. Urine samples of patients were tested for antigen detection by immunochromatographic method with Binax NOW Streptococcus pneumoneae test. Blood samples of all patients were cultured. Patients who were admitted for elective surgery and had no infection entered the study as a control group. Quantitative variables were evaluated by using mean and standard deviation and qualitative variables were evaluated by using percentage. From the total of 43 patients, 26(60.5%) were men and 17(39.5%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 55.47 (± 22.46) years. S.pneumoneae was isolated from 2 (4.65%) patients by culture(blood and pleural culture) and from five (11.6%) patients by urine antigen test. S.pneumoneae was seen only in spring and winter. Normal leukocyte count was seen in 2 cases and lukocytosis existed in 3 of them. Lobar infiltration was seen in 4 subjects and pleural effusion in 1. In 2 cases of positive pneumococcal culture, urine pneumococcal antigen test was positive. None of the members of the control group had positive urine pneumococcal antigen test. Pneumococcal antigen was isolated from the urine of 5 patients. There was no positive urine pneumococcal antigen test in the control group,which reveals pneumococcal carriage in adults is very low in this study. This study shows urine pneumococcal antigen test is a good diagnostic tool in adults and can help establish diagnosis.

Osteoporosis is a significant problem in patients with advanced COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). It is followed by fractures which make life conditions worse for these patients. Several studies demonstrated the relationship between osteoporosis and COPD. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in male patients with COPD. Patients & This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 30 men whose COPD had been proved by spirometry test and were admitted to the hospital within six months. The variables in this study were age, smoking, activity levels, use of oral and inhaled glucocorticoid, and BMI(Body Mass Index). We also measured BMD(Bone Mass Densitometry) at lumbar spine and the neck of femur through Dexa(Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) method. The study involved 30 men with COPD with a mean age of 66.02 years. The prevalence of osteoporosis was obtained 83.3% and we could demonstrate the relationship between osteoporosis at the neck of femur and use of oral glucocorticoid. We also observed the correlation between osteoporosis at lumbar spine and BMI. Patients with COPD are high risk groups for osteoporosis, so it is necessary to evaluate them by bone densitometry screening even if they are not treated with glucocorticoid.

Adenosine deminase(ADA) can be used in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusions. In countries with high prevalence of tuberculous pleural effusions, specificity and sensitivity for ADA test is high, therefore it is an integral part of a diagnostic workup of lymphocyte-rich exudative body fluids, and it is a cheap and economically cost-effective test. No study has been done on utilizing ADA test in the diagnosis of different lymphocytic pleural effusions in Iran. The present study was undertaken to determine the diagnostic value of ADA enzyme in the diagnosis of different lymphocytic pleural effusions and compare the results with pleural culture and biopsy. Patients & Sixty-five lymphocytic pleural fluid samples(lymphocyte count>50%) were analyzed which included 25 pleural effusions due to tuberculosis, 13 parapneumonic effusions, 17 malignant effusions, 5 CHF effusions, 13 effusions due to PTE and 2 post coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) effusions. The results were analyzed by Pearson chi-square test. ADA level reached a diagnostic cut-off for tuberculosis(45 u/l) in 22 cases. Also, this result was observed in 2 patients with malignancy and 2 patients with pneumonia. In other patients, this level was below 45U/L. The sensitivity and specificity of this test in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusions was 88% and 90% respectively. Pearson chi-square test was utilized to demonstrate the significant difference in ADA test positivity in the tuberculous and nontuberculous pleural effusions and P<0.005 was obtained. ADA levels in nontuberculous lymphocytic effusions seldom exceed the diagnostic cut-off for TB(45 U/L), and according to the Pearson chi-square test, the difference in the positiveness of ADA test in the tuberculous and nontuberculous pleural effusions is significant. Therefore, this test can be valuable in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusions.

Opium consists of a mixture of different chemical compounds extracting from Papaver Somniferum plant seed. The major effect of opium arises from its morphine content. In smoked opium use, the vapor of morphine enters the blood stream rapidly through lung and reaches brain within a few seconds. One of the complications arisen from long-period consumption of smoked opium use is affliction with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases(COPD) and sometimes cor pulmonale which is considered independent of tobacco consumption. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 22 patients who referred to respiratory clinics of Hazrat Rasoul-e-Akram and Abooreyhan Hospitals. Those who smoked only cigarette and meanwhile had no underlying or predisposing occupational factor regarding development of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases were excluded from the study. Those whose COPD was confirmed by measuring lung dynamic volumes were assessed and data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software. Of a total number of 22 patients with mean age of 54.8(SD=16.31) years, 17 patients(77.3%) complained from cough 8(36.4%) from dyspnea 7(31.8%) from wheezing and 5(22.7%) from sputum production. In these patients the ratio of average FVC percent value to the predicted value was estimated 78.7%(SD=14.86%), the ratio of average FEV1 percent to the predicted value was 75.96%(SD=17.59%), and the average of FEV1/FVC value was determined 71.2%(SD=12.36%). Of 22 understudied patients, 4(18.2%) had spirometry with normal results, 16(72.7%), obstructive profile, and 2 individuals (9.1%) showed restrictive profile. Accordingly, because of obstructive profile frequency in our patients and limited reports about COPD in opium smoker addicts, it can be suggested that opium smoking addiction may have significant role in COPD incidence.

Tuberculosis has been one of the most important problems for a long time. This disease can involve different organs among which lung is the most common one. Chest X-ray is the oldest and the most practical diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis. Using chest X-ray can cause difficulties for the students of medicine and young physicians because of the different patterns of lung involvement during the disease therefore, familiarity with them is important. The present research was an observational study done in periodic cross-sectional way on patients with TB in Rasoul-e-Akram and Firoozgar Hospitals. Data collection was done via kind of form designed like a checklist. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of parenchymal consolidation atelectasis and lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion and other abnormal findings in chest X-ray of 400 patients with pulmonary TB. 203 of patients were women (50.7%) and 197 of them were men(49.3%) with mean age of 56.01+18.47 years. The youngest was 10 years old and the oldest was 90. The location of infection was in the right lung in 66.6% of patients(265 ones), in the left lung in 15%(60 ones), in both sides in 18.3%(75 ones), in 61.8% of patients in upper lobe of the lung, 24.3% of patients(97 ones) in lower lobe and in 14% middle lobe was involved. The most common finding in chest X-ray was parenchymal consolidation(53.7%) and after that mixed pattern(18.7%). The finding of this study showed that chest X-ray is an important tool in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and parenchymal consolidation is the most common radiologic finding. The chronicity of symptoms(fever,cough), positivity of PPD and failure to respond to antibiotics in CAP are key points to differentiate TB from bacterial pneumonia.