k. zahrakar

The aim of this study was to compare the attachment styles and self-differentiation in parents with tendency to have one child and multiple children. This study had a causal-comparative (ex post facto) design. The research population was comprised of all parents of primary school students in Marvdasht city. Simple random sampling method was utilized and 50 parents with tendency to have one child and 50 parents with tendency to have multiple children were selected. The research instruments included Tendency to Have Children Questionnaire (Enayat & Parnian, 2013), Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and Self-Differentiation Scale (Drake, 2011). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was utilized to analyze the data. The results showed that the mean scores of insecure attachment styles (anxious/avoidant and anxious/ambivalent) was higher in parents with tendency to have one child than parents with tendency to have multiple children, except for secure attachment styles which was higher in parents with tendency to have multiple children. Furthermore, findings indicated that parents with tendency to have one child had higher levels of emotional reactivity and emotional cut-off in comparison with parents with tendency to have multiple children except for I position.

The purpose of this research was to predict love stories and love styles based on early maladaptive schemas. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population comprised all married teachers in Tehran (Districts 2 and 5) in school year 2018-19. Random multi-stage cluster sampling method was utilized and 300 teachers were selected. The instruments consisted of Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (2005), Sternberg Love Story Scale (2001), and Lee Love Attitude Scale (1986). Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were utilized to analyze the data. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between early maladaptive schemas, love stories, and love styles. Moreover, early maladaptive schemas can predict love stories and love styles. Accordingly, it can be stated that types of schema have an impact on the formation of love stories and love styles based on which individuals choose their partners.

Parent-adolescent conflict, which is affected by many factors, is one of the most important problems in many families with adolescents. This study, which was conducted via a qualitative method on the basis of grounded theory, aimed at identifying the underlying factors of parent-adolescent conflicts. Using theoretical, purposive, and voluntary sampling, a total number of 14 couples were selected from among parents of adolescents who were referred to the counseling centers of General Directorate of Education and Schools Counseling Center in Isfahan. The required data were collected using semi-structured interviews that continued until achieving theoretical saturation. The collected data were analyzed using theoretical coding (open, axial and selective coding). The open coding helped to achieve 925 preliminary codes, 377 secondary codes, 78 concepts, 18 categories, and 4 main factors (factors related to adolescents, parents, family, and community). Based on the results of axial coding, the axial category of inefficient parenting style, the causal factors (including personality traits, demographic features, marital conflicts, and parents’ lack of awareness), the meditating factors (including environmental stressors, friends, and technology), and the background factors (including low quality of family life, deficient family functioning, puberty, unpleasant past experiences, and adolescents’ lack of awareness) were the main factors that resulted in ineffective strategies and caused behavioral, cognitive, and emotional problems among parents and adolescents. On the basis of the obtained results, the respective conceptual model was explained.

The aim of the current study was the determination of the effectiveness of group counseling based on the treatment of acceptance and commitment on the body image and self-esteem of female students.

Method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group. Statistical population include female students of Kharazmi University. Using convenient sampling method, 24 people were selected from them and randomly assigned to two experimental (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. The number of members in the experimental group was reduced to 8, and therefore 8 people were included in both groups. The research instruments were the Self-Esteem Scale Questionnaire (Rosenberg, 1965) and the Multidimensional Questionnaire on Relationships with the Body (Cash, 2000). The experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy-based group counseling for 15 sessions. The duration of each session was 2 hours. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control group in terms of body image. There was also a significant difference in self-esteem between the two groups. These results were also consistent at the follow-up stage.

It can be said that group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy improves girls 'self-image and self-esteem and can be used to improve problems related to girls' self-image and self-respect.

Breast cancer diagnosis presents significant distress for both patients and their partners. Decrease in quality of life and disruption of marital communication patterns are among the problems experienced by patients and their spouses following breast cancer diagnosis. Psychological interventions can be effective in reducing the problems related to cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Gottman cognitive-systemic based intervention training on quality of life and relationship patterns in women with breast cancer and in their partners. This was a semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and control group. The subjects who entered the study were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Both groups responded to quality of life questionnaires of cancer patients and world health organization and also Gottman’s distance and isolation Questionnaire. Then, the experimental group participated in Gottman cognitive-systemic intervention training for eight sessions of two hours. After ending the training, post-test was performed and after three months, follow up test was performed on both experimental and control groups. Data were analysed using independent t-test and covariance. Data analysis indicated that mean and standard deviation of relationship pattern (21.20±6.6) and quality of life (67.22±11.79) in the experimental group after training were significantly different compared to the mean and standard deviation for relationship pattern (45.20±8.85) and quality of life (50.89±12.08) in control group. The results showed that cognitive-systemic intervention could be useful in improving cancer-related problems for patients and their partners. Also, this finding can helpful for health and family professionals who are in touch with patients and their families.