m. r. sharifi

Drought monitoring in snowy basins requires modifications in common drought indices, called snow drought indices. The latest developed snow index is SZIsnow. The SZIsnow index calculating with special algorithm requires access to the values of 22 different climatic and physical variables, including soil moisture at a depth of 0 to 10 centimeters, soil moisture at a depth of 100 to 200 centimeters, air temperature, water equivalent to snow, runoff from snow melting, snowfall, rainfall, total precipitation rate, evaporation and transpiration, wind speed, surface runoff, groundwater runoff, potential evaporation, air pressure, relative humidity, net latent heat flux, ground heat flux, net sensible heat flux, evaporation from bare soil, evaporation from the canopy, and potential evapotranspiration. So far, the mentioned index has been calculated only on a continental scale. Drought monitoring at the basin scale is important as one of the management aspects of water resources. On the other hand, due to the lack of sufficient information to estimate the mentioned parameters, the use of information from global databases will be a solution. Therefore, in this research, while introducing the process of calculating the SZIsnow index, in the Dez catchment area, extracting the required parameters of the index in a time scale of 3, 6, and 12 months and a period of 41 years (1982 to 2023) using data GLDAS and then drought monitoring of the basin was studied. The results showed that the new SZIsnow index is a multi-variable index that provides the possibility of calculating the index due to the existence of parameters that lack ground observations and on the other hand, the availability of the reliable GLDAS database. Also, the results showed that in the time steps of 3, 6, and 12 months, July at -0.59, June at -0.45, and October at -0.35 had the highest amount of drought, respectively.

A systemic approach to watersheds, from the stage of measurement and data collection to the creation of water structures and their exploitation, requires a comprehensive approach to see all the components of the system. In the integrated management of water resources, it is necessary to see the needs of the stockholders and the sustainability of water resources together with the knowledge of the intertwined components of the natural system, which can provide sustainable management for optimal exploitation.In order to properly implementation of the use of water resources and achieve its goals, it is necessary that the stakeholders have serious participation from the beginning of announcing the need for irrigation projects and plans and the use of water resources during the implementation and exploitation, in order to carry out social studies. In this regard, the non-unification of agricultural lands and on the other hand, the integration of the irrigation network (which requires a single decision to divide and distribute water) creates a conflict that cannot be operationalized except by creating interaction between the user and the governance system. In such an approach, production cooperatives and water pumping can facilitate the optimal use of water resources or at least not hinder the implementation of the project.

In this paper, considering the importance of water management in rural development, the opportunities and challenges of managing the exploitation of irrigation networks in Kermanshah province were investigated. Among the existing exploitation systems, rural production cooperative companies were prioritized by evaluating positive and negative factors using PRA and SWOT models. For this purpose, the stakeholders of each village were asked to introduce people to the social facilitators of the project as representatives of all the stakeholders. In the field investigations and interviews conducted with selected trustees, the most important effective cases in the networks covered by this research were identified. Based on the SWOT model, five basic strategies were defined and different strategies were prioritized using the QSPM matrix. The option of handing over the stages of planting, holding and harvesting to cooperative production companies was placed as the priority of the strategies (in the form of a temporary contract)

The results showed that due to the existing weaknesses, the predicted capacity of these networks for the development of the rural economy and the creation of a suitable basis for handing over the government management of water distribution networks to the private sector have not been done. Rural production cooperative companies, with the necessary trust and delegation, adjust the weak points and strengthen the irrigation network exploitation mechanism in line with the development of rural production and improvement of the local economy.

During the conducted interviews, the operators in a general response to the discussed matters believe that by creating user organizations in the form of production cooperatives and trust and delegation of authority, they will adjust the weaknesses and empower the strong points in the operation. In addition, considering that one of the basic challenges in modern irrigation networks is the integration of the irrigation system and the smallness (non-integration) of the agricultural land, the respondents emphasized the need for an integrated approach in the management of the networks, especially operationalizing them. They considered volume delivery of water and control and compliance with the cultivation pattern and saving limited water resources beyond the local decision-making system and emphasized on strengthening the institutional capacity along with expanding the powers of rural production cooperatives.

Composition is one of the most important areas in which poets have entered in order to innovate the language and create creativity. Of course, it should be known that the talent of composing poets is different; The power of composing the poets of a period is not the same; And this inequality is more severe in different periods; In the Indian style, the issue of high compositional frequency is itself a stylistic factor. With the combinations that we encounter in the Indian style in the poetry of poets, as a collection of vague words and expressions, we become so confused and unfamiliar that we cannot get to the depth of the meaning of the verse. The purpose of this article is to study new and special compositions in the poetry of Indian style poets and its artistic functions.

The research method in this article is based on the objectives set in a practical way, taking notes and based on data analysis, analyticaldescriptive and data collection (use of library resources and documents, scientific and literary articles, dissertation). And sites), taking notes, setting and classifying them. The research is theoretical.

The present study practically and scientifically shows that "special and new compounds" are one of the most important factors in the ambiguity of language in the poems of Indian style poets and have doubled the complexity of their language. The themes of these compounds are mainly classified into two groups of abstract and objective concepts. According to the research data, the objective elements of the compounds in the Indian style have a higher frequency compared to the abstract elements.

This study by examining the thematic elements of new compositions in the poetry of Indian style poets shows that the elements of objective and abstract compositions can be classified into three groups "nature, objects and animals". The first group, objects 40% of all new compositions They comprise the Indian style, in the second order of nature, 35%, and in the third place, the new compositions of animal theme, 25% of the total composition.

The transmission chance of blood transmitted infections in heart patients underlying surgery and interventional measures due to repeated examinations and transfusions is to be taken into consideration. The important causes of chronic and deadly diseases in patients and healthcare workers are Hepatitis C, HIV and Hepatitis B infections that have recently attracted the attention of all the medical fields. This study assesses frequency of HCV, HBV and HIV infections in heart surgeries and cardiac interventions.

In this cross - sectional study, all the patients for cardiac surgery or invasive cardiac measures in Yazd Afshar Hospital were enrolled (admitted from 2008 to 2012). Data were collected from medical records using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.

Of 2414 patients admitted during these years, 27 patients (1.1%) suffered from HBV infection and 29 patients (1.2%) from HCV infection; no HIV positive case was identified. HBV prevalence was highest in the age group of 16 to 30 years. In the case of HCV, a significant relationship was found between different groups in terms of age, gender and geographic location. In the age group of 31 to 45, the highest prevalence of HCV was observed in men (2%) and women (0.1%) respectively. Infected individuals from Yazd (1.7%) were significantly higher than non- Yazdi (0.3%) individuals.

The prevalence of viral hepatitis in cardiac patients is similar to that of the general population. Therefore, there seems to be a need for tests such as HIVAb, HCVAb, and HBsAg before surgery. These tests are recommended for patients with a higher risk of infection.

Equivoque is one of the techniques, tricks and possibilities of language. This picturesque technique is considered as one of the semantic abnormality types that occurs because of proximity and companion based on the combination and associates the speech with ambiguity, an element of literary language. Equivoque is a wonderful work with the language since when the audience can infer some meanings which are sometimes contradictory through a word or phrase, their joy and interest in text will be increased. Although equivoque often appears in the Iraqi style of poetry and reaches a peak in Khaghani, Hafiz, Saadi’s poems and in spite of the fact that some believe that poets of the Indian style did not use imagery and rhetorical techniques, it is worth mentioning that regarding observance fitness and semantic relations of words and parts of verses was one of the initiative trends in the Safavid era. Some poets such as Kalim, Saeb and Biedl aptly paid full attention to imagery and rhetorical techniques, especially equivoque. This article attempts to recognize the equivoque and some of its types regarding imagery and rhetorical techniques associated with the manuscript version of Kalim Kashani’s “Padshah-nameh” (960 - 1061 AH.).

Today despite all the advances made in all scientific fields specially in medicine and health sciences, still parasitic diseases are considered as a major health-economic problem in most countries especially in the developing countries thereby inducing some troubles for these countries including a large loss of human resources, high cost, and spending much time for eradicating and controlling parasites. Sampling method was conducted through the convenience design of sensus including all the visitors to Central Laboratory and Shahid Sadoghi Hospital laboratory. Most of the fecal samples were taken with a direct method (physiologic serum and lugol) and were examined by light microscopy. Out of the total of 33096 fecal samples examined, 17481 were relating to men (52%) and 15615 to women (48%); out of all samples, 624 cases (1.8%) were positive and among the positive cases 380 were pertinent to men (60.8%) and 244 to women (39.2%). There was a significant relationship between contamination and sex. Most contamination rate was related to Giardia (43.4%) and Blastocystis hominis (40.1%) respectively. The findings of this study indicate that in Yazd with the hot and dry weather, due to the prevalence of intestinal parasites, health level is low and compared to the past years has a significant reduction but as in other parts of the country the highest contamination outbreak is related to the younger groups and Giardia and Blastosystis hominis.