mohammad salmasizadeh

The expansion of militarism in totalitarian regimes is common. This issue has been observed simultaneously in Iran during the Reza Shah era and Germany during the Hitler era; both governments had a modern and mechanized army, needed talented and motivated individuals to provide military force, and saw history education as a suitable arena for promoting their ideas. History education, by including issues about war, has the ability to develop militarism in the field of education. So the main question of the research is what were the dimensions of militarism in history education in Nazi Germany and Iran during the Reza Shah era, and what were the differences or similarities? In this regard, the aim of the present study is to conduct a comparative study of the functions of history education in the development of militarism in these two regimes. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on history textbooks. The results of the study show that, despite some similarities, the extent and nature of militarism in history lessons differed significantly between the governments of Reza Shah and Hitler. Reza Shah's focus was primarily on modernizing and protecting Iranian sovereignty, while Hitler's government pursued strongly expansionist policies.

Progress has been one of the important aspects in the history of Iran and the world. To achieve this goal in the contemporary history of Iran, especially the Qajar era, it is better to examine the development status of Iran in comparison with that of developed European countries. The present article titled "Reviewing the progress and development of France from the perspective of Qajar travelogues during the 19th century AD "aims to analyze the Iranian Qajar works and provide the answer to the question: What was the perception of Qajar Iranians about the development in France in the 19th century? The present research is written in a descriptive-analytical method drawing on library resources. This research examines the progress of France in the 19th century, which coincides with the 13th century of the lunar calendar, through the lens of the travelogues of the Qajar era. This century was a period of significant political, social, and cultural changes in France, including the Industrial Revolution and political changes between the monarchy and the republic. Iranian travelers and historians from the Qajar series presented their views on these developments. This research aims to show how Qajar observers perceive French modernization in various social affairs. This study shows a mixture of praise and criticism and provides insights into the dynamics of cultural exchange and the ideals of Iranian elites for reform. As a result, it can be said that Qajar Iranians paid attention only to French military progress before the constitutional revolution and social and cultural issues at the threshold of that revolution. Iranian elites' familiarity with France's development progressed from the beginning of the Qajar era as the constitutional era approached.

Iran's history has been described as male and masculine history, as a result, the constitutional revolution has been depicted and introduced as a male revolution, and the role of women has been neglected, while by referring to various sources including newspapers, one can doubt this dominant view and one can assign an important role to women. The activities and struggles of the women of this region have been reflected in the Tabriz newspaper Anjuman Tabriz, which is considered the organization of the state association of Azerbaijan (Tabriz), and thus many unsaid activities of Iranian women in the constitutional period have been freed from oblivion. The current research aims to answer these questions by referring to Anjuman Tabriz newspaper and some available sources, while examining the role of Muslim women in Tabriz and some other cities of Iran in the constitutional period, relying on a local publication and using a descriptive-analytical method that what role did Iranian women play in the political-social developments during the constitutional period and what did their activities include.

The newspaper “Yomiya Sobh Sadegh” was published by the franchise owner "Mortaza Qolikhan Moyed Al-Mamalek Fakhri" After the issuance of the constitutional decree and during the first assembly of the National Council. Due to his opposition to the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah, he started publishing the newspaper Youmiya Sobh Sadiq and abdicate ruling Mazandaran and Iraq Ajam. The following research aims to the economic situation and general livelihood of Iran in 1325 AH by content analysis of this newspaper. The newspaper has dealt in detail with the problems and common economic conditions in 1325 AH. By analyzing the content of Yomiyeh Sobh newspaper. It is possible to get a correct understanding of the living conditions and economic problems of the Iranian people at that time. In this newspaper, there are accurate and first-hand news about the negotiations and approvals of the first National Assembly, the price of public goods and services, and other economic indicators. The main question of the current research is what was the state of the economy and general livelihood of Iran in 1325 A.H., based on the data of Sobh Sadegh newspaper? The main claim is that the content analysis of this newspaper can lead to providing first-hand information about the Iran's economic situation at this important historical moment. By reviewing this newspaper, we can find the inflation of some goods, the problems of employee situations, and the failure of the plan to establish the National Bank and we get a great picture consistent with the problems of that era and it becomes clear that the economic situation was chaotic and people were suffering from many livelihood problems to the extent that the price of some basic goods increased. According to the nature of the subject, this research is in the field of theoretical fundamental research, and the method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and content analysis techniques have been used in the classification of topics and frequency of words. The method of data collection is library.

Economic crises and problems in the Qajar era have always threatened the people's lives. The high price of bread was one of the most important and vital economic problems of the people in this period. Historical sources at the end of the Naseri era and during the Mozaffari era report the scarcity and high cost of bread in Tabriz and, as a result, public protests in this city. Riots and public protests about the lack of bread were often accompanied by a serious presence of women. In Tabriz during the Mozaffari era, the presence of women in the bread crisis protests was very evident. Women's victories in the bread riots, which sometimes caused the retreat of the rulers and the change of some government officials in the states, gave women the confidence to participate in other social demands. These collective protests became a model for the subsequent struggles of Tabriz women with the Qajar government in the events of the constitutional period. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and citing library sources, aims to deal with the role and efforts of Tabriz women in the protests against the bread crisis in the Mozaffari era and examine some of the results and effects of their struggles in this field.

Mohammad Javad Mashkour (1297-1374 AD) is one of the contemporary academic and university historians who studied various issues and topics in the history of Iran from ancient to contemporary during his four periods of scientific and academic activities. Considering his wide research scope, in the present study, Mashkour's historiography and historical view in relation to the cultural issues and issues related to the history and language of Azerbaijan were studied. During the second Pahlavi period, which was the era of the dominance of the nationalist approach in the official and academic historiography of Iran, one of the most important issues was how to deal with the issue of Turkish language and identity in Azerbaijan. One of the most important efforts in this field was to prove the cultural and linguistic identity of Azeri, as a branch of the ancient Pahlavi languages for Azerbaijan, an approach that resulted in the denial of the Turkish language and identity to Azerbaijan. Mohammad Javad Mashkour, in line with the conditions of the time, devoted an important part of his research to the history of the Azeri dialect in Azerbaijan and its relation to the Turkish language. Regarding the evolution of the language of the Azerbaijani people in the context of history, he believes in several historical periods. First era is a pre-Aryan history in which the common language in Azerbaijan was Manna and Urartian. The second period is related to the migration of Aryan tribes and the ancient history of Iran, during which the "Median -Pahlavi" language became the common language of Azerbaijan. With the transition of the Iranian society from the ancient period to the Islamic period, a branch of the Median - Pahlavi language continued in Azerbaijan, which Mashkour called it "Azeri Fahlavi". According to him, from the Seljuk period, with the establishment of the Oghuz Turks in Azerbaijan, the Turkish language gradually spread in Azerbaijan and during the Safavid period as a dominant language, replaced the "Azeri Fahlavi". Mashkour called the common Turkish language in the present day of Azerbaijan "Azeri Turkish" and considered it as the result of merging "Oghuz Turkish" with the "Azeri Fahlavi" dialect.

This study is based on why during the second stage of the development of nationalism in Iran, anti-Turkism became the focus of attention of Iranian nationalists and the consequences of this approach for the position of the Turkish language in the history and geography of Iran? Following the broad scope of the temporal and thematic of issues concentrated on nationalism in contemporary Iran, This study is limited to articles that published in the press and magazines at the period of transition from Qajar to Pahlavi, such as "Kaveh", "Iranshahr", "Name ferangestan" and "Ayandeh". Based on the findings of this study, two factors caused the sensitivity and skepticism of Iranian nationalists towards the Turks and the Turkish language. The first factor was the reductionist understanding of the concept of the Iranian nation-state, based on the Aryan race and the Persian language. Another factor was the presence and influence of the Ottoman Empire in Azerbaijan and the western borders of Iran, and the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918) from Russia. As a result, Iranian nationalists became concerned about the influence and presence of Ottoman Turkish and Caucasian nationalists among the Turks of Iran. They considered the Turkish language in Azerbaijan as a threat to the existence and national identity of Iran. Attempting to eliminate the Turkish language in Azerbaijan and the spread of the Persian language instead was the solution of the Iranian nationalists in this situation.

The era of the Qajar reign is one of the most important historical periods in Iran.This era has been the beginning of political, social, cultural, and economic developments in confrontation with West. It is during this period that western goods and machine products were launched to the markets bazaar of big and small cities of Iran for various reasons such as innovation in the production and superiority of technology and political-military superiority; and brought changes in the Iranians lifestyle.Some of these foreign products were welcomed and accepted from the beginning of the entry and supply in the markets of the country, others were gradually accepted by the time, and some of these products and goods were faced with popular protest and resistance.The way Iranian people encountered and dealt with these new material is what this paper has addressed.As a default, it can be claimed that Iranians of the mentioned era in the face of the flood of western goods and the social changes resulting from them showed different reactions, Which is categorized into two categories of positive reactions that means accepting these new elements and reacting negatively or resistance to the entry of these elements. Based on the data of present research, which has been provided by the use of various library resources and descriptive-analytical method, one can conclude that accepting (positive reaction) or rejecting (negative reaction) the European goods, factors such as: unfamiliarity with new products, the sense of imposing these imported elements, the confrontation of these elements with the dominant cultural and religious habits and values in the society, economic benefits, and interference with native jobs and products have been effective.In fact, four social, cultural, economic and psychological factors have been effective in accepting or rejecting these new elements.

In 1917, the Organization of Thoughts was established to the realize an important part of the unfinished goals of the first Pahlavi government. The organization is a clear symbol of the shift in attitudes of Reza Shah's government in terms of cultural tactics and techniques. Failure of the imperialist modernization approach and the emergence of resistance and opposition to the actions of the government have led to the confrontation of the state and the nation and the emergence of contradictions in this area. The present article seeks to show the individual and social impacts of this organization in the lifestyles of the people. The author believes that the new cultural policy as intended by the organization has achieved the grand goals of the first Pahlavi government in order to change the lifestyle of the younger generation and create social disconnect in Iranian society at that time. 

The subject is the study of the effect modernization on the status women in social and family in the first Pahlavi rule. This is aimed to response ambiguity that what changes are created during the modernization on the status of women in society and family. The theoretical framework is based on concepts status and role. The status indicate the position of the individual in society and it is the collection of duties and rights. The initial hypothesis is improvement of the status women in this duration. Modernization in duration of Pahlavi the status of women in society and family were revised. For Construction the modern Iran, women were responsible to grow up the new generation that were patriotic and progressive. The motherland and mother were the holy concepts. The monogamous family was highlighted. The marriage law of 1310 was an important step in regulating the relationship between women and men. Education and social-economic participation of women were considered .At the beginning, the women were in society as teacher, mother, typist that were based on gender division of jobs. In middle of period, the other roles that were limited to men were occupied by women such as scouts and pilot. So, these changes ended to enter the women to political at next duration of the Pahlavi rule. Rebuilding women's status as mother led to cooperation of the women in society and increase the social role of the women using the legal proceedings and culture, however the gender attitude created in the period. The data gathering is based on attributive- library and the method is descriptive- analytical.

A number of Iranian intellectuals and historians paid special attention to the Japan progression pattern in the years before the Constitutional Revolution in Iran in1906 and tried to describe it. This research tried to describe and analyze the progression pattern of Japan from the perspective of the mentioned people. The data was gathered using library resources. The results indicated that the historical sources under investigation could provide a rational analysis of the reasons for the Japan progression pattern. Skepticism and critical and rational explanations could also be observed in these works. They have tried to explain the why and the what of the Japanese progressive pattern to provide a model for the Iranian progressive movement.

This study attempts to investigate "the comprehensive manuscript of Oroumieh and Khalkhal", describe its total content and express the historical importance of such documents in social, economic and cultural studies in Iran.Methodology/Approach: This descriptive-analytic study tries, in some parts, to explain some aspects of the economic and social history of Iran in the Oroumieh region in the first half of the twelfth century AH (corresponding to the first third of the 18th century AD). The researchers studying Iran history face the problem of the shortage of original historical documents in analyzing and explaining the social, economic and cultural status of the country in the Twelfth Century (18th Century AD).Due to this problem, it is vital to make an increased effort to search for, discover and recognize other official historical sources. One of the authoritative and official sources through which valuable first-hand data can be obtained about the social-economic history of this era are the reports and documents that the officials of the Ottoman Empire have provided about their occupied territories.Collections of manuscripts called "Ottoman manuscripts " are important documents which identified the amount of resident's income and taxes they should have paid through recording the exact lists of people's names, their employment status, types and the amount of their products, ethnic-religious diversity in one region and geographic - administrative divisions of the occupied territories. "Daftare Tahrire Lavaye Khalkhal va Oroumieh va Sanjaghe Salmas" is a unique sample of these documents which is held with edition number 910 the Archives of the Ottoman Prime Minister in Istanbul. The findings of this research confirmed the research hypothesis. It was revealed that social, economic, and cultural information in such documents are so important for the researchers that their recognition and use is indispensable for their studies on the social history of Iran. It is, therefore, suggested that these sources be introduced to Iranian research community and be published and distributed for the public after critical reviews

The present study attempts to explicate the role played by Shiite Mojtaheds in controlling the absolute despotism of Qajar kings. As a case study, it reviews the primary historical resources of Fath Ali Shah Qajar era (1797-1834) and at the same time it takes into consideration the theory of Oriental Despotism and the Asian model of production proposed by Marx and Engels. The main question posed is whether Shiite Mojtaheds—acting independently from the government—succeeded at inhibiting Fath Ali Shah's absolute despotism?
To answer this question, through using descriptive – analytical research method, the primary sources of this era were studied and it was revealed that the above-mentioned theory cannot be employed for accurate and scientific analysis of historical events of the given period. According to historical documents, Shiite Mojtaheds were independent from government and they succeeded at inhibiting the absolute despotism of Qajar kings as well as suppressing their tyranny in numerous occasions.
The present study reveals that the dual relationship between Shiite Mojtaheds and the king was based on approving while threatening Shiite Mojtaheds and following while questioning the legitimacy of the king. This was the mechanism used by Shiite Mojtaheds in limiting the autocracy of the government; which in turn indicates that Iranian society has had mechanisms for limiting the autocratic governments; something which has often been ignored by Western researchers.